用Weibull函数分析单粒莲子热风干燥的水分扩散系数和活化能

为了研究单粒莲子在不同温度(50、60、70、80、90℃)条件下热风干燥的干燥特性、水分扩散系数及活化能,利用Weibull函数及经验模型对单粒莲子干燥过程进行模拟分析。结果表明:Weibull函数和Midilli模型可以很好地拟合单粒莲子的热风干燥过程;尺度参数α随干燥温度的升高而减小(p0.05);干燥温度对形状参数β的影响较大(p0.05);计算得到干燥过程中估算的水分扩散系数为(8.79×10~(-9)~2.45×10~(-8))m~2/s,水分有效扩散系数为(4.73×10~(-10)~1.31×10~(-9))m~2/s,活化能为22.61 kJ/mol,水分扩散系数随温度的升高而增大。该研究为Weibull分布函数应用于莲子干燥提供参考。     

基于Logarithmic方程的干燥参数对稻谷水分扩散特性影响分析

稻谷籽粒内部水分扩散的快慢决定了干燥速率。本文基于Logarithmic方程,建立稻谷水分传递动力学模型,并分析热风温度(40、50、60、70℃)和风速(0.3、0.4、0.5 m/s)对稻谷(湿基水分含量23.4%)有效水分扩散系数和扩散活化能的影响。结果表明:随着干燥温度和风速的上升,稻谷干燥速率提高,同时对应的有效水分扩散系数越大,分别为5.123×10-12~2.141×10-11m~2/s;扩散活化能从32.94 k J/mol增加至36.30 k J/mol;对比常用的5种谷物干燥模型发现,Logarithmic模型对稻谷薄层干燥的拟合度较好,R20.997,RMSE2.810×10~(-3),同时该模型模拟得出的有效水分扩散系数与实际差值均低于3.8×10~(-13)m~2/s,扩散活化能均低于2.53 k J/mol,与实际值基本吻合。     

油菜籽流化床干燥水分扩散规律的试验研究

为了研究油菜籽流化床干燥过程水分扩散规律,基于Fick第二定律和Arrhenius方程,通过开展油菜籽流化床干燥实验,分别考察了油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度和热空气流速与水分比和水分有效扩散系数之间的变化规律。结果表明:随着油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度和热空气流速逐渐增大,水分有效扩散系数增加,14.41%~29.72%初始含水率、1.75~2.25 m/s热空气流速及45~65℃热空气温度所对应的水分有效扩散系数范围分别为6.485×10~(-10)~10.133×10~(-10)m~2/s、7.296×10~(-10)~9.525×10~(-10)m~2/s和5.269×10~(-10)~8.917×10~(-10)m~2/s,其中29.72%初始含水率的水分有效扩散系数是14.41%的1.6倍,2.25 m/s热空气流速的水分有效扩散系数是1.75 m/s的1.3倍,65℃热空气温度的水分有效扩散系数是45℃的1.7倍。Arrhenius方程可以描述油菜籽流化床干燥水分扩散系数与温度的关系,水分扩散的平均活化能为22.84 kJ/mol;通过比较4种常见薄层干燥模型,发现油菜籽流化床干燥失水规律采用Page模型可进行准确模拟,其决定系数R~2≥0.997,相对误差≤5.4%。研究结果为提高干燥效率,优化干燥工艺参数提供参考。     

油菜籽流化床干燥水分扩散规律的实验研究

为了研究油菜籽流化床干燥过程水分扩散规律,基于Fick第二定律和Arrhenius方程,通过开展油菜籽流化床干燥实验,分别考察了油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度和热空气流速与水分比和水分有效扩散系数之间的变化规律。结果表明:随着油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度和热空气流速逐渐增大,水分有效扩散系数增加,14.41%~29.72%初始含水率、1.75~2.25 m/s热空气流速及45~65℃热空气温度所对应的水分有效扩散系数范围分别为6.485×10~(-10)~10.133×10~(-10)m~2/s、7.296×10~(-10)~9.525×10~(-10)m~2/s和5.269×10~(-10)~8.917×10~(-10)m~2/s,其中29.72%初始含水率的水分有效扩散系数是14.41%的1.6倍,2.25 m/s热空气流速的水分有效扩散系数是1.75 m/s的1.3倍,65℃热空气温度的水分有效扩散系数是45℃的1.7倍。Arrhenius方程可以描述油菜籽流化床干燥水分扩散系数与温度的关系,水分扩散的平均活化能为22.84 kJ/mol;通过比较4种常见薄层干燥模型,发现油菜籽流化床干燥失水规律采用Page模型可进行准确模拟,其决定系数R~2≥0.997,相对误差≤5.4%。研究结果为提高干燥效率,优化干燥工艺参数提供参考。     

马铃薯片热风对流干燥模型与特性

为了描述马铃薯片热风对流干燥的特性,在对流热风干燥试验装置中进行了马铃薯片薄层干燥试验,研究了干燥温度对干燥过程的影响,用数学模型关联了试验的水分比与时间,计算了不同温度下的水分有效扩散系数,并拟合了其与干燥温度的关系。结果表明:干燥温度对干燥过程有明显影响;在所用的模型中Logarithmic模型能较好地描述马铃薯片热风对流干燥过程;厚度3 mm的马铃薯片,在风速0.95 m/s时,风温从50℃升高到80℃,水分有效扩散系数从1.73×10~(-9) m~2/s增大到3.33×10~(-9) m~2/s,并符合阿累尼乌斯方程,活化能为20.16 kJ/mol。     

