呼伦贝尔草甸草原MODIS/LAI产品验证

以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为研究区域,利用2013年6期地面实测数据,结合HJ-1A/B CCD高分辨率影像,经过辐射校正与模型建立,对研究区域草原生长季的MODIS/LAI产品进行验证。结果表明:在时间上,MODIS/LAI产品能够较好地反映草原的长势与物候变化。在空间上,由于MODIS/LAI产品输入数据的不确定性,MODIS/LAI产品与地面情况存在一定偏差(ΔLAI=0.59m2/m2),在呼伦贝尔草甸草原草场整个生长季都存在高估现象,平均相对误差为40%。在生长初期和末期,较大的地表异质性使MODIS/LAI产品高估现象较严重;生长中期高估现象减小,相对误差在30%以内。研究结果对了解该地区的MODIS/LAI产品精度与使用该地区MODIS/LAI产品具有重要指导意义。     

遥感叶面积指数产品提取自然植被物候期对比

物候是指示气候变化的关键因子,遥感技术的快速发展为物候监测提供了新的途径。遥感叶面积指数(LAI)产品包含了主要的物候信息,并广泛应用于植被物候的监测。了解不同数据产品在提取植被物候信息上的差异是评价遥感产品对物候期监测适用性的重要方面。以东北三省为研究区域,使用非对称性高斯函数拟合法进行数据平滑,利用动态阈值法提取MODIS、CYCLOPES和GLASS叶面积指数(LAI)产品的生长季开始时间(SGS)、生长季结束时间(EGS)和生长季长度(LGS)。研究表明:MODIS和GLASS产品提取的SGS、EGS和LGS比较接近,整体上一致性较好;CYCLOPES产品提取的SGS多数情况下晚于MODIS和GLASS产品而EGS早于MODIS和GLASS产品。通过可利用的实地物候观测数据验证表明:MODIS和GLASS产品提取林地的SGS与物候观测值比较接近,EGS略晚于物候观测值,CYCLOPES产品提取的林地的SGS和EGS更加可靠。     

中国西南山区GEOV1、GLASS和MODIS LAI产品的对比分析

叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)是表征植被生物物理变化和冠层结构特征的关键参数,目前存在多个全球范围、长时间序列LAI产品,对其进行验证是LAI产品应用的重要前提,然而目前山区的验证工作尤其少见。在我国西南山区选取6个典型样区,考虑山区复杂地形特征,从产品时空完整性以及对山区植被时空特征表征能力等方面对GEOV1、GLASS和MODIS LAI产品进行对比分析。研究结果表明:(1)相比于地形平坦地区,在山区随海拔和地形起伏度的增加,LAI产品时空完整性呈递减的趋势,其中,GEOV1LAI表现最差,MODIS LAI次之,GLASS LAI表现最好;(2)GLASS LAI和GEOV1LAI的空间分布合理且具有较好的一致性,MODIS LAI的空间分布和二者存在差异,3种LAI产品均难以准确反映山区植被垂直带谱的变化特征;(3)草地类型LAI产品间差值较小,林地和农作物GLASS LAI和GEOV1LAI产品一致性较好,MODIS LAI产品和二者存在较大的差异;(4)GLASS LAI时间序列曲线平滑且连续,GEOV1LAI存在时间不连续现象,MODIS LAI季相变化中的波动现象比较严重;各产品不仅难以准确反映冬季的常绿针叶林LAI,而且难以准确表征样区内农田作物轮作的物候信息。对比分析有助于发现LAI产品在山区存在的问题,并为今后LAI产品的算法改进提供帮助和参考。     

黑河中游LAI产品的真实性检验研究

遥感产品的应用越来越受到各行各业的高度关注,因此定量遥感产品的真实性检验工作已是当务之急,也是近年来遥感领域研究的热点问题之一。首先总结了国内外学者在LAI遥感产品真实性检验中使用的方法和取得的研究进展,然后结合实例分析了黑河中游不同分辨率LAI产品的真实性检验。通过比较两种不同尺度转换方案得到1 km分辨率的LAI对MODIS LAI产品进行验证,并分析了LAI的尺度效应。结果表明:两种方案比较验证的相关系数为0.57和0.39,借助于高分辨率影像作为中间尺度验证MODIS LAI产品要比直接利用地面实测点尺度转换到低分辨率LAI图验证MODIS LAI产品更合理,且黑河中游MODIS LAI产品存在明显的低估现象,最大偏差达2.26。     

