政策措施环境对农村水电发展的影响分析与建议

分析了我国农村水电公益性、生态性、永续性等特点,按不同时期回顾分析了过去几十年中政策措施环境对农村水电发展的影响,并针对目前农村水电发展存在的问题,提出新时期农村水电发展所需的政策措施环境及建议.     

Synfuel development impacts— econometric modelling and policy analysis

The prospects for rapid near-term development of a synfuel industry in the USA have decreased, due to depressed world oil prices, synfuel project cost overruns, and the lukewarm support of the Reagan administration. Nonetheless, socioeconomic and environmental impact analysis studies can provide valuable information for determining the regional welfare effects of proposed projects. The author discusses the results of a regional econometric analysis of the synfuel projects planned for Western Kentucky, which focuses on environmental impacts, and reveals the inevitable trade-offs that would accompany synfuel development. Some policy issues are briefly reviewed, especially that of efficient energy pricing.     

Water development for hydroelectric in southeastern Anatolia project (GAP) in Turkey

Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) region in Turkey is rich in water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Euphrates and Tigris rivers represent over 28% of the nation’s water supply by rivers, and the economically irrigable areas in the region make up 20% of those for the entry country. On the other hand, 85% of the total hydro capacity in operation has been developed by DSI, corresponding to 9931 MW (49 hydro plants) and 35,795 GWh/year respectively. The largest and most comprehensive regional development project ever implemented by DSI in Turkey is “The Southeast Anatolian (GAP) Project”, which is located in the region of Southeast Anatolia on the Euprates and Tigris rivers and their tributaries, which originate in Turkey. The energy potential of the Tigris and Euphrates is estimated as 12,000 GWh and 35,000 GWh, respectively. These two rivers constitute 10% and 30% of the total hydroelectric energy potential. The GAP region will be an important electric power producer with 1000 MW installed capacity from the Karakaya dam, 2400 MW installed capacity from the Atatürk dam and 1360 MW installed capacity from the Keban dam. The GAP region has a 22% share of the country’s total hydroelectric potential, with plans for 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants. Once completed, 27 billion kWh of electricity will be generated annually.     

Counting the cost of water use in hydroelectric generation in Scotland

Increasing the proportion of renewable capacity in the national energy mix may give rise to a range of economic costs. This paper considers the nature of water use in hydroelectric generation in Scotland. Hydroelectric generation is currently the highest volumetric use of water in Scotland. After calculating this volume, the paper considers the nature of some of the non-priced costs associated with this use.     

Understanding business decision making on the environment

This paper considers the influence of a range of factors within and around the firm on business decision making relating to the environment. Within the firm, it emphasises the importance of governance structures, corporate cultures and organisational capacities. Around the firm, it stresses the importance of the incentives, imperatives and informational pressures that emerge from governments, markets and civil society. It is argued that change is most likely where the various external pressures resonate with each other, and where they impact upon firms with receptive corporate cultures and adequate organisational capacities. It is also argued that these preconditions for change are often absent, which makes change more difficult or more expensive. It is further argued that even when these preconditions are in place, they are likely to engender only to incremental change. As prolonged periods of incremental change must eventually encounter diminishing returns, the key challenge for those seeking to promote significant changes in business behaviour is to put in place the full range of conditions needed to allow companies to make them. This can mean focusing not only on the operational but also on the strategic activities of businesses, and not only on individual businesses but also on the broader systems and networks within which they operate.     

Performance investigation of a hydroelectric power station at Batang Ai-Sarawak

Hydraulic power generator is known to offer one of the cleanest energy supply. However, much emphasis in these plants appears to be directed towards condition monitoring (based on typical weekly and monthly data gathering) and less attention is directed towards continuous performance monitoring. This paper offers an invesigative study of the effect of some performance parameters such as inlet and outlet relative flow angles, nozzle angle, hydraulic turbine efficiency on the overall performance of 108 MW station using four identical vertical shaft Francis turbines. The results of the study indicates that for a given energy supply, determined by the available water head, a one percentage point improvement of the turbine efficiency might lead to increased earnings of about 1·25%. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impacts of urban form on future US passenger-vehicle greenhouse gas emissions

Urban form – for example, sprawl versus infill development – impacts people's daily travel patterns and annual vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT). This paper explores how urban form impacts greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from passenger-vehicles, the largest source of urban transportation GHG emissions. Our research uses a recently published urban scaling rule to develop six scenarios for high- and low-sprawl US urban growth. We develop and apply a Monte Carlo approach that describes ensemble statistics for several dozen urban areas rather than forecasting changes in individual urban areas. Then, employing three vehicle- and fuel-technology scenarios, we estimate total passenger VKT and resulting GHG emissions for US urban areas. Our results indicate that comprehensive compact development could reduce US 2000–2020 cumulative emissions by up to 3.2 GtCO₂e (15–20% of projected cumulative emissions). In general, vehicle GHG mitigation may involve three types of approaches: more-efficient vehicles, lower-GHG fuels, and reduced VKT. Our analyses suggest that all three categories must be evaluated; otherwise, improvements in one or two areas (e.g., vehicle fuel economy, fuel carbon content) can be offset by backsliding in a third area (e.g., VKT growth).     

