灰铸铁不同合金化同等强度下的加工性能对比研究

制备了用多元合金添加剂(含RE、Cr、Mn、Si、Fe)合金化和Cu合金化的具有相同抗拉强度的2种灰铸铁,对比研究了2种灰铸铁的加工性能.结果表明,具有同强度的2种灰铸铁的布氏硬度和珠光体基体硬度基本相同,但多元合金添加剂合金化灰铸铁的断面敏感性较小,加工性能好,在切削深度分别为1.5、1.75、2.0mm的条件下,其主切削力比Cu合金化灰铸铁的分别降低了23.0％、55.0％和55.2％.     

废旧轮胎内钢丝对合成灰铸铁制动盘性能的影响

介绍了采用不同配比的废旧轮胎内钢丝和回炉料作为主要原材料,使用增碳剂进行增碳,使用75硅铁孕育剂和硅钡钙铝长效孕育剂进行随流孕育,并加入Cr、Cu等合金元素进行组织强化。在相同铸造工艺下,制备化学成分基本相同的灰铸铁制动盘和准30 mm的单铸试棒,然后对试件的金相组织、硬度、抗拉强度进行检测分析。结果表明,不同的原材料配比对金相组织中的石墨的类型、长度以及珠光体的片间距有着较大的影响,珠光体含量未发生明显变化;对硬度和抗拉强度影响较大,当废旧轮胎内钢丝的加入比例由70%变为80%时,抗拉强度与硬度变化明显。随着废旧轮胎内钢丝的比例不断增加,A型石墨的比例不断升高,由93.7%增长至99.2%;珠光体含量由95.3%增长至99.1%,珠光体石墨与珠光体逐渐细化,抗拉强度及硬度逐渐升高,满足了高性能制动盘的性能要求。     

Effect of alloying elements W,Ti, Sn on microstructure and mechanical properties of gray iron 220

Experiments were carried out to observe the variation in microstructure and mechanical properties of gray cast iron by adding pearlite promoting alloying elements such as Ti, Sn and W. Results show that adding Sn, Ti, and W with different concentrations improve the microstructure, Brinell hardness and tensile strength of gray cast iron. With the increase of alloying element concentration, the average graphite length and graphite content increase linearly. At the same time, average cell size and the maximum graphite length also decrease linearly. Brinell hardness and tensile strength of gray cast iron also increase with an increase in alloying elements contents, and attain the maximum when Ti = 0.561%, Sn = 0.561% and W = 0.945%. However, at higher concentrations of Ti = 0.810%, Sn = 0.631% and W = 1.351%, the tensile strength decreases from 333 MPa to 297 MPa and the Brinell hardness decreases from 248 HB to 225 HB. The decrease in tensile strength and Brinell hardness at the higher concentration level is attributed to the formation of coarse and thick graphite flakes.     

750 ℃退火出炉温度对QT450-10球墨铸铁组织与性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜等方法研究了在750 ℃退火工艺下不同出炉温度对QT450-10球墨铸铁的珠光体含量、渗碳体形态、抗拉强度以及硬度的影响。结果表明,球墨铸铁试样在经过不同出炉温度下的微观组织均由铁素体、石墨球、石墨颗粒以及少量渗碳体组成。由于珠光体的分解、渗碳体残留以及石墨颗粒的形成导致在750 ℃出炉空冷时试样的抗拉强度下降7%左右、布氏硬度下降13%左右。随着出炉温度的降低,试样残留渗碳体的分解以及石墨颗粒的长大,导致抗拉强度、硬度均有所下降,当出炉温度为100 ℃时试样的抗拉强度下降10%左右、布氏硬度下降20%左右。     

Cu、Mn元素对发动机球铁曲轴组织和性能的影响

研究了不同含量的Cu、Mn对球铁曲轴组织和性能的影响规律,同时对比分析了普通砂型和壳型填铁丸两种工艺条件下球铁曲轴的组织和性能。结果表明,当0．6wt％Cu与0．4wt％Mn配合时,可以获得抗拉强度较高的珠光体球铁,其强度与伸长率均满足QT600—3的要求。与普通砂型相比,壳型填铁丸工艺条件有利于球铁中总石墨球增多、圆整度提高及珠光体含量的提高,使性能得到改善。     

