A one-parameter circular aperture distribution with narrow beamwidth and low sidelobes

A one-parameter circular aperture distribution is developed which provides an optimum compromise between narrow beamwidth, low sidelobes, and low apertureQ. The pattern is a modifiedJ_{1}(x)/x, analogous to the Taylor one-parameter modified sin(x)/xline source distribution. Sidelobe envelope taper is essentially that of a uniformly excited circular aperture; hence the aperture is lowQ. The aperture distribution which is rotationally symmetric is given by a modified Bessel function of zero order. Like all high efficiency distributions, it has a pedestal. All antenna quantities, sidelobe ratio, beamwidth, aperture efficiency, and edge taper, are uniquely related to the parameterH. A table of these quantities is given for sidelobe ratios up to 50 dB. A typical pattern and several distributions are graphed. This new distribution allows tradeoff studies to be made against any design quantity, with all other quantities determined through the one-parameter.     

阵列天线幅度均匀分布和锥削分布方向图分析

为了改善雷达系统在低仰角的工作状态,提出了阵列天线幅度锥削分布形式,对阵列天线幅度均匀分布和各种锥削分布形式的辐射方向图和口面效率进行了理论计算,并用Matlab编程进行分析比较。针对某工程的具体情况,选取了其中的4．5dB锥削分布形式,并对实现该分布形式的分支线定向耦合器进行了电路仿真。     

Power transfer efficiency between focused circular antennas with Gaussian illumination in Fresnel region

The power transfer efficiency between two circular aperture antennas in the Fresnel region is obtained analytically and explicitly. They are focused at each other and illuminated as a simple Gaussian taper. Two apertures also have generally different sizes and unequal illuminations. It is shown that the Gaussian distribution is close to the optimum, which is derived from the theory of the confocal optical resonators. The effect of the deviation of the illumination from the optimum upon the efficiency is numerically evaluated. The result shows that the reduction of the efficiency for a constant deviation increases as the Fresnel number decreases. The dissimilarity of both aperture illuminations also reduces the efficiency. The qualitative trend is such that the larger the dissimilarity, the smaller the efficiency. When the order of dissimilarity is small or the taper of the aperture is large, the efficiency can be approximately predicted by assuming equal illumination with the geometrical mean of the two illuminations. A simplified approximate efficiency which can be applied to the greatly tapered illumination is also derived.     

Meandering long slot leaky-wave waveguide-antennas

A theoretical study is made of the aperture field distributions, the far-field amplitude patterns, and the mutual coupling characteristics of several long leaky-wave slot antennas cut on the broadwall of a rectangular waveguide mounted in an infinite ground plane. Straight long slots have high inner sidelobes in the far-field amplitude patterns, which reduces their utility as high-performance antennas. To reduce these sidelobes, a long slot may be meandered from waveguide centerline to sidewall and back to centerline in such a way to produce the desired radiation patterns. Calculated results for antennas of several meander patterns are presented and discussed     

The hexagonal horn as an efficient Gaussian beam launcher

A new type of feed horn-the hexagonal horn-is proposed and investigated by means of Gaussian-Hermite beam-mode analysis. The electric-field distribution at the horn aperture plane is approximated. The polarization efficiency is 88.66%. The fractional power in the fundamental beam mode is about 85%. The near- and far-field radiation patterns are calculated. The high fractional power in the fundamental beam mode of the horn indicates that it can be used as an efficient Gaussian beam launcher in quasi-optical systems     

Near-field probe used as a diagnostic tool to locate defectiveelements in an array antenna

Results of an experimental study are presented in which the near-field probe was used as a diagnostic tool to locate the defective elements in a planar array. The near-field data were processed not only to obtain the far-field patterns of the array under the test, but also to reconstruct the aperture field for diagnostic purposes. The backward transform enables the near-field probe to identify accurately aperture faults at a distance, free of interactions and couplings with the array elements. In practice, to recover the aperture field properly from the near-field distribution, the evanescent components in the computed far-field spectrum must be excluded from the inverse process with fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) techniques. For low-gain array antennas, a correction on the far-field spectrum is required to remove the contribution of the probe and the element factor before the inverse transform, strongly enhancing the resolution     

Effects of a dielectric coating on leaky-wave long-slot waveguideantennas

A theoretical and experimental study is made of the effects of a dielectric of arbitrary thickness, permittivity, and loss tangent upon the aperture field distributions and the far-field radiation pattern characteristics of long-slot leaky-wave antennas cut on the broadwall of a rectangular waveguide and mounted in an infinite ground plane. The relevant integral equations for determining the aperture fields are developed and then solved using the moment method. Expressions for the far-field radiation patterns and isolation responses are developed. Calculated and experimental results for several antennas are presented and discussed     

Prompt aperture efficiencies of impulse radiating antennas witharrays as an application