巴音河流域高时空分辨率叶面积指数数据集

叶面积指数（Leaf Area Index,LAI）是表征地表特征变化的重要指标之一,也是陆表、水文等模型的重要参数。本数据集是基于增强型时空自适应反射率融合模型（ESTARFM）,将全球陆地表层卫星（GLASS）LAI(8d/500m)、中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）MOD13A1和MYD13A1、陆地卫星Landsat-7 ETM+和Landsat-8 OLI数据,进行融合,得到8 d/30 m分辨率的LAI,通过分段线性内插最终得到巴音河流域高时空分辨率LAI(1 d/30 m)。对比高时空分辨率LAI(1 d/30 m)与GLASS LAI产品的时空特征,验证数据集精度。结果表明：与原始GLASS LAI相比,本数据集在空间上具有与GLASS LAI一致的分布特征,且轮廓与纹理更为清晰。在时间上,二者具有相同的月际变化特征,且由1 d/30 m LAI估算的区域月平均LAI和区域8日平均LAI与原始GLASS LAI存在显著正相关性,R2分别为0.95、0.94,Pearson积矩相关系数均为0.97,P值均小于0.01。此数据集可为陆表过程、水文循环等模拟提供重要的数据支持...     

黑河及汉江流域MODIS叶面积指数产品质量评价

叶面积指数（LAI）是MODIS地面队伍生产的一系列标准产品之一，对其进行独立的质量评价有助于用户了解数据的适用性。本文用近同时相的Landsat影像及野外实测LAI数据获得了黑河及汉江两个研究区高分辨率的Landsat LAl分布图。基于此，对MODIS LAI数据进行了质量评价，评价指标包括统计特征和空间特征。分析结果表明，就统计特征而言，MODIS LAI数据值一般低于Landsat的LAI值，在植被覆盖较好的汉江区低估约10％，在植被覆盖稀疏的黑河区，LAI值低估达58％；就空间特征而言，两个研究区的结果都表明MODIS LAI数据无法很好地体现植被空间分布信息，在黑河区存在大量低槽被覆盖像元被归类为非植被覆盖区的情况。     

我国叶面积指数卫星遥感产品生产及验证

利用卫星遥感生产叶面积指数（Leaf area index： LAI）产品并进行真实性检验是植被定量遥感的一项重要研究内容。过去10 a,我国研究人员利用MODIS或AVHRR观测数据生产了GLOBALBNU, GLASS, GLOBMAP,MuSyQ和FSGOM等数套全球和全国LAI产品,受到了国内外的广泛关注和应用。在产品生产的同时,我国学者也广泛开展了LAI产品在全球和区域尺度的真实性检验研究工作。本文总结了我国LAI卫星产品生产和验证研究工作的现状和趋势。近年来,我国在本领域相关的理论、技术和方法研究方面取得了全面进展,LAI产品精度和连续性已与国外先进水平相当,但仍然存在数据源单一且依赖国外、算法不确定性不清、生产不连续以及缺乏充分验证等问题,客观上影响了LAI产品应用的广度及深度。未来应充分利用新的卫星数据特别是国产数据,加强遥感机理模型、反演算法以及应用的创新研究,生产具有特色的高质量LAI产品,满足地球系统科学的研究需求。同时,应加强LAI验证基础设施建设,发掘利用更广泛的验证站点,同时增进国际合作,加强产品的推广使用,在与用户的互动交流反馈中进一步提高产品的市场。随着我国对相关研究投入的增加,可以预期未来20 a将是我国LAI遥感产品及验证研究由“跟跑”国际先进水平向“并跑”乃至“领跑”过渡的机遇期。     

