定向引入N-糖基化位点促进芳基醇氧化酶热稳定性及底物亲和力

芳基醇氧化酶在木质素降解过程中发挥重要作用,N-糖基化修饰影响其酶学性质。该文旨在通过研究刺芹侧耳（Pleurotus eryngii）来源的芳基醇氧化酶N-糖基化,来提高其热稳定性和底物亲和力。利用毕赤酵母GS115表达系统和定点突变技术,构建表达6种芳基醇氧化酶突变体蛋白,并对纯化后的野生型和突变体酶进行酶学性质和热稳定性分析。结果表明,芳基醇氧化酶N89和N249糖基化位点突变导致最适温度和70℃时酶热稳定性降低;在这个过程中,将其引入新的糖基化位点后的突变体,其最适酸碱度没有变化,最适温度以及70℃下的热稳定程度都明显优于野生型;以藜芦醇为底物时,突变体[AAO(F-X-N-X-T)]与底物亲和力最高。N-糖基化主要影响芳醇氧化酶的热稳定性,其中N89和N249位点的N-糖基化对酶的热稳定性起重要作用;引入N-糖基化位点[AAO(F-X-N-X-T)]能获得具有高活力和高稳定性的芳醇氧化酶。     

玉米半胱氨酸蛋白酶突变体W308C的原核表达和酶学性质表征

通过对玉米半胱氨酸蛋白酶（cysteine protease from Zea mays,zmCP1）同源模建和底物对接研究发现,W308位点在木瓜蛋白酶家族（C1家族）高度保守,且位于zmCP1催化三联体残基N306位点附近,与绝大多数底物形成π-π键,可参与底物和酶活性中心的结合,是该酶的关键位点;结合Rosetta design程序设计,对W308位点进行突变,获得W308C突变体,并在大肠杆菌BL21中表达。酶学性质表征实验结果表明：突变体W308C的最适温度为55 ℃,最适pH 6.0;在70、80、90 ℃下的半衰期为75.33、57.24、40.29 min,分别是野生型的1.21、1.19、1.01倍;突变体W308C和野生型的特异性常数Kcat/Km分别为11.02、5.92 L/（μmol·min）,催化活性提高了0.86倍。     

北京棒杆菌Corynebacterium pekinense天冬氨酸激酶P184M酶动力学分析及酶学性质表征

目的研究北京棒杆菌天冬氨酸激酶(aspartate kinase,AK)184位点脯氨酸(proline,P)突变为蛋氨酸(DL-methionine,M)对酶动力学及酶学性质的影响。方法对北京棒杆菌AK家族同源序列比对,选择出高度保守且远离底物结合位点的Pro184位点,对其进行饱和定点突变,成功构建突变体P184M。结果动力学和酶学性质研究表明:P184M AK Vmax比WT(wide type)提高了5.06倍;n值为0.19,突变体由WT的正协同性变为负协同性,同时Km(mol/L)值增大;突变体AK最适pH为6.5,低于野生型最适pH 7.0;最适反应温度28℃,低于WT的30℃,适宜温度区间变窄;半衰期由WT的2.1 h降为1.2 h;金属离子、有机溶剂和抑制剂Thr+Met、Lys+Met、Thr+Lys+Met对突变株AK均表现出激活作用。结论突变体天冬氨酸激酶P184M的酶动力学性质和酶学性质改变显著,为构建高产蛋氨酸菌株提供了一定的参考依据。     

北京棒杆菌新型天冬氨酸激酶双突变株Y198N/D201M的构建及酶学性质表征

利用定点突变提高天冬氨酸族氨基酸合成途径中的首个关键别构酶天冬氨酸激酶(aspartate kinase,AK)活力,并解除其受到代谢产物赖氨酸(Lys)与苏氨酸(Thr)的协同反馈抑制。在获得北京棒杆菌单体AK并分析结构的基础上,选取ATP周围的关键残基位点Tyr198和Asp201进行饱和定点突变,采用高通量筛选方法成功获得了酶活力提高到18.26倍的双突变体Y198N/D201M,动力学结果显示,K_m值由野生型(wild type,WT)的3.58 mmol/L减小到2.37 mmol/L,与底物亲和力增强;n值由WT的1.91减小到1.58,正协同性降低。酶学性质研究表明:双突变体Y198N/D201M最适反应温度由WT的25℃增至28℃,最适pH值由WT的8.0降至7.5,半衰期由WT的4.66 h延长至5.32 h。突变体Y198N/D201M较WT,在各个抑制剂浓度下活性抑制作用表现出不同程度的减弱,甚至在5 mmol/L和10 mmol/L Lys+Met、Thr+Met和Lys+Thr+Met条件下有激活作用。     