Sustainable development of the wind power industry in a complex environment: a flexibility study

As a new and developing green energy business in emerging economies such as China, the wind power industry chain faces some complex issues that are further compounded by turbulent internal and external environments. To deal with the complex environment, the wind power industry needs to improve its level of flexibility so that it can become more adaptable to the changing environment. Hence it is important to explore the dynamics of the wind power industry chain flexibility with respect to the ever changing environment. This study uses questionnaire surveys and expert interviews to identify the influential flexibility components of the wind power industry chain. Subsequently a fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) methodology was used to establish a flexibility operating mechanism model. The research found that special attention should be paid to competition flexibility, technology flexibility, and intellectual property and talent flexibility. Policies play a pivotal role in regulating the driving effects of these components of flexibility with the aim being long term sustainability of a healthy level of overall flexibility of the wind power industry chain. This should in turn facilitate the sustainable development of the industry.     

Sustainable siting procedure of small hydroelectric plants: The Greek experience

This paper aims to present the procedure under which a sustainable plant, like a small hydroelectric plant (SHP), can be installed and deployed, especially in countries with complicated administrative and legislative systems. Those must be defined by the rules that characterize sustainable spatial planning, which aims at the environmental protection, the insurance of better living conditions and finally at the economic development within the frame of the principle of sustainability and its three basic dimensions: social, economical and environmental.     

国内汽车天然气燃料的应用

资源丰富的天然气，以其燃烧排污低，可调整能源消耗结构等优势，很好地体现了可持续发展的战略思想。因此，我国应积极借鉴国外的成功经验，尽快建立，完善我国燃气汽车健康发展的保障体系。     

Attitudes towards on-land and offshore wind power development in Denmark; choice of development strategy

Wind power generation is expected to increase significantly in the near future. Owing to the increasingly limited possibilities for using on-land turbines, offshore wind generation is a potential alternative. However, wind turbines located offshore are still associated with visual disamenities potentially making offshore location a less attractive alternative to on-land wind power generation. The present paper analyses attitudes towards both on-land and offshore wind power development using a probit model. It also discusses the elicited determinants of attitude in relation to developing wind power on-land or offshore. Compared to other papers on attitude, the paper is unique in the sense that the Danish population has considerable experience with the different impacts associated with wind turbines compared to most of the other countries investing in wind power generation. This is particularly evident with regards to offshore development. The paper establishes that whilst offshore wind farms are preferred to on-land development, the results also imply that on-land development is still a feasible alternative. In that relation, differences in wind power generation costs and the substitution of smaller on-land turbines with fewer but larger turbines might make on-land development even more attractive. On a more detailed level, younger respondents are more positive towards wind power than older respondents. Interestingly, respondents living close to either on-land or offshore wind turbines did not display a more negative attitude towards wind power generation when compared to respondents who were not living close to wind turbines.     

Wind energy development and its environmental impact: A review

Wind energy, commonly recognized to be a clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy resource that can reduce our dependency on fossil fuels, has developed rapidly in recent years. Its mature technology and comparatively low cost make it promising as an important primary energy source in the future. However, there are potential environmental impacts due to the installation and operation of the wind turbines that cannot be ignored. This paper aims to provide an overview of world wind energy scenarios, the current status of wind turbine development, development trends of offshore wind farms, and the environmental and climatic impact of wind farms. The wake effect of wind turbines and modeling studies regarding this effect are also reviewed.     

A model for optimal sizing of solar thermal hydroelectric power plant

This paper presents the model for optimal sizing of a Solar Thermal (ST) power plant with parabolic collectors, which operates with Pump Storage Hydroelectric (PSH), all for the purpose of providing full energy independence of an isolated consumer. The sustainability of such system is based exclusively on solar energy input (without hybridization with any fossil fuel), as a renewable and pure energy resource, and the use of hydro energy, due to the possibility of its continuous production of energy. The feasibility and characteristics of the ST-PSH power plant were tested on power supply of the Island of Vis in Croatia, and the results show that the proposed model describes the operation of the power plant very well. For average solar irradiation of about 1500 kW h/m²/a, precipitation 644 mm/a, evaporation 1444 mm/a, volume of PSH upper reservoir of 20 h m³, electric energy consumption of 18 GV A h/a and reserve in the system for 3-4 months, the obtained power of the ST power plant is 22 MW, which can produce unit value of the annual thermal energy of 459 kW h/m²/a and electric energy of 160 kW h/m²/a, while the total collector aperture in the observed case is about 16 ha. These results show that ST-PSH plants can be successfully applied on locations with relatively low irradiation, wherein the key element that ensures continuous production of energy is precisely the PSH technology that can in the best way, in economic-technical, and especially in ecological sense, balance the relatively large summer surpluses and winter energy shortages.     