柑橘皮中短波红外干燥特性和品质研究

陈皮是传统的药食两用资源,为探寻陈皮的新型干燥方式,本文研究了中短波红外不同干燥温度(60,70,80,90℃)和功率(625,1 350,2 025 W)条件下柑橘皮的干燥特性和品质。结果表明:干燥温度对柑橘皮干燥特性的影响比功率大。柑橘皮中短波红外干燥为降速干燥,最佳拟合模型为Page模型。在不同干燥温度和功率条件下水分有效扩散系数Deff分别在6.5496×10~(-10)~1.3827×10~(-9)m~2/s和8.7328×10~(-10)~9.4605×10~(-10) m~2/s范围,并随着干燥温度和功率的升高而增大;运用多元线性回归分析法能够阐述干燥温度及功率与水分有效扩散系数的作用关系。根据阿伦尼乌斯公式得到柑橘皮中短波红外干燥的活化能为23.5622 k J/mol。在干燥温度70℃,功率1 350 W条件下,柑橘皮理化品质最优。柑橘皮总酚含量随干燥温度和红外功率的升高而升高;总黄酮含量随功率的升高而升高,随干燥温度的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势。本文为柑橘皮的中短波红外干燥工艺参数的优化提供参考,为陈皮的新型制备技术提供理论依据。     

热风和中短波红外干燥对桃渣干燥特性及多酚含量的影响

试验研究了桃渣在60℃、70℃和80℃条件下热风干燥和中短波红外干燥的干燥特性、有效水分扩散系数和活化能,建立了桃渣干燥的数学模型,并比较了桃渣在不同干燥条件下多酚的含量。结果表明,对文中所建立的5种干燥模型进行对比可以发现,Midilli et al.模型最适合描述桃渣在所有干燥条件下的干燥特性(R20.9996);桃渣热风干燥的有效水分扩散系数为(1.1652~1.7393)×10-9m2/s,红外干燥的为(1.6718~2.4993)×10-9 m2/s;利用阿伦尼乌斯方程计算桃渣两种干燥方式的活化能分别为19.56及19.68 k J/mol。此外,相同干燥温度下红外干燥样品中的总酚保留率较高,分别为68.22%、75.42%及82.63%。与热风干燥相比,桃渣中短波红外干燥速率较大,多酚保留率较高,且多酚含量随干燥温度的升高而增大,80℃红外干燥对桃渣的多酚含量影响最小。本试验为桃渣不同干燥条件下的干燥特性以及多酚的利用提供了理论基础。     

单粒莲子热风干燥特性及其干燥动力学

为了提高莲子干燥品质、缩短干燥时间并降低能耗,采用恒温和分段变温两种干燥方式对单粒莲子进行了50~90℃恒温和60(2~4 h)~80℃变温热风干燥试验,研究莲子表观变化、复水性、干燥能耗及干燥特性,计算不同干燥条件下的有效扩散系数和活化能。试验表明:在恒温干燥条件下,温度越高,干燥时间越短,而莲子色泽、复水性等品质则越差;在分段变温条件下,干燥时间较60℃恒温干燥缩短了,但品质均有所提高,60℃(3 h)~80℃变温干燥莲子的复水性优于60℃(2 h)~80℃和60℃(4 h)~80℃变温干燥,为169.41%,单位能耗比60℃恒温干燥减少2033 k J/g。根据菲克第二定律,得到莲子50~90℃恒温干燥有效扩散系数变化范围为1.79×10~(-9)~5.83×10~(-9) m~2/s,60℃(2~4 h)~80℃变温干燥平均有效扩散系数变化范围为2.97×10~(-9)~2.44×10~(-9) m~2/s。由Arrhenius方程建立有效扩散系数与温度的关系,得到莲子水分活化能为28.33 k J/mol。试验结果为莲子干燥工艺参数优化及干燥设备设计提供参考。     

不同干燥技术下胡萝卜丁的干燥特性及品质研究

为缩短干燥时间,找到一种胡萝卜丁的最适干燥技术,改善干燥品质;将红外联合热风干燥、真空脉动干燥以及分阶段温湿度控制热风干燥三种技术应用于胡萝卜丁的干燥,筛选出了各种技术下的最佳干燥参数,研究了胡萝卜的干燥特性,分析了各技术下胡萝卜丁的湿基含水率、脱水速率和水分有效扩散系数的变化;比较三种最佳参数下干燥后胡萝卜丁的色泽、VC含量、复水性和表面微观结构。结果表明,最佳参数为:红外联合热风干燥70℃,1.22~1.69 m/s;真空脉动干燥70℃,真空保持时间和常压保持时间比15 min∶5 min;分阶段温湿度控制热风干燥70℃,50%10 min。水分有效扩散系数介于7.09×10~(-10)~9.04×10~(-10) m~2/s之间;真空脉动干燥处理下的VC含量、复水性、色泽略优于其他两种方式。     

草鱼鱼片的微波干燥特性

为完善草鱼等淡水鱼的深度加工工艺和干燥工艺,对草鱼鱼片的微波干燥和热风干燥特性进行了研究,并确定最佳干燥模型。结果表明:当微波功率从200 W上升到800 W时,有效水分扩散系数从0.995 4×10~(-9)m2/s上升到2.344 3×10~(-9)m~2/s;当热风干燥温度由60℃上升到80℃时,有效水分扩散系数从4.001 4×10-10m~2/s上升到7.291 2×10-10m~2/s,但值仍低于微波干燥时的水分扩散系数值。采用常见的食品薄层干燥模型对实验数据进行拟合,通过比较相关系数R2、残基平方和RSS和卡方χ2得出,Page模型对草鱼鱼片的微波干燥拟合度最高,Two term模型对草鱼鱼片的热风干燥过程拟合度最高。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the