合成铸铁熔炼工艺及增碳剂吸收率影响因素

介绍了合成铸铁熔炼过程中的增C原理及增C剂粒度、增C剂加入量、温度、铁液搅拌、铁液化学成分对增C剂吸收率的影响。说明了感应电炉熔炼合成铸铁的配料比、加料顺序和炉内加入增C剂、炉外增C的方法。经过增C剂增C处理后的铸铁,石墨形态基本为A型石墨,抗拉强度比非合成铸铁高15～30MPa,硬度提高10HB左右,铸件本体硬度更加均匀。     

硅锶复合孕育对含硼灰铸铁组织和性能的影响

用不同配比Si-Sr与Si-Fe复合孕育剂对含硼灰铸铁孕育处理,研究了Si-Sr复合孕育剂对其金相组织、力学性能及冶金质量指标的影响.结果表明:随Si-Sr孕育剂量的增加,含硼灰铸铁的抗拉强度、硬度随之递增.在Si-Sr含量为0.12%时抗拉强度达到峰值,σb=325 MPa;在Si-Sr含量为0.18%时硬度达到峰值,HB=273.此时,石墨主要为A型分布,共晶团细化,硼碳化物呈小块状,均匀分布在珠光体上,珠光体＞95%.当Si-Sr含量为0.12%时,含硼灰铸铁的成熟度RG=1.13,品质系数Qi=1.10,各项冶金质量指标达到最优.     

不同孕育剂处理的高强度灰铸铁加工性能研究

为研究不同孕育剂对灰铸铁切削加工性能的影响,制备了高强度HT350材质的试样.对比研究了孕育剂75SiFe、SrSi、BaSi、SiSr(80％)+75FeSi(20％)处理的高强度灰铸铁的力学性能和切削加工性能.结果表明,SiSr(80％)+75FeSi(20％)复合孕育处理的灰铸铁较单一孕育处理的灰铸铁石墨细小弯曲,基体组织均匀性好,具有较高的硬度以及较小的切削抗力,但其断面敏感性较大.单一孕育剂中75SiFe孕育处理的灰铸铁具有较高的抗拉强度、较小的硬度以及较低的断面敏感性.灰铸铁中A型石墨越细小,基体组织越均匀,灰铸铁的加工性能越好,说明显微组织的均匀性对灰铸铁的加工性能具有较大影响.     

Effects of Casting Size on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Spheroidal and Compacted Graphite Cast Irons: Experimental Results and Comparison with International Standards

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of casting size (10-210 mm) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of spheroidal (SGI) and compacted (CGI) graphite cast irons. A comparison of the experimental mechanical data with those specified by ISO standards is presented and discussed. The study highlighted that the microstructure and mechanical properties of SGI (also known as ductile or nodular cast iron) are more sensitive to casting size than CGI (also known as vermicular graphite cast irons). In particular, in both types of cast iron, hardness, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased, with increasing casting size, by 27% in SGI and 17% in CGI. Elongation to failure showed, instead, an opposite trend, decreasing from 5 to 3% in CGI, while increasing from 5 to 11% in SGI. These results were related to different microstructures, the ferritic fraction being more sensitive to the casting size in SGI than CGI. Degeneration of spheroidal graphite was observed at casting size above 120 mm. The microstructural similarities between degenerated SGI and CGI suggested the proposal of a unified empirical constitutional law relating the most important microstructural parameters to the ultimate tensile strength. An outstanding result was also the finding that standard specifications underestimated the mechanical properties of both cast irons (in particular SGI) and, moreover, did not take into account their variation with casting size, at thicknesses over 60 mm.     