Advances and challenges in the development of power-generation systems at small scales

The miniaturization of electro-mechanical devices, and the resulting need for micro-power generation (milliwatts to watts) with low weight, long life devices, has lead to the recent development of the field of micro-scale combustion and power generation. The primary objective of this new field is to leverage the high energy density of fuels, specifically liquid hydrocarbon fuels relative to batteries and all other energy storage devices other than nuclear fission, fusion or decay. As such, a miniaturized device even with a moderately efficient conversion of hydrocarbon fuels to power would result in increased lifetime and/or reduced weight of an electronic or mechanical system that are currently most often powered by electrochemical cells. Furthermore, improvements in this field may make possible novel applications and/or capability. In addition to the interest in miniaturization, the field is also driven by the potential fabrication of the devices using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) or rapid prototyping techniques, with their favorable characteristics for mass production and/or low unit cost. The micro-power generation field is very young, and still is in most cases in the feasibility stage. However, considering that it is a new frontier of technological development, and that only a few projects have been funded, it can be said that significant progress has been made to date. Currently there is consensus, at least among those working in the field, that combustion at the micro-scale is possible with proper thermal and chemical management. Several meso-scale and micro-scale combustors have been developed that appear to operate with good combustion efficiency. Some of these combustors have been applied to energize thermoelectric systems to produce power, although with low overall efficiency. Several turbines/engines have also been, or are being, developed, some of them currently producing positive power, albeit with low efficiency. Micro-rockets using solid or liquid fuels have been built and shown to produce thrust. More detailed scaling/modeling efforts are required to improve existing designs. Improvements in diagnostic, control and computational tools are expected to have a significant impact on the development of the field. Some brief scaling arguments are given in this work, and more detailed efforts are referred. A brief introduction to several of the fabrication techniques is presented in this work. Hydrogen-based and some preliminary specialty fuel micro-fuel cells have been successfully developed, and there is a need to develop reliable reformers (or direct conversion fuel cells) for liquid hydrocarbons so that the fuel cells become competitive with the batteries. In this work, the technological issues related to micro-scale combustion and the development of thermochemical devices for power generation will be discussed. Some of the systems currently being developed will be presented, ongoing critical research issues under investigation, and other potential areas of development discussed. Comments regarding the opportunities and limitations of each of the techniques are also presented where applicable.     

减少城市垃圾污染环境的途径

城市垃圾对环境的影响不容忽视，解决垃圾问题已刻不容缓。本文介绍了几种有效地减少城市垃圾对环境污染的做法和一些发达国家处理垃圾的经验。     

Deliberating on low carbon development

Low carbon development (LCD) is a much used word in development circles today. As such, governments are actively exploring how to achieve their growth targets through a low carbon trajectory or even through a ‘carbon neutral’ pathway. This is a new area that challenges how development has been done so far, calling for not only a serious rethink of old practices but also contesting entrenched value systems. In this viewpoint, we explore some of the underlying issues that are driving the process of mainstreaming climate change in development. Recognising that there are variations in LCD, we map out the diversity of understandings and interpretations with a view to lay out the range of possibilities that countries can consider. We argue that whilst countries should certainly draw lessons from the experiences of others on mainstreaming climate change in their policies and practices, the version of LCD that each country follows needs to emerge from within its own national reality, anchored in its development prospects, aspirations and capacities.     

Impacts of environmental product legislation on solid oxide fuel cells

Ongoing development of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology coincides with a rapid increase in legislation aiming to control the environmental impacts of products across their life cycle. A risk-based method is used to explore the potential future impacts of this body of legislation on the technology. Legislation controlling the use of hazardous materials is one area of significance. Under the new European REACH Regulation some nickel compounds, used widely throughout general industry but also in the fabrication of anode structures, may fall under the classification of a substance of very high concern (SVHC) in future, which presents a risk of restrictions being placed on their continued use. This risk must drive the development of alternative anode materials, or requires the SOFC industry to identify a socio-economic argument justifying exemption from any future restrictions. A legislative trend establishing recycling requirements for end-of-life products is also identified as having a potential future impact on the technology. Recycling strategies for SOFC products must be considered, prior to commercialisation. It is proposed that failure to meet these future environmental requirements may be detrimental to the perception of SOFC technology, the demand for which is substantially driven by the environmental benefits offered over incumbent power generation technologies. The consideration of these issues in the design of commercial products will mitigate this risk.     

A study of the effects of collector and environment parameters on the performance of a solar powered solid adsorption refrigerator

Based on the heat and mass transfer model validated by experiment, the performance of the plate solar ice-maker is analyzed systemically with the opinion of two-type characteristic parameters, which includes parametric effects of adsorbent bed of solar ice-maker and outer parameters referring to circumstance. A large number of simulations were undertaken to test the performance of the refrigerator for various collector design parameters and environmental parameters. These works are beneficial to further study the optimization design of a solar cooling system.     

抽水蓄能电站对网间联络线功率的影响与措施

针对大型抽水蓄能电站并网加剧网省间联络线功率波动的问题,结合湖北电网内的白莲河抽水蓄能电站,统计、分析了其与湖北电网CPS指标之间在不同班次、不同月份、不同机组启停方式下的关系。在此基础上,提出了相应的调节策略,并指出需要在机组特性、调度策略方面进一步深化研究。