酶解絮凝耦联对咸蛋清脱盐及理化性质的影响

为明确酶解耦联絮凝处理对蛋清粉理化性质的影响,以咸鸭蛋蛋清酶解液为原料,结合絮凝脱盐得到蛋清粉,测定其理化性质。结果表明:壳聚糖絮凝脱盐最优工艺: pH=6、絮凝温度40 ℃、搅拌时间5.5 min、添加量0.27 g/L,所得蛋清粉含盐量1.44 g/100 g,脱盐率96%。当样品质量浓度达4 g/100 mL时,起泡性能提高2.95倍,泡沫稳定性88%,乳化活性0.62,乳化稳定性392,热稳定性提高,粒径变小。蛋清粉的氨基酸比例与鲜鸭蛋清的相似,无明显颜色。研究结果为提高咸鸭蛋清利用率提供了试验依据,有利于后续产品开发。     

两种不同干燥方式对不同预处理方式的脱盐鸭蛋清品质的影响

采用真空冷冻干燥和负压微波喷动干燥两种干燥方式,对经不同预处理的咸鸭蛋清进行干燥制粉,以鲜鸭蛋清为对照,研究不同干燥方式咸鸭蛋清脱盐前后的功能特性。产品的质量主要通过色差、表观密度、凝胶性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性等方面来衡量。实验结果表明:当负压微波喷动干燥条件为干燥腔压力80 Pa,脉冲压力800 Pa,微波功率0.1~0.6 kW,每间隔10 min脉冲2 s;真空冷冻干燥条件为真空泵压力10 kPa,温度为50℃,加热功率为350 W,干燥时间为10 h时,负压微波喷动干燥产品的理化特性优于真空冷冻干燥产品的理化特性(色泽、表观密度值、硬度、起泡性和乳化性等),咸鸭蛋清的最佳干燥方式是负压微波喷动干燥(PSMFD);经超声波预处理后PSMFD的蛋清粉具有最好的色泽,较好的表观密度值(0.333 kg/dm3)、较小的硬度(831.251 g)、较高的起泡性(86.7%)和乳化性(0.540 4)、较好的起泡稳定性(93.3%)和乳化稳定性(26.48 min)。     

牛血清白蛋白的乳化和起泡特性

研究蛋白质量浓度、pH 值、CaCl2 质量浓度和温度对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性和起泡稳定性的影响。结果表明：蛋白质量浓度为0.1g/100mL 时乳化性和乳化稳定性最大,pH 值为5 时乳化性和乳化稳定性最小,乳化性随着CaCl2 质量浓度的增加而缓慢增大,乳化稳定性随着CaCl2 质量浓度的增加而减小,60℃时乳化性较好,乳化稳定性在60℃后显著下降;随着蛋白质质量浓度的增加,起泡性呈上升趋势,起泡稳定性先上升后下降,在质量浓度为1.5g/100mL 时起泡稳定性最好;pH 值为5 时起泡性最小,而此时起泡稳定性最好;CaCl2 质量浓度对起泡性和起泡稳定性没有影响。     

喷雾干燥与冷冻干燥鸡蛋粉特性研究

以鲜鸡蛋为原料,利用喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥技术制备鸡蛋粉,对比2种蛋粉水分含量、水分活度、溶解度、色差、微观结构等理化性质,同时检测起泡性、乳化性,并选用喷雾干燥蛋黄粉制备凝胶探讨功能特性。结果表明:喷雾干燥蛋粉和冷冻干燥的蛋粉水分含量、水分活度、溶解度和色差差异显著(P<0.05),且喷雾干燥蛋粉和冷冻干燥蛋粉起泡性及乳化性均在氯化钠浓度为0.5 g/100 mL时达到最大值;制备凝胶最佳条件为加水量为150%、氯化钠浓度为3%、温度100℃、热处理15 min。此项研究将对蛋粉的应用奠定理论基础。     

可溶性丝素蛋白的功能性质

研究了可溶性丝素蛋白的功能性质。结果表明,丝素蛋白具有表面活性,能降低溶液的表面张力;经高速剪切作用后,丝素蛋白的表面疏水性显著增强;随着丝素蛋白质量浓度的增加,丝素蛋白溶液的乳化性、起泡性均增强,当丝素蛋白质量浓度大于5g/L时乳化能力增幅不明显,当丝素蛋白质量浓度为15g/L时,它的起泡能力最高,质量浓度继续增加至20g/L时其起泡能力下降,当丝素蛋白质量浓度高于15g/L时,泡沫稳定性的增幅变缓;丝素蛋白在pH3～10范围内具有较好的乳化性、起泡性,在pH4时最强。     