On the damping capacity of cast irons

The treatment of experimental data on the amplitude-dependent internal friction (ADIF) in terms of various theoretical models has revealed a staged character and the main mechanisms of the processes of energy dissipation in graphite with increasing amplitude of vibrations upon cyclic loading. It is shown that the level of the damping capacity of lamellar cast iron depends on the relationship between the elastic and strength characteristics of graphite and the matrix phase. In cast irons with a rigid matrix structure (pearlite, martensite), the energy dissipation is determined by the volume fraction and morphology of the initial graphite phase. In cast irons with a softer metallic phase (ferrite), the contact interaction of graphite inclusions with the matrix and the properties of the matrix introduce additional sources of high damping.     

Mechanical characteristics of spheroidal graphite cast irons containing Ni and Mn with mixed ferrite and bainitic ferrite microstructure

Abstract

This study aims to clarify the influence of additive elements of Ni and Mn on tensile and impact properties of three kinds of spheroidal graphite cast irons (SG irons), which are as cast, annealed and austempered samples. Spheroidal graphite cast irons with Ni (0–4˙5 mass-%) and Mn (0–0˙5 mass-%) melted by a high frequency induction furnace and cast into a Y block CO₂ mould with 30 mm in thickness. From the viewpoint of heat treatment, tensile strength and hardness of SG irons become larger in the order of ferritised<as cast<austempered ones. Matrix structures of SG irons, which are conducted to austempering treatment from α and γ mixture range, consists of bainitic ferrite with high toughness. Austempered SG iron with 3%Ni in 0˙1%Mn series is found to become higher tensile strength compound with elongation and toughness of 901 MPa, 17% and 915 kJ m^?2.     

A study of several factors governing the fatigue limits of austempered ductile cast iron with various microstructures

The effects the leading factors bearing on fatigue limits were investigated with three kinds of ductile iron specimens various microstructures. As a result of examination, the fatigue limits in relationship to hardness and tensile strength, the expected higher improvement for fatigue limits in the case of the high strength specimens that experienced austempering treatment are not observed in comparison with the specimens treated with stress relief treatment. The estimated maximum defect size is one of the important parameters in predicting and evaluating fatigue limits for three different heat-treated ductile cast irons. Also, a quantitative relationship can be established between the fatigue limit and maximum defect size. Moreover, it is possible to explain the difference in fatigue limits in the three ductile cast irons by application of the rates of non-propagating crack which connects the adjacent graphite nodules before it stops.     

Effect of V and Sn on microstructure and mechanical properties of gray cast iron

The cylinder liner is one of the important parts of a diesel engine. Gray cast iron is the main material for manufacturing cylinder liners due to its good casting performance, convenient processing performance, good wear resistance and low cost. In the present work, the effects of vanadium (V) and tin (Sn) on the microstructure and properties of gray cast iron were studied. Results show that increasing the contents of V and Sn can not only refine the graphite, but also reduce the pearlite lamellar space. The graphite size and lamellar spacing of pearlite are firstly reduced and then increased. Pearlite quantity reaches over 98% after adding V and Sn. Adding V and Sn can promote the precipitation and solid solution strengthening of gray cast iron, so as to improve the mechanical properties. The Brinell hardness reaches the peak of 424 HB at the contents of 0.21wt.% V and 0.06wt.% Sn, and the sample containing 0.11wt.% V and 0.08wt.% Sn shows the highest compressive strength and tensile strength of 1,699 MPa and 515 MPa, respectively. The main strengthening mechanism comes from the solid solution strengthening and fine grain strengthening of V and Sn.

     

含磷蠕墨铸铁闸瓦的研制

本文研制了一种新型材质的闸瓦—含磷蠕墨铸铁闸瓦。试验结果证明,一定量的磷加入蠕墨铸铁中,其硬度、抗拉强度均满足闸瓦的使用要求而耐磨性可达到中磷灰铸铁闸瓦的2倍以上。磷加入蠕墨铸铁中使得蠕墨铸铁的磷共晶数量增加而石墨数量减小,因此使得其强度降低,硬度升高,闸瓦的耐磨性提高。     

高铁机车制动摩擦圈铸件的生产

采用中频感应电炉熔炼生产灰铸铁机车制动摩擦圈,原采用HT300配料方案适当增加生铁比例,检测发现化学成分和抗拉强度符合顾客规范要求,但铸件本体硬度偏低.后采用合成铸铁熔炼工艺,为提高增碳剂的吸收率,提高了熔炼温度,同时为了提高炉前检测的准确性,取样温度提高20 ℃;结果显示,铸件本体金相组织为A型石墨4级、超过95％的珠光体及少量铁素体,抗拉强度和本体硬度均达到要求.经计算,应用合成铸铁熔炼工艺,每吨铁液节约炉料成本185.9元,每月 500件铸件可节约成本14 624.13元.     