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌耐热β-半乳糖苷酶功能位点的累积进化研究

针对嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus stearothermophilus)来源耐热β-半乳糖苷酶Bga B底物结合位点构建突变体,研究底物结合位点累积突变的功能进化及水解活性的变化规律。实验结果表明:Y272A与E351R的累积突变体比酶活为野生型酶的3.67倍,为单点突变体Y272A的2倍;Y272A/E351R突变体的Km值增大,其对乳糖的亲和力下降,但由于Kcat值增大,使累积突变体Y272A/E351R催化效率提高为野生型酶催化效率的7.8倍。本研究结果表明底物结合位点间的累积突变可改变底物亲和性,并对水解催化活性进化起到正向促进作用。     

Arg54保守位点对嗜热玫瑰红球菌肌氨酸氧化酶的底物适应性和催化效率的影响

嗜热玫瑰红球菌肌氨酸氧化酶(thermophilus sarcosine oxidase, TrSOX)是一种N-甲基脱除酶,对底物具有特异的手性选择性并且对高温和有机溶剂具有良好的耐受性。在同源家族中,Arg54是催化中心严格保守的5个残基之一,为了研究该位点对酶学性质的影响并筛选出具有良好催化效率的突变体,在预先构建的木糖诱导质粒pMA5-Pxyl-trsox中进行Arg54位点的定点饱和突变,并将得到的质粒转化到枯草芽孢杆菌WB600中进行表达。在19个突变体中,共有15个突变体可以表达并进行制备,其中几乎所有突变体的粗酶液蛋白含量相较野生型TrSOX都有所降低,只有R54D提高约2.5倍。所有突变体都保持了优异的热稳定性,除R54Q、R54N、R54K、R54D和R54V外,其他大多数突变体的二级结构组成均受到一定影响。突变体对底物的手性特异性与野生型TrSOX相同,能特异性识别N-甲基-L-氨基酸类底物,并能将甲基脱除。R54D和R54K对N-甲基-L-氨基酸类底物的催化效率显著提高,而其他突变体的催化效率降低甚至完全失活。此外,包括R54P、R54K和R54I在内的一些突变...     

嵌合突变嗜酸普鲁兰芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶结构域B对酶学性质及功能的影响

为考察嗜酸普鲁兰芽孢杆菌(Bacillus acidopullulyticus)普鲁兰酶结构域B对热稳定性及其他酶学特性和功能的影响,采用嵌合蛋白技术将B.acidopullulyticus普鲁兰酶的结构域B置换为Geobacillus thermoleovorans普鲁兰酶结构域B。嵌合突变体在60℃下的半衰期由34.9 min提高至168.4 min,解折叠一半时的温度由65℃提高至72℃,嵌合突变体较野生型具有更加优良的动力学稳定性和热动力学稳定性。结构域B置换后,最适pH碱向偏移至pH6.5,最适温度提高至70℃。比酶活及底物特异性实验结果显示,嵌合突变削弱了酶分子与普鲁兰多糖的结合,转而有利于与糊精及可溶性淀粉的结合。淀粉糖化结果显示,嵌合突变不影响突变体的实际应用性能。上述结果表明,B.acidopullulyticus普鲁兰酶结构域B对酶蛋白酶学性质影响显著,可通过同源置换构建适合于不同淀粉糖化工艺的突变体。     

北京棒杆菌单体天冬氨酸激酶T379N/A380C/T65I/D173G突变体酶学性质表征及工程菌构建

选取天冬氨酸激酶抑制剂赖氨酸(Lys)的结合位点苏氨酸(Thr) 379和丙氨酸(Ala) 380、底物天冬氨酸(Asp)的结合位点Thr65、既是底物也是ATP结合位点的催化活性中心Asp 173,对4个关键残基位点进行定点饱和突变.采用高通量筛选方法成功构建突变体T379N/A380C/T65I/D 173G,与野...     