大豆分离蛋白起泡性和乳化性影响因素的研究

大豆分离蛋白的乳化性和起泡性与蛋白质、NaCl、卡拉胶、蔗糖和山梨酸钾含量、pH值、加热温度等密切相关。蛋白质质量浓度分别为2.0g/100mL和2.5g/100mL时,大豆分离蛋白乳化性和起泡性分别达到最大值;远离pH4.5,大豆分离蛋白起泡性和乳化性增加;加热温度45℃时起泡性最好,而乳化性最差;氯化钠、卡拉胶、山梨酸钾添加量分别为1.00g/100mL、0.20g/100mL、0.08g/100mL时,起泡性和乳化性好;添加蔗糖会使蛋白质的起泡性下降,而蔗糖添加量6.0g/100mL时乳化性好。     

脱盐咸鸭蛋清促钙吸收肽的制备及脱酰胺修饰

为使咸鸭蛋清得到高值化利用,本实验以电渗析脱盐的咸鸭蛋清为原料,以可溶性钙结合量、水解度为指标,用Alcalase 2.4 L碱性蛋白酶、Neutrase 0.8 L中性蛋白酶、Protamex复合蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶对脱盐咸鸭蛋清进行酶解,筛选出最佳实验用酶为Protamex复合蛋白酶;进而对制备的蛋清肽进行了脱酰胺处理,分析蛋清肽的氨基酸含量。结果表明：适合Protamex复合蛋白酶的酶解条件为加酶量2×104 U/g、底物质量浓度30 g/L、温度50 ℃、pH 6.5,酶解3.5 h。在此条件下,水解度为21.97%,所得蛋清肽的可溶性钙结合量为29.22 μg/mL。再经脱酰胺修饰后,其可溶性钙结合量显著增加（P＜0.05）。氨基酸分析显示蛋清肽中含有较多与钙结合相关的氨基酸。以脱盐咸鸭蛋清为原料制备的肽具有较高的钙结合活性,脱酰胺修饰可使其钙结合能力显著提升。     

橡胶籽分离蛋白的组成及功能性质

以低温脱脂橡胶籽粕为原料,采用等电点沉淀法制备橡胶籽分离蛋白。对橡胶籽分离蛋白的组成及功能性质进行测定,结果表明:橡胶籽分离蛋白中清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白所占比例依次为33.5%,4.8%,0.9%和60.8%。氨基酸组成比较全面,其中谷氨酸含量较高,达到19.894 g/100 g。p H值对橡胶籽分离蛋白的功能性质影响较大;橡胶籽蛋白浓度与其乳化性和起泡性呈正相关;在温度为60℃时,橡胶籽蛋白乳化性和起泡性分别达到34.29 m L/g和31.2%。     

不同功率超声波对芸豆蛋白理化和功能性质的影响

研究超声波处理对芸豆蛋白(KBP)理化和功能性质的影响.分别探讨了不同超声波功率对芸豆蛋白的紫外光谱、荧光光谱等理化性质及溶解度、吸油性、起泡性能和乳化性能等功能性质的影响.结果表明,超声波处理对芸豆蛋白的紫外光谱和荧光光谱有明显的影响;芸豆蛋白的溶解度随超声波功率增加而逐渐提高,芸豆蛋白400 W时的起泡性和起泡稳定性、500 W时的乳化性和乳化稳定性和200 W时的吸油性最高.说明适宜的超声波功率水平能够改善芸豆蛋白的理化性质和功能性质.     