A concept of prompt aperture efficiency is introduced for the purpose of comparing and optimizing the performance of impulse radiating antennas (IRAs). The aperture efficiencies of popular lens and reflector IRAs are computed as the ratios of peak radiated power densities on boresight compared with that produced by an ideal IRA with an aperture of equal area and equal total input power. Loss of aperture efficiency occurs through two distinct mechanisms: from power that falls outside the aperture and is lost and from nonuniform power and polarization distributions within the aperture. Both loss mechanisms are addressed, and means for increasing efficiencies are identified. The optimum aperture for a given feed structure is derived. Prompt aperture efficiencies approaching 100% are feasible in TEM-horn arrays and similar structures     

基于近场时域谱的紧缩场口径优化设计

根据口径近场的时域谱,可以在全频段评估口径的绕射特征,从而建立紧缩场口径设计的一般准则.在X波段8～12GHz,计算了几种限度为5m×5m口径的近场时域谱.计算结果表明,在紧缩场设计中,为降低边缘绕射场电平,方口径优于圆口径,理想多项式锥削优于余弦锥削和均匀分布.提出两种工程化的边齿设计方法,在口径场均匀分布条件下,近场时域干扰谱分量均低于-25dB.口径近场计算均采用口径场卷积法.     

The measurement of non-Gaussian mode fields by the far-field axial scanning technique

A new measurement technique is proposed for determining the second Petermann definition of mode field diameter (MFD) for single-mode fibers with both near-Gaussian and non-Gaussian radial field distributions. The method involves measuring the power passed through a circular aperture as it is scanned along the far-field optical axis of a fiber. Using this technique, it is possible to select those acceptance angles that are most critical to the accurate determination of MFD for a particular fiber design. Also, the aperture can be positioned close enough to the fiber endface so that collection of the total far-field power is assured. Measurements of MFD for conventional and disperson-modified single-mode fibers have been made at 1.3 μm and 1.55 μm with a precision of +/-0.05 μm and a comparison with the far-field angular scanning method gives agreement ot within 1 percent for both fiber types.     

Efficient and accurate method for calculating and representingpower density in the near zone of microwave antennas

A method for computing and exhibiting Fresnel-region fields radiated by microwave antennas that uses plane-wave scattering matrix analysis is presented. Near-fields are calculated by numerically integrating the complex far-field antenna pattern. The predicted near fields are exhibited as relative power density contours lying in a longitudinal plane bisecting the antenna's aperture. With spatial-coordinate scaling, each set of contours becomes a function of the relative aperture distribution and the electrical size of the antenna. If the electrical diameter is much larger than any normalized transverse coordinate of interest, the contour set becomes invariant with respect to antenna size. The coordinate normalization can produce contours applicable to any antenna with the same relative aperture distribution, regardless of antenna size     

Circular aperture distribution with one parameter

A 1-parameter circular aperture distribution is described. It is analagous to the Taylor 1-parameter modified (sin x)/x line source. The new distribution allows aperture design and tradeoff studies to be easily made in terms of sidelobe ratio or edge taper; the distribution is efficient and of low Q. Both the distribution and its corresponding pattern are given by Bessel functions. A table of values of the parameter H, beamwidth, efficiency and edge taper are given against sidelobe ratio.     

A study on the performance of a gyromonotron

A method is presented which allows to calculate the large signal beam efficiency of a gyromonotron working at the s-th harmonic of the cyclotron frequency. The results of this calculation using efficiency optimized parameters are given for different TE_mn distributions and also for a magnetic taper. It is shown that beam efficiencies, which are higher than twice the value at constant electric and magnetic fields are theoretically possible. Also the influence of the beam voltage is considered. For a given beam voltage and a given electric field distribution in the resonator power calculations are performed and it is shown what powerlevels are available for different resonator modes and for different cyclotron harmonics.     

Transmit patterns for active linear arrays with peak amplitude andradiated voltage distribution constraints

Distribution functions used in array antenna design typically synthesize specified pattern characteristics without consideration for either the peak amplitude of the radiating elements or the aperture radiated power. There do exist applications, however, in which the pattern synthesis must employ such constraints. In the transmit mode of active array antennas, for example, it is desirable to radiate as much power as possible subject to a per-element peak amplitude constraint while simultaneously suppressing the outer sidelobes. This paper discusses the design considerations of the constrained least squares (CLS) distribution function. In the CLS distribution, most of the radiating elements near the array center are set to their maximum value while only a few of the outer elements are tapered. A method for generating CLS distributions given constraints on both the peak element amplitude and the total effective radiated voltage (ERV) is discussed. The design involves specifying the desired ERV and a weighting function that allows selectively suppressing sidelobes in specified regions. The effects of these design parameters on the far-field patterns are explored     