耐热普鲁兰酶CBM68结构域中关键位点对其酶学性质的影响

通过对Anoxybacillus sp.LM18-11来源的耐热普鲁兰酶(Pul A)与麦芽三糖共结晶的晶体结构分析,在新命名的底物结合域CBM68中预测出4个与底物结合有关的氨基酸位点(Y14、D16、K62和R96),分别将4个氨基酸位点突变为丙氨酸,得到突变体Pul A~(Y14A)、Pul A~(D16A)、Pul A~(K62A)和Pul A~(R96A)。其中,突变酶Pul A~(Y14A)和Pul A~(R96A)的底物结合力及催化效率与野生酶Pul A相比均有明显降低,其K_m值分别比Pul A提高了4.2倍和2.5倍,k_(cat)/K_m分别为Pul A的29%和37%。同时,Pul A~(Y14A)和Pul A~(R96A)的最适作用温度均降低了10℃,Pul A~(R96A)的最适作用p H也降低了0.5个单位。说明Y14和R96是CBM68结构域中的关键氨基酸位点,这两个位点的发现为进一步探究CBM68结构域的作用机制奠定了基础。     

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌木聚糖酶A的H297F定点突变、表达及酶学性质变化

利用重叠延伸PCR技术对嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌木聚糖酶XynA活性中心附近的H297位点突变为F。将XynA及XynA_(H297)F在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中实施了表达、纯化以及酶学性质研究。比较研究野生型木聚糖酶XynA和突变体XynA_(H297)P的酶学性质发现,突变前后木聚糖酶的最适反应pH值均为5.5,在pH 4~10的缓冲液中处理20 h后残余酶活均在90%以上,均具有较好的pH稳定性。XynA最适反应温度为70℃,80℃处理20min后只有10%的残余酶活;XynA_(H297)最适反应温度为75℃,且相同处理条件下XynA_(H297)仍具有30%左右的残余活性,说明突变体的热稳定性有一定程度提高。与XynA相比,XynA_(H297)F的动力学参数Km、Vmax和Kcat均增大,说明突变后酶对底物的亲和力降低,但催化速率有所提高。     

Development and validation of an HPLC-based screening method to acquire polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase mutants with altered substrate specificity

A rapid and convenient method for the compositional analysis of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and alkaline sample pretreatment in a 96-well plate format. The reliability of this system was confirmed by the fact that a mutant with a D171G mutation of Aeromonas caviae PHA synthase (PhaC(Ac)), which gained higher reactivity toward 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx), was selected from the D171X mutant library. Together with D171G mutant, several single mutants showing high reactivity toward 3HHx were isolated by the HPLC assay. These new mutants and double mutants combined with an N149S mutation were used to synthesize P(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3HHx) in Ralstonia eutropha PHB(-)4 from soybean oil as carbon source, achieving higher levels of 3HHx fraction than the wild-type enzyme. Based on these results, the high-throughput screening system will serve as a powerful tool for exploring new and beneficial mutations responsible for regulating copolymer composition of PHA.     

New phenotypes generated by the G57R mutation of BUD23 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

BUD23 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes for a class I methyltransferase, and deletion of the gene results in slow growth and random budding phenotypes. Herein, two BUD23 mutants defective in methyltransferase activity were generated to investigate whether the phenotypes of the null mutant might be correlated with a loss in enzymatic activity. Expression at the physiological level of both D77A and G57R mutants was able to rescue the phenotypes of the bud23‐null mutant. The result implied that the methyltransferase activity of the protein was not necessary for supporting normal growth and bud site selection of the cells. High‐level expression of Bud23 (G57R), but not Bud23 or Bud23 (D77A), in BUD23 deletion cells failed to complement these phenotypes. However, just like Bud23, Bud23 (G57R) was localized in a DAPI‐poor region in the nucleus. Distinct behaviour in Bud23 (G57R) could not be originated from a mislocalization of the protein. Over‐expression of Bud23 (G57R) in null cells also produced changes in actin organization and additional septin mutant‐like phenotypes. Therefore, the absence of Bud23, Bud23 (G57R) at a high level might affect the cell division of yeast cells through an as yet unidentified mechanism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site-directed mutagenesis study of the antibody 2D7 which catalyzes a reaction for insertion of Cu2+ into mesoporphyrin