不同碱液对含盐蛋清功能性质的影响

为拓宽蛋清在食品加工中的应用,提高其功能性质,以含盐蛋清为原料,探讨了不同碱液对蛋清起泡性、起泡稳定性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、蛋白质溶解度以及黏度的影响。结果表明:不添加碱液时,含盐蛋清的起泡性为12.2%,起泡稳定性为41.5%,乳化活性为0.388,乳化稳定性为17 min,蛋清蛋白溶解度为89.8%,蛋清黏度为214 m Pa·s。添加不同浓度的碱液后,使得蛋清的功能性质有了很大提高。含盐蛋清的起泡性可达75%,起泡稳定性可达65%,乳化活性可达1.279,乳化稳定性可达69 min,蛋清蛋白溶解度可达99%,但蛋清黏度显著下降。碱液的加入大为改善了含盐蛋清的功能性质,拓宽了咸蛋清的应用范围。     

PICKLING TIME AND ELECTRODIALYSIS AFFECTS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF SALTED DUCK EGG WHITE

Salted duck egg was prepared by coating fresh duck egg with laterite and sodium chloride. The effects of different lengths of pickling time and electrodialysis desalination on foaming, emulsifying and gelation properties of salted duck egg white (SDEW) were investigated. The pH was decreased from 9.3 to 7.1, zeta potential was decreased from -48.3 to -26.4 (mV), NaCl content increased from 0.49% to 7.32% and surface hydrophobicity increased from 177 to 372 (So/100 mg protein) after pickling for 8 weeks. After electrodialysis desalination treatment, the pH of SDEW was slightly increased and zeta potential was decreased; however, the NaCl content was reduced by 95% and surface hydrophobicity decreased by 30as, the SDS-PAGE pattern showed the same distribution of protein molecules. Electrodialysis desalination treatment did not affect emulsifying properties. The foamability and foam stability of SDEW decreased with increasing pickling time, but increased with electrodialysis desalination treatment. The gel strength of SDEW decreased with pickling time, but decreased sharply after electrodialysis desalination treatment.     

鸡蛋膜的酶法改性及水解物特性

为了扩大鸡蛋壳膜(ESM)的用途,对蛋膜蛋白酶法改性后溶解性能的变化进行研究,并分析水解物的其他功能特性。通过单因素试验确定碱性蛋白酶在pH9.5、酶添加量0.20g/100mL、底物质量浓度5.0g/100mL、酶反应温度65℃条件下恒温搅拌2h 可使蛋膜蛋白溶解性(TCA-NSI)达到43.80%,水解度(DH)为11.54%。此外,与未酶解的蛋膜粉相比,蛋膜酶改性后吸水性提高了1.30～3.03 倍,乳化性提高了2.69～2.88 倍,起泡性提高了1.21～2.56 倍。     

苦杏仁蛋白的功能特性

采用稀盐溶液浸提及等电点盐析相结合的方法提取制备苦杏仁蛋白,研究pH值、NaCl浓度、蛋白质量浓度和温度等因素对苦杏仁蛋白功能特性(溶解性、持水性、吸油性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)的影响。结果表明：在等电点pI附近时,苦杏仁蛋白的溶解性、持水性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性最差;在较低NaCl浓度范围内(0～0.8mol/L)提高NaCl浓度可促进蛋白溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性的提高,而较高的NaCl浓度对蛋白功能特性提高具有抑制作用;当蛋白质量浓度达到一定水平时(3～4g/100mL),蛋白功能特性(乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)提高趋于平缓;在适宜的温度范围内,提高温度可有效提高苦杏仁蛋白各项功能特性,但当温度继续上升,各项功能特性持续降低。     

高压脉冲电场作用下蛋清蛋白功能性质和结构的变化

研究高压脉冲电场(PEF)作用下蛋清蛋白功能性质与结构的变化。结果表明：25～35kV/cm PEF处理100～800μs可引起蛋清蛋白结构改变,蛋白质分子展开,疏水基团和巯基外露,蛋清蛋白的起泡和乳化功能提高,当PEF处理强度(电场强度和处理时间)增加时,蛋白质结构改变程度增加,蛋白质表面疏水基团和巯基增多,则会发生疏水作用和二硫键交联作用,SDS-PAGE电泳显示蛋清蛋白形成蛋白质聚集体,溶解度下降,蛋清蛋白起泡和乳化功能下降。     

