SAR辐射定标的融合算法研究

针对机载SAR辐射定标外场试验可重复性较差的问题,提出了一种结合内场仿真信息进行辐射定标的参数估计新算法:首先建立机载SAR定标成像模型,在进行模型有效性检验之后,利用定标成像模型得到SAR线性动态范围内定标体RCS的渐进经验分布,然后结合定标试验实测数据进行辐射定标参数的融合估计。仿真表明该算法可以减小估计结果的误差方差,提高定标精度。     

扫描辐射计可见通道发射前外场定标方法对比

FY-2扫描辐射计是中科院上海技术物理研究所研制的我国风云二号静止气象卫星的主要载荷之一,为确定其响应率,中国科学院安徽光机所对FY-2（05）扫描辐射计进行了辐亮度法定标和Langley法定标,并对定标所用的5种反射率的漫反射板均匀性、反射比、BRDF性能进行了检测,给出了基于辐射标准传递的辐亮度定标的基本原理和数据处理方法,以及辐亮度定标和Langley法定标结果,综合不确定度为6.0%~6.4%。同时,提出了独立于相对光谱响应函数的基于标准探测器的反射比定标法,并与辐亮度法和Langley法进行了对比分析,其定标结果具有一致性。     

Prelaunch and in-flight radiometric calibration of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)

With 2378 infrared spectral channels ranging in wavelength from 3.7-15.4 /spl mu/m, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) represents a quantum leap in spaceborne sounding instruments. Each channel of the AIRS instrument has a well-defined spectral bandshape and must be radiometrically calibrated to standards developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This paper defines the algorithms, methods, and test results of the prelaunch radiometric calibration of the AIRS infrared channels and the in-flight calibration approach. Derivation of the radiometric transfer equations is presented with prelaunch measurements of the radiometric accuracy achieved on measurements of independent datasets.     

Application of higher order statistics techniques to EMG signals to characterize the motor unit action potential

The electromyographic (EMG) signal provides information about the performance of muscles and nerves. At any instant, the shape of the muscle signal, motor unit action potential (MUAP), is constant unless there is movement of the position of the electrode or biochemical changes in the muscle due to changes in contraction level. The rate of neuron pulses, whose exact times of occurrence are random in nature, is related to the time duration and force of a muscle contraction. The EMG signal can be modeled as the output signal of a filtered impulse process where the neuron firing pulses are assumed to be the input of a system whose transfer function is the motor unit action potential. Representing the neuron pulses as a point process with random times of occurrence, the higher order statistics based system reconstruction algorithm can be applied to the EMG signal to characterize the motor unit action potential. In this paper, we report results from applying a cepstrum of bispectrum based system reconstruction algorithm to real wired-EMG (wEMG) and surface-EMG (sEMG) signals to estimate the appearance of MUAPs in the Rectus Femoris and Vastus Lateralis muscles while the muscles are at rest and in six other contraction positions. It is observed that the appearance of MUAPs estimated from any EMG (wEMG or sEMG) signal clearly shows evidence of motor unit recruitment and crosstalk, if any, due to activity in neighboring muscles. It is also found that the shape of MUAPs remains the same on loading.     

A statistical approach for determining radiometric precisions andaccuracies in the calibration of synthetic aperture radar imagery

A model that estimates a relative error bound for the radiometric calibration of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is presented. This model is based on a statistical `Coefficient of Variation of Error Model', which produces a relative error bound by propagating the measured or estimated uncertainties in the radar system parameters utilized to correct digitally processed SAR image intensity values. Using this model, algorithms are generated for absolute and relative radiometric calibration of SAR imagery. These algorithms are parametrically exercised using radar system parameters from an existing airborne SAR system to determine their impact on the relative error bound     

Quadratic statistics for the goodness-of-fit test of the inverseGaussian distribution

The problem of using a quadratic test to examine the goodness-of-fit of an inverse Gaussian distribution with unknown parameters is discussed. Tables of approximate critical values of Anderson-Darling, Cramer-von Mises, and Watson test statistics are presented in a format requiring only the sample size and the estimated value of the shape parameter. A relationship is found between the sample size and critical values of these test statistics, thus eliminating a need to interpolate among sample sizes given in the table. A power study showed that the proposed modified goodness-of-fit procedures have reasonably good power     

Potential applications of LF-noise spectroscopy to the development of new-generation gas sensors

The solution proposed relates to flicker-noise gas sensors under development, which differ from conventional chemical sensors in offering exceptional selectivity for the analysis of a gaseous environment. The classification and analytical justification are given of low-frequency-noise spectroscopy techniques and measures that are proposed for investigation of disordered semiconductors. The feasibility is shown of patterning processes for flicker-noise gas sensors. Some methods are proposed for these processes and for measurement procedures of gaseous-environment monitoring.     