基于被动微波与时空联合算法的云下像元LST重建

地表温度作为衡量地球表面水热平衡的关键参数,具有两大时空分布特征:第一,空间分布一致性,即属性相近的像元地表温度与其地表亮温间的相关关系相对稳定;第二,时间序列周期性,且同一地区时间越接近地表温度值越相似。基于这两大特征将空间统计模型与时间序列滤波相结合,提出了用于云下像元地表温度重建的时空联合算法。以2008年MODIS地表温度产品为研究对象,采用Landsat TM数据和AMSR_E地表亮温数据重建中国9个省份的地表温度值,并与基于MODIS地表分类产品的多通道统计模型重建结果进行对比。实验结果表明,所提算法实用性强,能有效实现大面积复杂下垫面区域的地表温度重建;平均重建误差约为1.2 K,相较于基于下垫面分类的多通道统计模型下降了76%,算法精度明显提高。
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国产叶面积指数产品在中国区域的一致性检验北大核心CSCD

叶面积指数是研究全球和区域碳循环、水文循环、气候变化区域响应的重要参数之一,研究不同LAI产品的时空一致性可为该地区LAI产品的使用提供建议和参考。本研究基于流域、DEM和土地利用类型,对GLOBMAP、GLOBALBNU、GLASS的LAI产品从平均值、频率以及差值频率等的变化进行统计,分析3种国产LAI产品在中国区域的一致性。主要结论为:①3种产品均可捕捉中国地区LAI的空间分布和月及年的时间变化特征,GLOBMAP在2001年更换数据源后年平均值开始下降。②3种产品在九大流域、不同DEM、不同地表利用类型分类下均存在差异。在海河流域、黄河流域和内陆河流域,3种产品的相关性较好,但是在长江流域、东南诸河流域以及珠江流域内产品间差值大于2.00的范围较多。2000~4000 m区域内3种产品的年均变化趋势区别存在明显不同。和其他产品相比,在草地区域GLASS较低,在城乡工业用地区域GLOBMAP较低,在林地区域GLOBALBNU较高。定量分析了3套国产LAI产品的时空差异,结果可为国产LAI产品在中国的应用提供科学参考。     

基于Landsat系列数据地表温度反演算法对比分析——以齐齐哈尔市辖区为例

Landsat热红外系列数据是地表温度反演的一项重要数据源。以齐齐哈尔市辖区为研究区域,基于2002、2008和2016年Landsat TM/ETM+/TIRS系列数据,分别采用单窗算法(MW算法)、单通道算法(SC算法)和辐射传输方程法(RTE算法)进行地表温度反演及对比分析,并利用MODIS地表温度产品对反演结果进行精度验证。结果表明:(1)基于Landsat系列数据,3种算法反演得到的地表温度的空间分布状况一致,总体上市区地表温度较高,水体区域温度最低;(2)基于ETM+数据,SC和RTE算法结果一致性较好,其中SC算法精度最高,MW算法在不同地物覆被区误差均较大;(3)MW算法基于TM数据反演精度最高,RTE算法次之,SC算法较差;(4)基于Landsat 8TIRS数据,SC算法精度最高,RTE算法误差较大。     

Validating MODIS land surface reflectance products using ground-measured reflectance spectra – a case study in semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia,China

Validation of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface reflectance products is important to effective utilization of such products for earth systems science. Ground-based measurements are normally utilized for such validation. However, the major scale mismatch between the ground ‘point’ measurement and MODIS resolution (500 m and 1 km) makes direct comparison infeasible over many land surface types. In this paper, an indirect comparison between ground ‘point’ measurements and MODIS land surface products via high-resolution remotely sensed imagery (Landsat Thematic Mapper/TM) was utilized in semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia in summer 2005, where ground measurements are relatively sparse in comparison with other locations around the world. Within the validation, the TM reflectance imagery was first calibrated by the ground ‘point’ measurements, and then aggregated to MODIS data resolution for determination of their accuracy. Besides common direct spectral band comparison of reflectance between TM and MODIS, empirical/indirect comparison between TM and MODIS was also implemented. Both types of validation showed that the absolute error of bidirectional reflectance from atmospheric correction (MOD09) is less than 9.4%, and for nadir bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)-adjusted reflectance (MOD43B4) it is less than 3.1%, in which the error of visible bands of two data sets is less than 1.35% and 0.95%, respectively. This validation will help improve the accuracy of MODIS products used in this area.     