Monoclonal antibody 2D7 generated against a transition-state analog N-methyl mesoporphyrin catalyzes a reaction for insertion of a cupric ion into mesoporphyrin. To investigate amino acid residues responsible for the catalytic activity, site-directed mutagenesis of the amino acid residues in the third complementarity determining region of the heavy chain (CDRH3) was performed on the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of the antibody. Recombinant Fab mutants, in which Arg95 is replaced with Ala (R95A), Asp96 with Asn (D96N) and Met97 with Gly (M97G), were examined in terms of the catalytic efficiency of the reaction (k/K(S)) and the dissociation constant for N-methyl mesoporphyrin binding (K(d)) and these values were compared with those of the wild type. The k/K(S) values of the R95A and D96N mutants were 0.96% and 1.0% of that of the wild type, respectively, whereas the M97G mutant had no detectable catalytic activity. The K(d) values of the R95A and D96N mutants were 165 and 69 times that of the wild type, respectively, while that of the M97G mutant was similar to that of the wild type. The relationship between the k/K(S) and 1/K(d) values in the wild type and the R95A and D96N mutants suggests that Arg95 and Asp96 are responsible for stabilizing the transition-state in the catalytic reaction. The results of the M97G mutant allow us to propose that Met97 plays an important role in the catalytic activity probably due to a subtle and specific conformation of the antibody.     

新型天冬氨酸激酶突变株构建及酶学性质表征

通过定点随机突变技术,提高天冬氨酸代谢途径中首个关键限速酶天冬氨酸激酶(aspartate kinase,AK)的催化活力,减弱或解除代谢产物对其协同反馈抑制,并通过Discovery Studio等软件对其空间结构进行分析,借助分子动力学模拟对其机制进行分析.首先选择ATP附近关键残基位点,在前期T379N/A380...     

INFLUENCE OF G187W/K188F/D189Y MUTATION IN THE SUBSTRATE BINDING POCKET OF TRYPSIN ON β-CASEIN PROCESSING

Undertaking to modulate the catalytic properties of trypsin, highly conserved G187, K188 and D189 were replaced with aromatic amino acid residues in order to perturb the electrostatics and to amplify hydrophobic interactions of the substrate binding site. The kinetic parameters of the wild-type trypsin and G187W/K188F/D189Y mutant were determined with synthetic tetrapeptide substrates and β-casein at different pHs. Compared with trypsin, the mutant G187W/K188F/D189Y exhibits 1.3-fold increase in K_m values for the substrates containing arginine and lysine. This mutant shows a 30- to 40-fold decrease of its kcat and its second-order rate constant k_cm/k_m decreases = 40- and 55-fold for substrates containing arginine and lysine, respectively. The kinetic analysis reveals that the mutant conserves the native trypsin capacity to hydrolyze peptide bonds containing arginyl and lysyl residues. Surprisingly, as demonstrated only by proteolysis of a natural substrate (β-casein), the mutant cleaves also peptide bonds involving asparagine and glutamine.     

Asp238→Asn Creates a Novel Consensus N‐Glycosylation Site in Aspergillus awamori Glucoamylase

A single mutation, Asp238→Asn (D238N), of Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (GA) was identified that increases extracellular production of the enzyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 37 °C. The mutant was isolated as a suppressor of Gly396→Ser (G396S), a previously isolated temperature‐sensitive mutation that decreases the thermostability and extracellular production of GA expressed in S. cerevisiae. Culture supernatants of the double mutant G396S/D238N contained much more GA than supernatants of G396S at 33.5 and 37 °C but not at 30 °C. Additionally, culture supernatants of the D238N contained 1.5 to 2‐fold more GA than supernatants of wild‐type when grown at 37 °C but not at 30 or 33.5 °C. The D238N mutation creates a consensus N‐glycosylation site in GA. Mass spectrometry showed that the molecular weight of D238N was 2319 Da greater than that of the wild‐type GA and that of D238N/G396S was 3094 Da greater than that of G396S, suggesting the presence of an additional N‐linked glycan at residue 238. No difference in thermostability or activity was observed between the G396S and G396S/D238N mutants or between wild‐type and D238N GAs, and D238N did not affect intracellular GA levels at 30 or 37 °C.     

