乳清粉对高筋粉热力学和糊化特性及面团流变学特性的影响

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、快速粘度仪(RVA)、粉质仪和拉伸仪研究乳清粉对高筋粉热力学特性、糊化特性及面团流变学特性的影响。DSC测试结果表明添加3.0%和5.0%乳清粉时,高筋粉的糊化起始温度和热焓值较空白高筋粉(未添加乳清粉)明显上升。RVA测试结果显示混合粉的峰值粘度、最低粘度、最终粘度、衰减值及回生值随着乳清粉添加量的增加呈下降趋势,糊化温度呈上升趋势。粉质试验结果表明添加乳清粉显著降低了高筋粉的吸水率和面团形成时间,增加了面团的稳定时间和粉质质量指数。拉伸试验结果显示面团的拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比例随着乳清粉含量的增加呈上升趋势,延伸度则呈下降的趋势。总体而言,添加乳清粉增强了高筋粉的热稳定性和抗老化能力,优化了面团的流变学特性。     

Material,structure, chosen mechanical and comfort properties of kinesiology tape

The main objective of this paper is to determine material composition, structure, and chosen mechanical and thermo-physiological comfort properties of selected kinesiology tape. The results of experiments show that kinesiology tape is a non-linear elastic and porous composite material. Warp yarns are core-spun elastic yarns, while weft yarns are 100% cotton yarns. Fabric has a plain weave and its back side is equipped with an adhesive. Tensile strength of kinesiology tape ranges from 80 to 180 N depending on the tape width. In a relaxed state, porosity together with air permeability and other heat and mass transfer characteristics are mainly affected by the compact layer of adhesive on the surface of woven fabric. During tensioning, pores are expanding and therefore transfer of air and water vapor is significantly increased and at the same time heat transfer is reduced which can positively affect wearer comfort.     

异麦芽酮糖醇的性质和用途

Palatinit公司生产的麦芽酮糖醇是一种糖的替代物,它由双糖醇（多元醇）组成,而不是一种高度甜味剂。源于糖的异麦芽酮糖醇的味道像糖一样自然,展现了一种纯自然的甜味。异麦芽酮糖醇的感官特性,生理学性质及物理化学性质使得糖量,烘烤制品,医药和其他应用领域方面都大获裨益。     

Structural and Physical Properties of Starches Isolated from Six Varieties of Millet Grown in China

This study investigated the structural and physical properties of starches extracted from six varieties of millet mainly grown in China. The amylose content of millet starches ranged from 17.6 to 28.4 g/100 g (dry weight basis, db), and a variety of waxy proso millet starch (0.38 g/100 g, db) was identified. These starches exhibited a majority of large polygonal granules with several indentations, few small spherical granules, and A-type crystallinity. Proso millet starch showed prominent paste clarity and freeze-thaw stability, whereas finger millet starch exhibited the highest solubility. Moreover, barnyard millet starch had the lowest sediment volume. The gelatinization enthalpy of proso millet starch was the highest (5.16 J/g). For non-waxy millet starch, the ratio of retrogradation (R%) was positively correlated with amylose content. Among all starches, the storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G″) during heating and cooling. The G′ and G″ of proso millet starch and barnyard millet starch pastes were significantly lower than other starches during cooling. The pasting properties of six millet starches significantly differed, had positive correlation with amylose content, and were affected by NaCl, sucrose, and pH values.     

沙棘果粉和酸枣粉对面粉特性的影响

为了解沙棘果粉和酸枣粉对面粉特性的影响,将沙棘果粉和酸枣粉按不同比例分别与小麦粉混合,使用快速黏度分析仪、粉质仪、物性测试仪分析2 种添加物的添加量对面粉糊化、粉质和凝胶质构特性的影响,并使用扫描电子显微镜对面筋的超微结构进行观察。结果表明：随着酸枣粉含量的增加（0%、1%、3%、5%、7%、9%）,混粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈下降趋势,而当沙棘果粉添加量为5%～9%时,混粉的上述糊化指标明显高于对照组;吸水率、硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性逐渐降低,而形成时间、稳定时间和粉质质量指数则先降低,后基本不变;扫描电子显微镜观察显示,2 种添加物均阻碍了面筋网络的形成。因此,沙棘果粉和酸枣粉的添加均改变了面粉的糊化、粉质、凝胶质构特性及面筋超微结构。     