三聚磷酸钠对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白（myofibril protein,MP）为研究对象,探讨不同质量浓度三聚磷酸钠（sodium tripolyphosphate,STP）的添加对MP乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性等7 个功能特性指标的影响,并进行相关性分析。结果表明：随着STP质量浓度升高,MP的乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、凝胶强度和凝胶保水性均呈上升趋势,表面疏水性呈下降趋势;MP的起泡性和凝胶强度在STP质量浓度为0.3 g/100 mL时最大,乳化性、表面疏水性和凝胶保水性在STP质量浓度为0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳;MP的起泡性、起泡稳定性和乳化性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,乳化性与乳化稳定性呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性与表面疏水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与凝胶保水性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶保水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶强度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。STP可以增强MP的功能特性,其质量浓度为0.3～0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳。改善乳化性、起泡性和表面疏水性等界面性质可以增强MP的凝胶特性。     

Modified Soy Proteins with Improved Foaming and Water Hydration Properties

Soy proteins were modified by alkali treatment at pH 10.0, followed by papain hydrolysis. Solubility, water hydration capacity (WHC), surface hydrophobicity, foaming and emulsifying properties of unmodified, alkali-treated, and papain-modified soy protein (PMSP) were compared. PMSP exhibited higher solubility (100% at pH > 7.0), WHC (3.13) and hydrophobicity (40.8) than unmodified soy protein which had solubility 68.5%, WHC 0.21, and hydrophobicity 8.1. The PMSP had foaming capacity (22.0 mL) similar to egg white (21.2 mL) at pH 7.0; and enhanced foam stability (36.4) compared to the unmodified control (32.9). In general, alkali-treated soy had lower functional properties. Emulsifying properties of PMSP and alkali treated soy were unchanged by the modification. PMSP could be used as an egg white substitute in foaming applications at neutral pH.     

Effects of salting processes and time on the chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg

Chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg salted by 2 methods (coating and immersing) were determined during 4 wk of salting. As the salting time increased, moisture content increased and salt content decreased for both cooked salted egg white and yolk. Oil exudation of cooked yolk and expressible water content of cooked egg white obtained from both salting methods increased as salting proceeded (P < 0.05). After cooking, oil exudation accompanied by the solubilized pigments, especially at the outer layer of yolk, was obtained. At week 3 of salting, egg yolk from coating method had the higher egg exudation than that from immersing method. As the salting times increased, the lower hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience with higher adhesiveness and cohesiveness were generally found in cooked salted egg white (P < 0.05), irrespective of salting methods. Conversely, the hardness of cooked yolk increased continuously and reached the maximum at week 2 and 2 to 3 for immersing and coating method (P < 0.05), respectively. Confocal laser scanning micrographs revealed the smaller yolk granules with more release of free lipid in salted egg after heating, compared with the fresh counterpart. As visualized by scanning electron microscope, gel of cooked salted egg white was coagulum type with larger voids. Salting methods determined oil exudation in egg yolk and texture profile of egg white gel after cooking; however, those attributes were also governed by the salting time. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Salted duck egg can be made by 2 methods (coating and immersing) affecting the characteristic of salted egg white and yolk after cooking. Desirable cooked salted egg having the red yolk with hardness and high oil exudation could be obtained when salting was carried out for 3 and 4 wk for immersing and coating method, respectively.     

不同脱盐方式对酱油品质的影响

目的 研究日晒、加热浓缩结晶和电渗析脱盐技术对酱油品质的影响,研制高效实用的酱油脱盐工艺。方法 以氨基酸态氮、可溶性无盐固形物、游离氨基酸含量和感官评分作为指标,比较不同工艺制备的低盐酱油的营养与感官品质。结果 日晒浓缩结晶、加热浓缩结晶和电渗析处理酱油的脱盐速率分别为0.22%/h、0.41%/h和21%/h,可溶性无盐固形物损失率分别为22.44%±2.23%、4.62%±0.67%和68.61%±1.07%,相应的感官评分为25.8、28.8和23.1(原酱油为27.2)。日晒浓缩结晶和电渗析脱盐酱油的氨基酸态氮损失率分别为4.65%±0.47%和28.51%±0.52%,总游离氨基酸损失率为36.24%±1.35%和64.34%±0.54%;而加热浓缩结晶脱盐的氨基酸态氮和总游离氨基酸增加了14.17%±0.43%和78.35%±3.02%。结论 采用日晒和加热浓缩结晶脱盐制备低盐酱油速率较慢,但其氨基酸态氮、可溶性无盐固形物和游离氨基酸的损失率明显比电渗析的低,且综合感官质量更好。本研究结果可为酱油及其他食品的脱盐提供参考,有利于解决因高盐饮食引起的健康问题。