基于CVT 排布的非周期栅格密度加权阵设计

相比传统周期栅格密度加权阵,非周期排布密度加权阵有很多优点,但对非周期排布密度加权阵的设计方法却不完善。该文提出了一种利用质心Voronoi 图设计密度加权阵的新方法,这种方法可以按照预期幅度加权设计非周期排布的密度加权阵,得到的单元排布具有非周期性和匀称性的特点。作为例子分析了一个直径为32.8 的圆形阵,分别计算了按圆口径泰勒分布25 dB, 30 dB, 35 dB 和40 dB 副瓣设计的阵列方向图。相比已有文献中的计算结果,用该方法能获得更好的副瓣性能和口面效率。      

Domain decomposition FDTD algorithm for the analysis of a new type of E-plane sectorial horn with aperture field distribution optimization

In this paper, a universal and efficient approach of domain decomposition finite-difference time-domain FDTD (DD-FDTD) is presented for the analysis of a new type of horn antenna-E-plane sectorial horn with field amplitude taper and phase correction in the aperture. The power fed into the horn is redistributed to achieve the optimal field amplitude distribution in the aperture, and meanwhile the field phase is corrected by metal lens. Compared with conventional E-plane sectorial horns, the new horn antenna takes the advantages of low sidelobe level, short physical length and wide flare angle etc. Moreover, the most important property of this horn is the weak coupling with each other when it is used as the element of a phased array antenna. The field analysis of such a horn antenna is an extremely complicated three-dimensional EM boundary value problem. The domain decomposition FDTD method is presented in this paper to break through the drawback. The whole horn is decomposed into several subdomains and the meshes are created in local coordinates. In the iteration procedure of FDTD, the data are exchanged between adjacent subdomains with overlapped meshes. The aperture field distribution, voltage standing-wave ratio and pattern calculated by the DD-FDTD method are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Reflector antenna fields--An exact aperture-like approach

A new computational approach is presented which allows fast analysis of radiation from large reflector antennas. For an aperture a Fourier transform (FT) relationship does exist between far-field and aperture distribution. Accordingly, the far field can be exactly reconstructed from the knowledge of approximately one sample per lobe (Shannon-Whittaker theorem applied at Nyquist rate). The finite reflector curvature introduces an extra factor in the radiation integral so that the radiation integral is no longer a FT. In order to overcome this difficulty a new pseudosampling expansion, which explicitly takes into account the extra factor, is developed. For parabolic reflector the sampling functions are related to the Fresnel integrals, and the far field can be exactly reconstructed in terms of aperture far-field samples, which can be computed using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Numerical computations and error analysis show the excellent performance of the method, which can be generalized to deal with arbitrary reflector surfaces and near-field evaluation.     

Near-field gain calibration for large spherical antennas

In the near field of the Arecibo spherical antenna radar system, i.e., at ranges less than about 260 km, the gain is a function of range and a knowledge of gain is necessary for deducing electron-density information from the power backscattered from the ionosphere. A method of obtaining the phase taper across the aperture (and hence the near-field on-axis and backscatter gains versus range), given a knowledge of the far-field on-axis gain versus frequency, and the amplitude of the illumination over the aperture is suggested. Our studies show that measurements of on-axis far-field gain over a bandwidth ofpm7MHz are adequate to give an accurate indication of on-axis gain versus range in the near field, while apm15MHz frequency spread is needed to give accurate information on the backscatter gain versus range. The near-field correction for the antenna has also been estimated from measurements made on a model of the new line feed. Confidence in the validity of this approach has been obtained by comparing the measured far-field on-axis gain versus frequency with that calculated using the data from the model feed.     

Utilization of the lambda functions in the analysis and synthesis of monopulse antenna difference patterns

The properties of a general class of monopulse antenna difference patterns which are obtained by differentiating a desirable class of antenna sum patterns are analyzed. Their corresponding aperture distributions are synthesized using the Fourier transform. It is found that of the general class of patterns considered, there is one family which gives the best compromise between slope at boresight and sidelobe level. Curves are presented which relate sidelobe level and slope at boresight for this particular family; these curves may be used to design monopulse difference patterns for either a specified slope at boresight or a specified sidelobe level. Simple expressions for the corresponding far-field difference patterns, their beamwidth, and their aperture distributions are given.     

锥形光纤的功率分布特性

从波动理论出发,对锥形光纤的纵向传播常数进行泰勒(Taylor)级数展开,经近似得到了锥形光纤功率分布的解。基于此理论,对锥形光纤的功率分布特性进行了讨论,并分析了锥形光纤的长度、锥度和光纤折射率等参数对锥形光纤不同模式功率分布的影响。为了减小功率泄漏,当光从锥形光纤大端入射时,应当减小锥长,减小锥度,增大纤芯包层折射率差;当光从锥形光纤小端入射时,应当增加锥长,增加锥度,增大纤芯包层折射率差。在长锥长、大锥度情况下,光纤折射率分布的影响相对较小。