Effects of barley flour and barley protein isolate on chemical, functional, nutritional and biological properties of Pita bread

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of fortification of wheat flour with barley flour (BF) and barley protein isolate (BPI) at three levels; 5, 10 and 15% levels on the chemical composition, nutritional evaluation and biological properties of pita bread. Proteins fractions such as globulin, prolamin, glutelin-1 and glutelin-2 as well as protein isolates were extracted from barley flour and evaluated for protein yield, chemical composition and nutritional quality. Highest yield and essential amino acids contents were obtained in barley protein isolate. SDS-PAGE gels electrophoresis indicated that fortified wheat flour with BPI and BF consists of proteins coming from wheat flour and barley proteins. The contents of essential limiting amino acids in bread were increased from 1.38 to 3.10 g/100 g for lysine and from 0.86 to 1.73 g/100 g for methionine as the ratio of fortification with BF and BPI increased from 0 to 15%. The highest content of total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory activity for both angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and α-amylase were found in fortified bread with BPI at 15%. Results indicated that bread made from fortification of wheat flour with BF and BPI at 15% showed superior chemical, physico-chemical, nutritional and biological properties.     

天然Mozzarella干酪和再制Mozzarella干酪理化特性和功能特性的比较

对天然Mozzarella干酪和再制Mozzarella干酪的理化特性（蛋白质、脂肪和水分质量分数及pH值）和功能 特性（质构特性、拉伸性、熔化性、油脂析出性和流变特性）进行分析。结果表明：天然Mozzarella干酪的蛋白质 量分数显著高于再制Mozzarella干酪,水分质量分数和pH值显著低于再制Mozzarella干酪,脂肪质量分数随干酪品 牌的不同存在差异;天然Mozzarella干酪的硬度、拉伸性、熔化性和油脂析出性都显著高于再制Mozzarella干酪;动 态温度扫描显示天然Mozzarella干酪和再制Mozzarella干酪的损耗角正切都随着温度的升高呈现先增加后降低的趋 势,天然Mozzarella干酪的损耗角正切在50～60 ℃时达到1,再制Mozzarella干酪的损耗角正切始终低于1。研究发 现天然Mozzarella干酪更适宜作为制作比萨、焗饭等需要焙烤食品的原料,再制Mozzarella干酪可以应用于三明治等 不需要焙烤的食品中。     

油橄榄果渣对面粉及面团理化特性的影响

将油橄榄果渣粉以不同比例与小麦粉混匀,得到4种混合粉,研究该4种混合粉的化学组成、糊化特性及其面团流变和质构特性。结果表明,随着油橄榄果渣粉添加量的增加,混合粉的糊化温度逐渐升高,峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度和衰减值显著降低,面团的形成与稳定时间缩短,吸水率、评价值、最大抗延伸阻力、延伸度、拉伸能量、弹性和内聚性减小,其弱化度、硬度、黏附性、胶黏性和回复性增大。当混合粉中油橄榄果渣粉添加量不超过10%时,其具有较好的糊化特性和面团特性,可用于制作面条和面包等食品。     

Biopolymer films and the effects of added lipids,nanoparticles and antimicrobials on their mechanical and barrier properties: a review

Packaging made from biodegradable biopolymers such as proteins, polysaccharides and lipids is a promising alternative to synthetic polymers. Films made from these biopolymers exhibit certain disadvantages in terms of their mechanical, barrier and physicochemical properties. Plasticisers, nanoparticles, lipids and antimicrobial compounds can be added to them to improve these properties. The tendency of biopolymer films to brittleness can be mitigated by adding plasticisers and/or nanoparticles. These films also tend to have high water vapour permeability, which can be reduced by adding lipids and/or nanoparticles. Incorporating natural compounds with antimicrobial activity into biopolymer films can provide them the advantages of maintaining food safety and extending shelf life. Addition of plasticisers, nanoparticles, lipids and/or antimicrobial compounds to biopolymer films can help to make them comparable to conventional synthetic films with the advantages that they reduce pollution and are biodegradable.     

