炼油技术新进展——2013年AFPM年会论文综述

全球经济持续低迷、原油质量重劣质化趋势加剧以及油品质量标准日趋严格使得炼油工业面临着更加严峻的挑战,同时也推动了炼油催化剂及工艺技术的改进与突破。本工作基于2013年AFPM年会论文,综述了包括油砂沥青加工技术、加氢处理/裂化技术、催化裂化技术、延迟焦化技术、烷基化技术等炼油技术新进展,并提出炼油技术今后的研究重点和发展方向。     

面对低碳挑战的炼油工业——2010年NPRA年会综述

 介绍了2010年NPRA年会关注的碳排放问题和主要炼油工艺、催化剂技术进展,包括催化裂化技术、汽油生产技术、超低硫柴油生产技术、馏分油加氢技术、渣油转化技术和第二代生物燃料技术。气候变化和环保法规对炼油工业提出了更苛刻的要求,并推动炼油技术进步。     

世界炼油工业面临的挑战

世界炼油工业在今后仍有很大的发展空间，但会面临加工劣质原油、生产高质量运输燃料的挑战，以及节能、环保、降低成本、提高竞争能力等多方面的发展要求。     

后危机时代世界炼油工业面临的挑战和机遇

介绍了2008年国际金融危机对世界炼油工业带来的各种影响,分析了在后危机时代世界炼油工业面临的各种机遇与挑战。挑战：（1）炼油能力过剩增加;（2）国际油价走高;（3）轻重原油价差收窄;（4）汽柴油价格颠倒;（5）炼油工业要为提高汽车燃油效率,增加生物燃料用量和减排CO2付出沉重代价;（6）炼油工程建设项目投资难以大幅度减少。机遇：（1）石油基运输燃料将继续主导世界运输燃料市场,炼油厂仍将是汽油和柴油的主要来源地;（2）轻重原油价差会重新拉大;（3）升级换代炼油技术不断出现,重质劣质渣油深度转化技术取得突破性进展;（4）亚太地区将持续引领全球炼油能力的增长。     

“九五”期间中国炼油工业面临的挑战和机遇

“九五”期间中国炼油工业将面临着炼厂经济规律、产品结构、质量和价格、装置改造和扩建、进口油品冲击国内市场和炼厂效益滑坡等的严峻挑战。因此，必须继续深化改革，尽快实现两个根本性转变，使我国炼油工业在剧烈的市场竞争中得以持续、快速发展。     

中国炼油工业面临的挑战与发展对策

介绍了中国炼油工业的发展现状,分析了面临的挑战,提出了可持续发展的对策与建议。现状:炼油能力位居世界第二;汽、柴油产量及消费量逐年增加;大型化、基地化和一体化发展成效显著;自主研发和创新能力持续提升。挑战:原油资源供应紧缺;原油劣质化趋势加剧;环保要求提高,油品质量升级加速;贸易保护壁垒更加森严;节能减排形势严峻,低碳发展压力增大。发展对策:扩大原料来源;大型化、规模化发展;加强技术创新;减少二氧化碳排放。     

我国炼油工业未来面临的新挑战

经过60多年的发展,我国炼油工业具有了一定的规模实力,综合竞争力不断增强,在促进国民经济和社会发展中发挥了重要作用。绿色低碳的发展趋势使得我国炼油工业面临新的挑战：     

炼油技术新进展——1998年NPRA年会综述

综述１９９８年ＮＰＲＡ年会的主要内容，介绍世界炼油技术发展的最新动向，包括催化裂化、加氢技术、重整工艺、重油加工、生产新配方汽油及高辛烷值汽油组分和润滑油技术等的进展，提出催化裂化仍是世界炼油技术的主力，世界炼油技术无重大突破，正处于平稳发展阶段的看法。建议我国炼油工业加强信息技术和先进控制技术的研究，不断跟踪国外炼油技术的新发展     

美国炼油工业面临的问题及其影响

美国炼油工业面临着更加严格的环境污染控制,为了达到联邦法规(如清洁空气法修正案、石油污染法、国家大气质量标准等)的要求.炼油工业需要投入大量资金,更新工艺技术.调整炼油厂工艺流程,这将对世界其他地区产生影响.应利用当前形势.发展炼油工业和工艺技术.     

1999年NPRA年会催化裂化论文综述

介绍了美国石油化工与炼制者协会（ＮＰＲＡ）１９９９年年会催化裂化论文上介绍的一些新观点新技术,如ＲＥＧＥＮＭＡＸ单器多级再生技术,Ｐｈｉｌｌｉｐｓ公司对汽提段的新观点,Ｓｈｅｌｌ公司的单器不完全再生和外反应器型催化裂化（ＦＣＣ）技术,Ｃａｌｔｅｘ公司的一套ＦＣＣ装置的改造,ＡＫＺＯ公司对催化剂可接近性的强调,Ｅｎｇｅｌｈａｒｄ公司ＦＡＣＴ催化剂制造平台,Ｇｒａｃｅ公司对使用平衡催化剂观点的更正,以及Ｅｘｘｏｎ公司的ＷＧＳ和Ｂｅｌｃｏ公司的ＥＤＶ两种湿法烟气洗涤技术等。对这些新观点新技术提出了看法。     

NPRA年会世纪回顾及世界炼油技术展望(2)