常压室温等离子体诱变选育乳酸乙酯酯化酶高产菌株

通过比较不同菌种麸曲酯化酶合成乳酸乙酯的能力,筛选适用于白酒生产的乳酸乙酯酯化酶高产菌株。利用常压室温等离子（ARTP）诱变对出发菌株进行诱变,结合三丁酸甘油酯平板透明圈法初筛,液态产酯化酶的二级快速筛选,结合固态培养产酶的三级筛选,获得一株乳酸乙酯酯化酶高产突变株黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）T206。在液态产酶最佳条件下其乳酸乙酯合成量由出发黑曲霉T103的430.15 mg/L提高到530.18 mg/L,提高了23.56%,固态产酶最佳条件下由出发菌的727.88 mg/L提高到了892.15 mg/L,提高了22.71%。经5代传代培养,产酶性能稳定。     

Engineering of a β-galactosidase from Bacillus coagulans to relieve product inhibition and improve hydrolysis performance

Most β-galactosidases reported are sensitive to the end product (galactose), making it the rate-limiting component for the efficient degradation of lactose through the enzymatic route. Therefore, there is ongoing interest in searching for galactose-tolerant β-galactosidases. In the present study, the predicted galactose-binding residues of β-galactosidase from Bacillus coagulans, which were determined by molecular docking, were selected for alanine substitution. The asparagine residue at position 148 (N148) is correlated with the reduction of galactose inhibition. Saturation mutations revealed that the N148C, N148D, N148S, and N148G mutants exhibited weaker galactose inhibition effects. The N148D mutant was used for lactose hydrolysis and exhibited a higher hydrolytic rate. Molecular dynamics revealed that the root mean square deviation and gyration radius of the N148D-galactose complex were higher than those of wild-type enzyme-galactose complex. In addition, the N148D mutant had a higher absolute binding free-energy value. All these factors may lead to a lower affinity between galactose and the mutant enzyme. The use of mutant enzyme may have potential value in lactose hydrolysis.     

Implication of cortisol and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes in the development of porcine (Sus scrofa domestica) ovarian follicles and cysts

This study investigated cortisol inactivation by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta HSD) enzymes in porcine granulosa cells from antral follicles at different developmental stages and in ovarian cysts. In granulosa cells, cortisol oxidation increased threefold with antral follicle diameter (P < 0.001). This trend was paralleled by a threefold increase in NADP(+)-dependent 11beta-dehydrogenase activity in granulosa cell homogenates with follicle diameter. Intact granulosa cells from ovarian cysts exhibited significantly lower enzyme activities than cells from large antral follicles. Neither intact cells norcell homogenates displayed net 11-ketosteroid reductase activities. Since porcine follicular fluid (FF) from large antral follicles and ovarian cysts contains hydrophobic inhibitors of glucocorticoid metabolism by type 1 11beta HSD, this studyalso investigated whether levels of 11beta HSD inhibitors changed during follicle growth and could affect cortisol metabolism in granulosa cells. The extent of inhibition of 11beta HSD1 activity in rat kidney homogenates decreased progressively from 50 +/- 8% inhibition by FF from small antral follicles (P < 0.001) to 23 +/- 6% by large antral FF (P < 0.05). Cyst fluid inhibited 11beta HSD1 activity by 59 +/- 4% (P < 0.001). Likewise, net cortisol oxidation in granulosa cells was significantly decreased by large antral FF (35-48% inhibition, P < 0.05) and cyst fluid (45-75% inhibition, P < 0.01). We conclude that inactivation of cortisol by 11beta HSD enzymes in porcine granulosa cells increases with follicle development but is significantly decreased in ovarian cysts. Moreover, changes in ovarian cortisol metabolism are accompanied by corresponding changes in the levels of paracrine inhibitors of 11beta HSD1 within growing ovarian follicles and cysts, implicating cortisol in follicle growth and cyst development.     

Glucocorticoid metabolism and reproduction: a tale of two enzymes

Within potential target cells, the actions of physiological glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) are modulated by isoforms of the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta HSD). To date, two isoforms of 11 beta HSD have been cloned: 11 beta HSD1 acts predominantly as an NADP(H)-dependent reductase to generate active cortisol or corticosterone, and 11 beta HSD2 is a high affinity NAD(+)-dependent enzyme that catalyses the enzymatic inactivation of glucocorticoids. Whereas the regeneration of active glucocorticoids by 11 beta HSD1 has been implicated in the cellular mechanisms of pituitary function, ovulation and parturition, the enzymatic inactivation of cortisol and corticosterone by 11 beta HSD enzymes appears to be central to the protection of gonadal steroidogenesis, prevention of intra-uterine growth retardation, and lactation. Recent evidence indicates that follicular fluid contains endogenous modulators of cortisol metabolism by 11 beta HSD1, the concentrations of which are associated with the clinical outcome of assisted conception cycles and are altered in cystic ovarian disease. In conclusion, the two cloned isoforms of 11 beta HSD fulfil diverse roles in a wide range of reproductive processes from conception to lactation.