花生球蛋白和伴球蛋白的功能特性及构象研究

本文对花生球蛋白与伴球蛋白的结构和功能特性进行了分析和比较。结果表明,花生球蛋白在等电点附近(pH4.5～6.0)比伴球蛋白具有更高的溶解性,而在偏离等电点时其溶解性低于伴球蛋白,伴球蛋白的乳化活性指数(70～180 m2/g)和起泡能力(36～57%)显著高于花生球蛋白的乳化活性指数(60～130 m2/g)和起泡能力(19～33%)(P<0.05),伴球蛋白所形成热凝胶的弹性模量值(G’)约为花生球蛋白的5倍。花生球蛋白的变性温度Td(104.84℃)及焓变值ΔH(13.78 J/g)显著高于伴球蛋白的变性温度(89.47℃)与焓变值(8.11J/g)(P<0.05);花生球蛋白分子表面的巯基(SH)较少,大部分巯基包裹于球蛋白分子内部,而伴球蛋白中大部分巯基暴露于分子的表面。荧光光谱分析表明,伴球蛋白比花生球蛋白具有更疏松的三级结构和更高的界面活性。     

抹茶粉对面团流变学特性及面条品质的影响

为扩展抹茶粉在面制品中的应用范围,本试验选用小麦粉和抹茶粉为主要原料,将抹茶粉与小麦粉制成混合粉,通过对混合粉糊化性质进行测定,同时运用混合粉质仪测定对面团流变学特性的影响,最后测定抹茶面条的烹煮特性和质构特性等指标。试验结果表明：抹茶粉添加量为6%时,混合粉的峰值黏度为1043/cP,谷值黏度为486/cP,糊化温度为87.18 ℃,能够加快混合粉的吸水、膨胀、糊化特性,此时回升值由686/cP降至586/cP,能够抑制混合面团的老化。面团的形成时间和稳定时间分别为7.07 min和10.6 min,此时混合面团面筋网络结构适中。抹茶粉的用量4%~6%时,抹茶面条具有茶清香味,感官评分最高为82分,损失率和吸水率无明显变化。抹茶粉添加量为6%时,面条的硬度为4852/g,胶着性为2728/g,弹性为0.089,此时面条品质较佳。综合考虑,抹茶粉的最高添加量为6%。     

Antioxidant and functional properties of gelatin hydrolysates obtained from skin of sole and squid

Antioxidant and functional properties were evaluated for gelatin hydrolysates obtained from sole and squid skin gelatin by Alcalase, with a degree of hydrolysis of ∼35% and ∼50%, respectively. Both hydrolysates mainly consisted of peptides below 6.5 kDa, together with peptidic material from around 16 to 6.5 kDa. Moreover, the squid hydrolysate showed a peptide band of around 26 kDa. Antioxidant properties of both gelatins were highly increased by hydrolysis, especially ABTS and metal chelating abilities. The squid hydrolysate showed the highest antioxidant capacity by FRAP, ABTS and metal chelating assays in spite of the lower content in hydrophobic amino acids. Both gelatin hydrolysates had a good solubility (over 95%). The emulsifying activity index (EAI) decreased with increasing concentration. Conversely, the foam expansion increased with increasing concentration. However, both foam and emulsion stabilities were not apparently affected by the concentration of hydrolysate. In the case of the sole hydrolysate, which showed a lower degree Pro and Lys hydroxylation, foam stability was very poor, and 50% of foam expansion was lost after 5 min at all concentrations.     

Moisture Dependent Geometric and Mechanical Properties of Wild Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Nut and Kernel

In this research, wild pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) nuts and kernels were analyzed for selected geometric properties and mechanical behavior under compression loading. The average length, width and thickness arithmetic and geometric mean diameter of wild pistachio nuts at 5.83% w.b. were 13.98, 8.76, 7.25, 9.93, and 9.75 mm, while the corresponding values of kernels at 6.03% w.b. moisture content were 11.07, 5.92, 4.83, 7.21, and 6.88 mm, respectively. As the moisture content of pistachio nut increased from 5.83 to 30.73% w.b., the bulk density, apparent density and terminal velocity were found to increase from 521 to 543 kgm^?3, 809 to 829 kgm^?3, and 5.51 to 6.29 ms^?1, respectively, whereas porosity decreased from 35.14% to 34.63%. The results revealed that wild pistachio nut required higher rupture force and energy to crack wild pistachio nuts for compression along the L-axis as compared to other two axes.     