A new test setup and method for the calibration of current clamps

Current probes are widely used to measure the common mode currents in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) applications. Often, it is necessary to characterize the ratio of measured voltage to the common mode currents up to gigahertz (GHz) frequencies. Existing calibration methods for current probes suffer from the problem of not directly measuring the current within the current clamp. Instead they either reconstruct the current from measurements at other locations or they use assumptions regarding the geometry which allows them to use a current that is measured at a different location without applying a mathematical correction. For example, by maintaining a 50-/spl Omega/ transmission-line impedance the current can be determined with low uncertainty. The proposed method overcomes these disadvantages by directly measuring the current at the center of the current clamp. This way the mechanical dimensions of the test setup are not critical any more, i.e., one setup can be easily used to measure a large variety of clamps. The method is primarily applicable for current monitoring probes in the frequency domain.     

Human-centered concepts for exploration and understanding of Earth observation images

The progress in information retrieval, computer vision, and image analysis makes it possible to establish very complete bases of algorithms and operators. A specialist in remote sensing or image processing now has the tools that allow him, at least in theory, to configure applications solving complex problems of image understanding. However, in reality, earth observation (EO) data analysis is still performed in a very laborious way at the end of repeated cycles of trial and error. To overcome this, we proposed a novel advanced remote sensing information processing system knowledge-driven information mining (KIM). KIM is based on human-centered concepts (HCCs), which implements new features and functions allowing improved feature extraction, search on a semantic level, the availability of collected knowledge, interactive knowledge discovery, and new visual user interfaces. We assess the HCC methodology for solving several difficult tasks in EO image interpretation, using a broad variety of sensor data, from meter-resolution synthetic aperture radar and optical images to hyperspectral data.     

Perspectives for the future of spaceborne synthetic aperture radar for Earth observation

Future satellite SAR systems must be small, easy to handle, and cost effective. Starting from the status quo and from user requirements as well as trends, expected developments and perspectives for innovative SAR techniques, technologies and systems for the next two decades will be presented.     

Fully digital strategy for fast calibration and test of ΣΔ ADCs

This work describes a novel test strategy that uses digital stimuli for cheap, fast, though accurate, testing of high resolution ΣΔ ADCs. Simulation results showed a detection sensitivity on specifications parameters of up to −100 dB. The proposed method can also help to reduce the cost of ADC production test, to extend test coverage and to enable built-in self-test and test-based self-calibration.     

Experimental observation and statistics of multipath from terrainwith application to overland height finding

Data is presented from an airborne experiment designed to evaluate electromagnetic pulse scattering from a variety of terrain types for the application of overland height finding. The one-way propagation data was collected at ultrahigh frequency (UHF) and very high frequency (VHF) frequencies using a 3-MHz pulsed CW signal with the radars mounted on two aircraft. A statistical analysis of the data shows that the probability of a detectable ground reflection and the strength of that reflection vary as a function of the terrain roughness. We introduce a broad-band synthesis technique in which Fourier theory is used to generate a time-domain response from a CW propagation model. Results from this technique agree well with the experimental observations, but the lack of detailed terrain information does not allow exact reproduction of the fine details     

月球探测卫星激光高度计地面定标与性能验证技术

月球探测卫星激光高度计服务于月面三维影像获取的科学目标,在研制过程中需要对激光高度计的固定参数及系统性能进行定标与验证试验,为分析科学和应用目标实现及后期三维数据处理提供必要的参数.介绍了月球探测卫星激光高度计地面定标与性能验证技术,内容包括激光光束发散角、测距系统延迟常数、测距范围、最大测程、测距分辨率及测距不确定度,并对测试误差进行了分析.试验结果表明,激光高度计系统性能符合设计要求,可以保证月面三维影像获取的实现.     