铸铁的电化学腐蚀机理

在深入分析已有文献试验数据和用户使用经验的基础上，根据腐蚀的电化学原理，总结出铸铁中的石墨形态和基本组织对耐蚀性的不同影响取决地铸铁在腐蚀介质中所处的状态。铸铁在介质中处于钝化态时，石墨促进钝化，细片状石墨的珠光体灰铸铁耐蚀性最好。铸铁在介质中处于活化状态时，石墨加速铸铁的腐蚀，铁素体球墨铸铁耐蚀性优于其它组织的普通铸铁。     

微量Sn对灰铸铁组织和性能的影响

Sn作为一种合金化元素,在灰铸铁中既可强烈促进珠光体的生成,又可细化珠光体.在实际生产中,由于某些生铁中含有过量的Sn,铸件易产生裂纹或显微裂纹,导致铸件报废.制备了不同Sn含量的铸件试样,并测定了其抗拉和抗弯强度,用金相显微镜观察不同Sn含量对铸件的石墨形态和基体组织的影响,同时详细考察了其铸造性能.结果表明:适量的Sn会促进珠光体基体的形成、细化共晶团,而对石墨的组织和形态无明显的不良影响.同时微量的Sn溶于奥氏体中,降低了发生先共析铁素体和珠光体的温度范围,使收缩率降低.但过量的Sn增加碳化物和磷共晶的数量,同时使灰铸铁的白口宽度增加,使铸件产生硬脆性,从而导致热裂和冷裂,这是铸件产生裂纹的主要原因.在生产中,应采取措施使铸铁中Sn含量控制在0.102％以下,并结合孕育处理等措施改善铸件的组织,提高力学性能.     

Nb对灰铸铁高温抗拉强度和抗氧化性的影响

研究了高温条件下,w（Nb）量为0.037%和0.11%对灰铸铁抗拉性能和抗氧化性能的影响,试验结果表明：w（Nb）量为0.037%时,试样为脆性断裂;w（Nb）量为0.11%时,产生了韧性断裂,试样断口出现了韧窝。铸铁加Nb后,石墨和珠光体得到细化,与此同时,富Nb相镶嵌于基体上,有利于提高灰铸铁的抗拉强度;Nb使石墨细化的作用也使氧原子难以进入基体内部,阻止氧化反应,有利于提高灰铸铁的抗氧化性。     

Estimation of pearlite fraction in ductile cast irons by eddy current method

The eddy current method has been used for estimation of the pearlite amount in ductile cast irons. Regression analysis has showed good assessment of the matrix structure of cast irons having different chemical compositions as well as graphite particle size and count by means of the eddy current method. Pearlite content of tested cast irons was shown to have paramount effect on the eddy current probe response from them and predictability of pearlite amount improves for specimens with similar composition or graphite shape.     

The Effect of Phosphorus on the Microstructure and Properties of Compacted Graphite (CG) Irons

Abstract

The effect of up to 0.15% phosphorus on the microstructure and mechanical properties of step-block castings made from compacted- graphite iron has been examined. There was no major effect on the microstructure, but two minor effects were observed. First, the higher-phosphorus irons showed a small increase in the amount of carbides and pearlite within the microstructure, but there was no effect on the depth of surface chill. Second, at low magnesium contents the higher-phosphorus irons demonstrated a marked increase in the amount of flake graphite. Phosphorus had no adverse effect on tensile strength, and a reported lowering of tensile elongation at elevated phosphorus content was not found in this work. There was, however, a decrease in Charpy impact toughness at higher phosphorus levels.