六年生马占、大叶、厚荚3种相思树制浆性能比较

6年生马相思（A.mangium）、大叶相思（A.Auriculiformis）和厚荚相思（A.Crassicarpa）在最佳KP法蒸煮工艺条件下，制取硬度相近的浆料，比较其蒸煮性能、漂白性能、打浆性能和强度性能，进而对3种6年生相思树的制浆性能进行综合评价。     

交联改性对多孔淀粉的性质影响研究

以玉米多孔淀粉为原料,三氯氧磷为交联剂制备酯化交联多孔淀粉,利用扫描电子显微镜、布拉班德黏度仪、X-射线衍射等分析仪器对原淀粉、多孔淀粉和酯化交联多孔淀粉的理化性质、流变学性质和微观结构进行分析比较研究。结果表明,经交联处理后的交联多孔淀粉仍是A型图谱,晶形未发生改变,交联多孔淀粉的吸水率、吸油率与原淀粉和多孔淀粉相比有较大提高,冻融稳定性、糊稳定性优于原淀粉和多孔淀粉,交联改性提高了多孔淀粉的结构性能。     

亚麻籽胶的成膜性和起泡性

亚麻籽胶的成膜性受其浓度和甘油浓度的影响。随着亚麻籽胶浓度的增加,膜的拉伸强度增加,断裂伸长率降低,透湿性增加,透氧性降低。随着甘油浓度的增加,拉伸强度下降,断裂伸长率上升,透湿性和透氧性均增加。亚麻籽胶具有较好的起泡能力和泡沫稳定性。     

Gelation,thermal and pasting properties of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.) and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) flours

This study evaluated the rheological, thermal and pasting properties of pigeon pea (PP), dolichos bean (DB) and jack bean (JB) legume flours and gels. Starch and protein contents were also measured and its molecular weight distribution was determined by electrophoresis. PP and DB showed the highest viscosities while JB had the highest pasting temperature. The minimum flour concentrations for gel formation were estimated at 6–8% for DB and PP and 10% for JB. Above these concentrations all flour suspensions heated to 95 °C led to gels with a solid-like behavior. Differential scanning calorimetry showed two endothermic peaks in all flours at 80–89 °C and 96–100 °C. Avrami model was successfully fitted to the hardening kinetics of PP and DB gels stored at 4 °C. The half-life times were 22 and 6 h for PP and DB respectively. PP and DB flours were able to form self-supporting gels and could be applied in the formulation of gel-like foods.     

Foxtail millet: Properties,processing, health benefits,and uses

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is one of the earliest cultivated crops, extensively grown in the arid and semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa, as well as in some other economically developed countries of the world where it is more commonly used as bird feed. This article presents a comprehensive review of the physicochemical and health-functional properties of foxtail millet, and the processing technologies employed to improve these properties and develop more palatable food products. Foxtail millet contains significant levels of protein, fiber, mineral, and phytochemicals. Anti-nutrients such as phytic acid and tannin present in this millet can be reduced to negligible levels by using suitable processing methods. The millet is also reported to possess hypolipidemic, low-glycemic index, and antioxidant characteristics. This review concludes that, like most millet varieties, foxtail millet remains under-utilized as a food source. It is however receiving increased research and commercial attention, especially because its cultivation is not too demanding from point of view of agricultural inputs and it can grow in difficult terrains. It would be reasonable to surmise that foxtail millet has a promising role to play in enhancing nutritional and food security.     

Dielectrical properties of food materials--1: factors affecting and industrial uses

The electrical properties of foods and biological products have been the most valuable factors in the novel food technology. They have been defined both from electromagnetic field concepts and from the electrical-circuit point of view. Recently, these properties are used to assess the characterization of the processes based on electrical methods: electromagnetic, electro-processes. This article is a review of dielectrical properties of food materials. It also includes factors affecting the dielectrical properties of foods and their industrial uses.