壳聚糖在中式煮制肉制品中的应用研究

对壳聚糖在中式煮制肉制品中的应用进行了研究.首先比较酸解和菠萝蛋白酶酶解这两种工艺的优劣,确定菠萝蛋白酶水解壳聚糖在工艺上优于盐酸水解法;然后考察不同添加量和不同水解度(即不同粘均分子量)的壳聚糖对中式煮制猪肉的抑菌效果和感官品质的影响.结果表明酶解时间越长(即粘均分子量越低),壳聚糖的抑菌效果越好,添加6%经菠萝蛋白酶酶解30 min的壳聚糖可将中式煮制肉制品的货架期延长3 d.可见,壳聚糖在中式煮制肉制品的生产中的具有很高的应用价值.     

不同分子量壳聚糖涂膜贮藏鲫鱼的研究

将不同分子量(M1=1.6×106和M2=3.3×105,脱乙酰度为83.9%)的壳聚糖溶液涂膜于鲫鱼体表,观察壳聚糖对食品的保鲜作用。结果表明,涂膜能明显抑制需氧细菌、厌氧菌的繁殖,延缓挥发性盐基氮的增加。在4℃贮藏条件下,鲫鱼的一级鲜度保藏期较对照组可延长1～2d,二级鲜度延长3d左右,并且分子量较大的壳聚糖的抑菌效果比分子量较小的壳聚糖的抑菌效果好。     

壳聚糖的降解及对浆水防腐效果研究

运用H_2O_2-HAc均相体系降解制备了不同分子量的壳聚糖,研究了它们对浆水的防腐作用。研究结果表明：壳聚糖对酵母菌的抑制作用与其分子量有关,分子量越高其对酵母菌的抑制效果越好；分子量80万以上的壳聚糖防腐作用最好,在常温下,保质期可达2个月之久,完全可应用于食品保鲜,而分子量8000以下的壳聚糖不仅对酵母菌起不到抑制作用,反而具有促进其生长的作用。在此基础上对壳聚糖的抑菌机理也做了初步探讨。     

壳聚糖对面条食用品质的影响

研究了两种不同分子量、不同添加量的壳聚糖对面条食用品质的影响.对添加了壳聚糖的面条样品进行烹煮品质测定与感官评分,并用质构仪进行TPA实验、剪切试验和拉伸实验,以测定壳聚糖对面条的硬度、弹性、黏聚性等指标的影响.结果表明,采用分子量为20 ku的壳聚糖,添加量在0.6％～0.8％时,面条的综合食用品质最佳.     

壳聚糖整理棉针织物的抗菌性能

H2O2在中性条件下对壳聚糖氧化降解，可得到不同分子量的壳聚糖产物；用该产物对棉针织物进行整理，研究壳聚糖分子量和脱乙酰度对抗菌性能的影响。结果表明，经壳聚糖多元羧酸整理后的棉针织物抗菌效果明显提高。     

微波辐射对不同介质均相壳聚糖的降解研究

在小同酸性介质中，采用微波辐射对壳聚糖进行均相降解反应，制备出不同分子量的壳聚糖。探讨反应介质、过氧化氢与壳聚糖配比、微波辐射功率和辐射时间对降解反应的影响。结果表明：选择不同的反应条件，微波辐射1～6min就可制备出相对分了量在1～10万之间不同分子量大小的壳聚糖，且反应产率高、重复性好。固定其他反应条件不变，在CH3COOH介质中，壳聚糖的降解速度最快，适合制备分了量为1～5万的水不溶性壳聚糖，产率在80％以上；在HCOOH介质中，降解速度最慢，适合制备分子量在5万以上的壳聚糖，产率在90％以上；在HCl介质中的降解速度则介于二者之间。     

几种壳聚糖的抑菌性能

通过壳聚糖的抑菌实验和几种壳聚糖的最低抑菌浓度的测定 ,比较了相同脱乙酰度不同分子量 ,以及分子量相近脱乙酰度不同的壳聚糖对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌和假单胞菌的抑菌作用。结果表明 ,实验中用到的壳聚糖都对金黄色葡萄球菌有很强的抑菌作用 (抑菌率接近 10 0 % ,最低抑菌浓度为 0 0 3% ) ;对于其他 3种细菌 ,脱乙酰度相同 (为 75 3%或 93 7% ) ,粘均分子量不同 (在 4 0～ 80万之间 )的壳聚糖 ,抑菌作用随分子量的升高而增强 ;而分子量相近脱乙酰度不同的壳聚糖对上述 4种细菌的抑菌作用差别不大 ;在 pH 5 5左右至 pH 6 0左右壳聚糖能够发挥最强的抑菌作用 ;总体看来 ,壳聚糖对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最强 ,其次是对假单胞菌和枯草杆菌 ,壳聚糖对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用相对弱一些 ;实验条件下的壳聚糖对上述 4种细菌的抑菌作用普遍比苯甲酸钠强。     

壳聚糖延长高水分含量番薯果脯保质期的研究

目的:为生产低糖、高水分含量番薯果脯;方法:研究果脯中水分含量与水分活度的关系及细菌总数和霉菌数在保温试验中的变化,并采用不同黏均分子量的壳聚糖降低果脯的水分活度;结果:果脯中霉菌数是影响产品保质期的主要微生物指标,壳聚糖的黏均分子量越低,降低水分活度的幅度越大;结论:通过添加0.5%、9kD黏均分子量的壳聚糖,产品水分含量为20%、总糖为26%时,番薯果脯常温放置保值期达到12个月.     

壳聚糖基复配液抑菌条件的优化

以壳聚糖为基材,添加纳他霉素和纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2)两种抑菌剂以增强对金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉的抑菌效果。采用单因素试验和响应面优化分析法研究纳他霉素添加量、纳米TiO_2添加量和搅拌温度对壳聚糖基复配液抑菌性的影响,并优化工艺参数。结果表明:壳聚糖基复配液抑菌剂的最佳条件为:纳他霉素添加量为0.075%,纳米TiO_2添加量为0.08%,搅拌温度为50℃。在此条件下,对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径为27.21mm、对黑曲霉抑菌圈直径为44.73mm。说明在以壳聚糖为基材,复配纳他霉素和纳米TiO_2两种抑菌剂时,可以达到复配液的最佳抑菌效果。     

对羟基苯甲酸壳聚糖酯合成工艺优化及生物活性评价

本文将常用防腐剂对羟基苯甲酸(p-hydroxybenzoic acid,PA)接枝到壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)上，以改善其应用性能。在惰性气氛下，采用单因素实验以及响应面设计法研究其合成反应条件，并考察其体外抗氧化和抑菌性能。在单因素实验的基础上，通过响应面设计法得到对羟基苯甲酸壳聚糖酯(PA-g-CS)的最佳制备工艺是：PA与CS摩尔质量比为1∶1,Vc添加量为0.20 g,H₂O₂添加量为1.00 g，反应时间为12.0 h。在此条件下，PA-g-CS的接枝量为101.16 mg PA/g，试验结果与模型预测结果相差仅1.64%。体外抗氧化和抑菌实验表明，与CS相比，PA-g-CS的ABTS⁺自由基清除活性和抑菌性能均显著增强，且PA-g-CS的接枝量越高，其抑菌活性越强。该工艺对于PA-g-CS的抗氧化和抑菌性能有明显的优化，PA-g-CS有望应用于活性包装、抗氧化剂和防腐剂等领域。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.