中国西南山区GEOV１、GLASS和MODISLAI产品的对比分析

叶面积指数(LeafAreaIndex,LAI)是表征植被生物物理变化和冠层结构特征的关键参数,目前存在多个全球范围、长时间序列LAI产品,对其进行验证是LAI产品应用的重要前提,然而目前山区的验证工作尤其少见.在我国西南山区选取６个典型样区,考虑山区复杂地形特征,从产品时空完整性以及对山区植被时空特征表征能力等方面对GEOV１、GLASS和MODISLAI产品进行对比分析.研究结果表明:①相比于地形平坦地区,在山区随海拔和地形起伏度的增加,LAI产品时空完整性呈递减的趋势,其中,GEOV１LAI表现最差,MODISLAI次之,GLASSLAI表现最好;②GLASSLAI和GEOV１LAI的空间分布合理且具有较好的一致性,MODISLAI的空间分布和二者存在差异,３种LAI产品均难以准确反映山区植被垂直带谱的变化特征;③草地类型LAI产品间差值较小,林地和农作物GLASSLAI和GEOV１LAI产品一致性较好,MODISLAI产品和二者存在较大的差异;④GLASSLAI时间序列曲线平滑且连续,GEOV１LAI存在时间不连续现象,MODISLAI季相变化中的波动现象比较严重;各产品不仅难以准确反映冬季的常绿针叶林LAI,而且难以准确表征样区内农田作物轮作的物候信息.对比分析有助于发现LAI产品在山区存在的问题,并为今后LAI产品的算法改进提供帮助和参考.     

Comparisons of land cover and LAI estimates derived from ETM+ and MODIS for four sites in North America: a quality assessment of 2000/2001 provisional MODIS products

The MODIS land science team produces a number of standard products, including land cover and leaf area index (LAI). Critical to the success of MODIS and other sensor products is an independent evaluation of product quality. In that context, we describe a study using field data and Landsat ETM+ to map land cover and LAI at four 49-km² sites in North America containing agricultural cropland (AGRO), prairie grassland (KONZ), boreal needleleaf forest, and temperate mixed forest. The purpose was to: (1) develop accurate maps of land cover, based on the MODIS IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) land cover classification scheme; (2) derive continuous surfaces of LAI that capture the mean and variability of the LAI field measurements; and (3) conduct initial MODIS validation exercises to assess the quality of early (i.e., provisional) MODIS products. ETM+ land cover maps varied in overall accuracy from 81% to 95%. The boreal forest was the most spatially complex, had the greatest number of classes, and the lowest accuracy. The intensive agricultural cropland had the simplest spatial structure, the least number of classes, and the highest overall accuracy. At each site, mapped LAI patterns generally followed patterns of land cover across the site. Predicted versus observed LAI indicated a high degree of correspondence between field-based measures and ETM+ predictions of LAI. Direct comparisons of ETM+ land cover maps with Collection 3 MODIS cover maps revealed several important distinctions and similarities. One obvious difference was associated with image/map resolution. ETM+ captured much of the spatial complexity of land cover at the sites. In contrast, the relatively coarse resolution of MODIS did not allow for that level of spatial detail. Over the extent of all sites, the greatest difference was an overprediction by MODIS of evergreen needleleaf forest cover at the boreal forest site, which consisted largely of open shrubland, woody savanna, and savanna. At the agricultural, temperate mixed forest, and prairie grassland sites, ETM+ and MODIS cover estimates were similar. Collection 3 MODIS-based LAI estimates were considerably higher (up to 4 m² m⁻²) than those based on ETM+ LAI at each site. There are numerous probable reasons for this, the most important being the algorithms' sensitivity to MODIS reflectance calibration, its use of a prelaunch AVHRR-based land cover map, and its apparent reliance on mainly red and near-IR reflectance. Samples of Collection 4 LAI products were examined and found to consist of significantly improved LAI predictions for KONZ, and to some extent for AGRO, but not for the other two sites. In this study, we demonstrate that MODIS reflectance data are highly correlated with LAI across three study sites, with relationships increasing in strength from 500 to 1000 m spatial resolution, when shortwave-infrared bands are included.     