一种空间相机辐射定标用大面积辐射光源的研制

针对目前空间光学遥感器向着大口径、高精度方向发展相应需要大出光面的积分球辐射光源,本文研制了一种大口径空间相机用积分球辐射定标光源,并使用自制的积分球辐射性能测试装置测试了大口径积分球光源的均匀性、余弦特性和稳定性。研制的积分球辐射定标光源内径为3000mm,出光面直径为1 000mm。测试结果表明,积分球的最大幅亮度为240.13 W·m-2·sr-1,辐亮度调节范围为371.5∶1,辐亮度不稳定性为0.04%/h,光源出口面非均匀性为1.7%,辐射定标光源的不确定度为5%。     

A Nyquist-like test for the stability of two-dimensional digital filters

This paper constructs a Nyquist-like test for the stability of two-dimensional digital filters. The test takes the form of a continuum of classical one-variable Nyquist plots parameterized by the elements of the unit circle of the complex plane. Since the parameter space is compact, the test can be accurately approximated by a finite number of classical one-variable Nyquist plots and is therefore readily implemented on a computer.     

高温蓝宝石光纤温度传感器校准测试系统研究

为满足高温蓝宝石光纤温度传感器的标定和测试需要,分析了传感器的测量结构和标定原理,设计了一套基于氧乙炔高温综合测试平台和上位机测试应用软件的标定测试系统。试验结果表明,该系统能够实现传感器在多温度下的标定,并能模拟真实测温方式进行测试试验,具有较好的可靠性和稳定性。     

Fast and rigorous use of thermal time constant to characterize back end of the line test structure in advanced technology

Thermal time constant analysis (TTC) opens a wide range of applications: structure identification, 3D localization for very deep micron technologies. In this paper, we describe a new analysis methodology for TTC signatures induced by modulated thermal laser stimulation (TLS). Previous approaches did not allow a fast and rigorous method to acquire and treat transient TLS signals. To overcome these limitations we have done a theoretical study, based on the Fourier transform of an analytical model describing temporal dependency of the TLS signal, which is powerful for signature interpretation. This analysis flow is applied to 65 nm reliability test structure.     

Fully digital strategy for fast calibration and test of ΣΔ ADC's

This work describes a novel test strategy that uses digital stimuli for cheap, fast, though accurate, testing of high resolution ΣΔ ADC's. Simulation results showed a detection sensitivity on specifications parameters of up to −100 dB. The proposed method can also help to reduce the cost of ADC production test, to extend test coverage and to enable built-in self-test and test-based self-calibration.     

Some methods to evaluate the performance of Page's test as used todetect transient signals

In the “classical” detection problem, a decision is to be made about the presence or absence of a target based on an observation sequence. Since this data is of a given length, we refer to this as fixed-sample-size testing. A pair of problems that are similar in spirit (but turn out to be considerably different mathematically) is that of quickest detection and transient detection. The former refers to timely notification of a statistical change; the latter, which is the subject of this paper, refers to detection of a temporary change. Much is known about the performance of Page's (1954) test in terms of average run lengths; however, more detailed statistical analysis is required to determine the detectability of a transient change. Techniques to calculate and approximate the probability of detection by Page's test for a transient of a given length and strength are developed through investigation of the probability distribution of the so-called stopping time of Page's test, which is the time between the starting instant of the test and the instant of the first alarm (false- or true-detection)     

Design and field-of-view calibration of 114-660-GHz optics of the Earth observing system microwave limb sounder

This paper describes the optics design and field-of-view (FOV) calibration for five radiometers covering 114-660 GHz which share a common antenna in the Microwave Limb Sounder instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Aura satellite. Details of near-field pattern measurements are presented. Estimated systematic scaling uncertainties (3/spl sigma/) on calibrated limb emissions, due to FOV calibration uncertainties, are below 0.4%. 3/spl sigma/ uncertainties in beamwidth and relative pointing of radiometer boresights are 0.006/spl deg/ and 0.003/spl deg/, respectively. The uncertainty in modeled instrument response, due to the scan dependence of FOV patterns, is less than /spl plusmn/0.24 K equivalent black-body temperature. Refinements to the calibration using in-flight data are presented.