2 .5　重油 /渣油加氢处理技术重油 /渣油加氢处理工艺可对渣油进行不同程度的脱硫 (ＨＤＳ)、脱氮 (ＨＤＮ)、脱金属 (ＨＤＭ)和脱残炭 ,且有不同的转化率 ,使重油 /渣油轻质化。由于加工中东含硫原油日渐增多 ,越来越多炼油厂选用重油 /渣油加氢处理工艺 ,目前固定床工艺发展最快 ,在开发和合理选用催化剂体系方面有较大发展。如今的渣油固定床加氢工艺几乎都使用组合催化剂体系 ,使用高性能的脱金属剂和保护剂 ,以减轻对脱硫剂和脱氮剂的金属污染 ;采用催化剂床层分级装填技术和移动床在线置换催化剂技术 (ＯＣＲ) ,提高了渣油加氢脱硫装…     

发展石油加工技术适应市场需要——2001年 NPRA 年会综述

概述了2001年NPRA年会上发表的有关发展石油加工技术的内容，分别从清洁燃料的生产技术、加氢裂化技术、催化裂化技术、优化焦化技术和催化重整技术五个方面阐述了石油加工技术的现状及发展趋势。     

对环境友好燃料炼厂的技术要求：I.美国现状概述

尽管目前对汽油组分影响各种环境条件的理解还有限,但已经认识到,现有燃料中的几种组分若以高浓度释放到大气中,对环境是有害的,如溢漏、挥发损耗或不完全燃烧。这些组分包括芳烃特别是苯、高蒸汽压烃如ｎ－丁烷、反应性烃如烯烃以及硫化合物,它们会促使烟和酸的形成,本文将阐述与当前炼油加工过程有关的这些环境问题     

HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION POTENTIAL OF MONTENEGRO – A BRIEF REVIEW

Geological and geophysical data generated during the mid‐1990s and early 2000s indicate that the Montenegro – NW Albania area may have hydrocarbon potential. Thrust‐related structures and sub‐thrust autochthonous Mesozoic platform carbonates in the Dinaride‐Albanide fold‐and‐thrust belt are potential exploration targets. Potential play types include structurally inverted autochthonous platform carbonates both on‐ and offshore Montenegro, and platform build‐up closures located offshore. Potential source rocks are of Cretaceous age, analogous to those at oil discoveries in the Southern Apennines, and have been modelled to generate economic volumes of light oils which may be trapped in fractured shallow‐water carbonates and sealed by deep‐water Oligocene shales. The Neogene succession in Montenegro is dominated by turbidite sandstones which have the potential to contain biogenic gas. Structural and stratigraphic traps have been identified in 2D and 3D seismic reflection profiles but no wells have tested this play to date. However the biogenic gas play is considered to be of less importance than the potential oil play involving Mesozoic carbonates.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF DESULFURESATION EXTRACTS FROM MIDWESTERN U.S. COALS

Coals from Midwestern States were extracted using two different processes, viz., a supercritical extraction process and a perchloroethylene coal refining process. The objectives of these processes are the selective removal of sulfur and nitrogen compounds from high-sulfur coals. The solvent extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as well as wet chemical analysis. The extracted organosulfur compounds varied, depending upon the extraction process, extraction conditions, type of solvent, type of coal, and degree of weathering. The experimental results are compared among the types of coal as well as among the different processes, from viewpoints of chemical and molecular interaction.     

THE REACTION OF WESTERN U.S. OIL SHALE KEROGEN WITH PHENOL

ABSTRACT

Phenol reacts with Western U.S. oil shale kerogen. The acid–catalyzed reaction gives crude products which incorporate large amounts of phenol. The toluene soluble portion of the crude products was shown by ¹H, ¹³C-NMR, FIMS, and LVHR/mass spectroscopy to consist mainly of condensed phenols. However, about 15% of the carbon in this fraction is derived from kerogen fragments. These results contrast markedly with those found for other systems reacting under similar conditions. To further explore the scope of this reaction, model compounds were allowed to react with acidified phenol. Hydrocarbons were unreactive. Certain aryl ethers and substituted phenols were very reactive. Mineral matter was also found to catalyze the reaction of phenol with the toluenesu l fonic acid catalyst. These data indicate that substituted phenols and/or aryl ethers are probably important cross-linking centers for kerogen. Long straight chain aliphatic groups appear to also be present in kerogen.     

THE REACTION OF WESTERN U.S. OIL SHALE KEROGEN WITH PHENOL

Phenol reacts with Western U.S. oil shale kerogen. The acid-catalyzed reaction gives crude products which incorporate large amounts of phenol. The toluene soluble portion of the crude products was shown by ¹H, ¹³C-NMR, FIMS, and LVHR/mass spectroscopy to consist mainly of condensed phenols. However, about 15% of the carbon in this fraction is derived from kerogen fragments. These results contrast markedly with those found for other systems reacting under similar conditions. To further explore the scope of this reaction, model compounds were allowed to react with acidified phenol. Hydrocarbons were unreactive. Certain aryl ethers and substituted phenols were very reactive. Mineral matter was also found to catalyze the reaction of phenol with the toluenesu l fonic acid catalyst. These data indicate that substituted phenols and/or aryl ethers are probably important cross-linking centers for kerogen. Long straight chain aliphatic groups appear to also be present in kerogen.     

A REVIEW ON ABSORPTION OF ASPHALT INTO POROUS AGGREGATES II. METHODS FOR DETERMINATION AND MINIMIZATION OF ABSORPTION

In the second part of this review we examine current laboratory practice for the practical determination of asphalt absorption into porous aggregates. It is found that current practice relies heavily on empirical relations, to bridge the gap between laboratory test results and field behavior. Certain proposed methods for minimizing the consequences of asphalt absorption are also reviewed, although more work is required before they can be recommended for implementation.     

欧洲与美国汽车工业发展战略给内燃机油性能带来的差异

介绍了欧洲、美国汽车工业根据各自条件所采用的不同汽车工业发展战略以及由此产生的内燃机油使用性能上的差异。