Comparison and validation of MODIS and VEGETATION global LAI products over four BigFoot sites in North America

A new set of recently developed leaf area index (LAI) algorithms has been employed for producing a global LAI dataset at 1 km resolution and in time-steps of 10 days, using data from the Satellite pour l'observation de la terre (SPOT) VEGETATION (VGT) sensor. In this paper, this new LAI product is compared with the global MODIS Collection 4 LAI product over four validation sites in North America. The accuracy of both LAI products is assessed against seven high resolution ETM+ LAI maps derived from field measurements in 2000, 2001, and 2003. Both products were closely matched outside growing season. The MODIS product tended to be more variable than the VGT product during the summer period when the LAI was maximum. VGT and ETM+ LAI maps agreed well at three out of the four sites. The median relative absolute error of the VGT LAI product varied from 24% to 75% at 1 km scale and it ranged from 34% to 88% for the MODIS LAI product. The importance of correcting field measurements for the clumping effect is illustrated at the deciduous broadleaf forest site (HARV). Inclusion of the sub-pixel land cover information improved the quality of LAI estimates for the prairie grassland KONZ site. Further improvement of the global VGT LAI product is suggested by production and inclusion of pixel-specific global foliage clumping index and forest background reflectance maps that would serve as an input into the VGT LAI algorithms.     

Systematic mapping of Leaf Area Index across Canada using 250-meter MODIS data

An approach to generate a 250-meter Canada wide Leaf Area Index (LAI) map using 250-meter MODIS data is described. The full processing chain is introduced. The approach is based on intercalibration of Landsat and MODIS vegetation indices (VI's) combined with LAI-VI's empirical relationships. Preliminary validation over two sites where field work was carried out shows promising results. Intercalibration of MODIS VI's before deriving LAI maps provides up to 65% improvement of the LAI overall accuracy.     

Mapping daily leaf area index at 30 m resolution over a meadow steppe area by fusing Landsat,Sentinel-2A and MODIS data

ABSTRACT

The leaf area index (LAI) is a key vegetation canopy structure parameter and is closely associated with vegetation photosynthesis, transpiration, and energy balance. Developing a landscape-scale LAI dataset with a high temporal resolution (daily) is essential for capturing rapidly changing vegetation structure at field scales and supporting regional biophysical modeling efforts. In this study, two daily 30 m LAI time series from 2014 to 2016 over a meadow steppe site in northern China were generated using a spatial and temporal adaptive re?ectance fusion model (STARFM) combined with an LAI retrieval radiative transfer model (PROSAIL). Gap-filled Landsat 7, Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2A surface reflectance (SR) images were used to generate fine-resolution LAI maps with the PROSAIL look-up table method. Two daily 500 m moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) LAI product-the existing MCD15A3H LAI product and one was generated from the MCD43A4 SR product and the PROSAIL model, were used to provide temporally continuous LAI variations. The STARFM model was then used to fuse the fine-resolution LAI maps with the two 500 m LAI products separately to generate two daily 30 m LAI time series. Both results were assessed for three types of pasture (mowed pasture, grazing pasture, and fenced pasture) using ground measurements from 2014–2015. The results showed that the PROSAIL-generated LAI maps all exhibited a high accuracy, and the root mean squared errors (RMSEs) for the Landsat 7 LAI and Landsat 8 LAI compared to the ground-measured LAI were 0.33 and 0.28 respectively. The Landsat LAI maps also showed good agreement and similar spatial patterns with the Sentinel-2A LAI with mean differences between ± 0.5. The MCD43A4_PROSPECT LAI product exhibited similar seasonal variability to the ground measurements and to the Landsat and Sentinel-2A LAIs, and these data are also smoother and contain fewer noisy points than the gap-filled MCD15A3H LAI product. Compared to the ground measurements, the daily 30 m LAI time series fused from the fine-resolution LAI maps and PROSPECT generated MODIS LAI product demonstrated better performance with an RMSE of 0.44 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.34, which is an improvement from the LAI time series fused from the fine-resolution LAI maps and the existing MCD15A3H LAI product (RMSE of 0.56 and MAE of 0.42). The latter dataset also exhibited abnormal temporal fluctuations, which may have been caused by the interpolation method. The results also demonstrated the very good performance of the STARFM model in grazing and mowed pasture with homogeneous surfaces compared to fenced pasture with smaller patch sizes. The Sentinel-2A data offers increased landscape vegetation observation frequency and provides temporal information about canopy changes that occur between Landsat overpass dates. The scheme developed in this study can be used as a reference for regional vegetation dynamic studies and can be applied to larger areas to improve grassland modeling efforts.