激活素A及激活素结合蛋白在急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝组织中的表达

目的探讨激活素A(Activin A)及激活素结合蛋白(Follistatin,FS)在急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝组织中的表达。方法通过1次/12 h给予小鼠5 g/Kg酒精连续灌胃3次,复制急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠模型,采用实时定量RT-PCR检测小鼠肝组织Activin A及FS mRNA表达水平,免疫组织化学染色观察小鼠肝组织Activin A及FS蛋白的表达水平。结果急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝组织Activin A mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);FS mRNA和蛋白表达水平与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝组织Activin A-FS表达失衡,以Activin A升高为主,提示Activin A-FS系统失衡可能与酒精性肝损伤有关。     

激活素受体相互作用蛋白1,2在小鼠脑神经细胞中的共表达

目的探讨激活素受体相互作用蛋白1(activin receptor-interaction protein 1,ARIP1)和ARIP2在小鼠脑神经细胞中的共表达。方法 RT-PCR法检测C57BL小鼠小脑、垂体、大脑、脾脏、心脏、肾脏、肝脏、胰腺组织中ARIP1和ARIP2基因mRNA的转录;以融合蛋白GST-ARIP1C和MBP-ARIP2C作为抗原免疫新西兰白兔,制备抗ARIP1和ARIP2抗体,经A蛋白亲和层析柱纯化后,ELISA法检测抗体的交叉反应;用制备的抗体,采用免疫组织化学染色检测ARIP1和ARIP2在小鼠脑组织中的表达;RT-PCR法检测小鼠神经母细胞瘤Neuro-2a细胞中激活素ⅡA型受体(activin receptorⅡA,ActRⅡA)、ARIP1和ARIP2基因mRNA的转录。结果在小鼠大脑、小脑及垂体组织中可见ARIP1基因mRNA的转录,在小鼠各部位组织中均可见ARIP2基因mRNA的转录;制备的兔抗ARIP1和ARIP2抗体无交叉反应;ARIP1和ARIP2在小鼠脑组织的海马和下丘脑同时表达;ActRIⅡA及ARIP1和ARIP2 mRNA在神经元样细胞系Neuro-2a细胞中共表达。结论 ARIP1和ARIP2可在小鼠脑神经细胞中共表达。     

洋甘菊对1型糖尿病模型小鼠血糖的影响及其抗血栓作用研究

采用四氧嘧啶诱导建立1型糖尿病模型小鼠,通过测定血糖值、降糖率、血糖曲线下面积(AUC),探讨了洋甘菊提取物对1型糖尿病模型小鼠血糖和糖耐量的影响;通过测定凝血时间、止血时间、血栓抑制率,研究了洋甘菊提取物对正常小鼠和大鼠的抗血栓作用。结果表明,洋甘菊提取物对1型糖尿病模型小鼠具有一定的降血糖作用;洋甘菊醇提物和水提物(高剂量)可明显改善1型糖尿病模型小鼠的糖耐量;洋甘菊醇提物(高、中剂量)可以明显延长正常小鼠的凝血时间和止血时间;洋甘菊醇提物和水提物对大鼠的血栓抑制率最高分别可达42.62%和31.00%,阳性对照(阿司匹林)组的血栓抑制率为48.69%。表明,洋甘菊提取物具有较好的降血糖作用和抗血栓作用。     

灯盏花素注射液治疗糖尿病肾病的临床观察

将36例糖尿病肾病患者随机分为2组,在基础治疗相同的情况下,治疗组加用灯盏花素注射液,观察灯盏花素注射液对糖尿病肾病患者血液流变学、血脂、24h尿蛋白定量(UAE)的影响。治疗组以上各项指标均有显著下降,而对照组上述指标无明显变化。丹红注射液具有降低糖尿病患者尿蛋白排泄率的作用,对临床期糖尿病肾病患者肾功改善有帮助。     

健康教育在糖尿病患者中的作用

糖尿病是慢性终生疾病,对糖尿病患者的健康教育有效与否,直接影响患者的生命和生活质量。而良好的健康教育,对促进病人健康,提高生活质量,预防疾病,消除或减轻影响健康的危险因素等都极为重要。本文仅就健康教育在糖尿病患者中的作用,简要阐述。     

Sestrin2在2型糖尿病血栓形成中的作用

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes,T2D)现已成为全球性的公共卫生问题,患者多处于血液高凝状态或血栓前状态.在T2D死亡患者中,约80％死于血栓事件.为提高糖尿病患者的生存寿命和质量,对于血栓的防治就显得极其重要.Sestrin2作为近年来发现的新型高度保守的蛋白,具有突出的抗氧化能力,已成为多种疾病研究中的...     

模型在工程设计中的应用与作用

在工程设计过程中 ,把模型作为辅助设计的一种工具 ,充分利用模型所具有的立体、形象、实感等特点 ,为工程设计人员在工程设计中进行设计构思、方案研究、设计条件平衡、设计成品的审查提供帮助 ,以达到提高和保证工程设计成品质量的目的。这种方法我们习惯上就称为工程模型设计。由于化工、石化、医药等行业的生产均系是在相应温度、压力条件下的连续化学反应过程 ,故它的生产装置 (或称车间 )都具有设备繁多、管道密集、对生产操作控制要求高的特点。它不但要求设计人员对每个单位生产设备必须精心设计 ,而且更主要是对生产装置的整体设计…     

糖尿病专科护士在院内护理工作中的作用

糖尿病的治疗效果除了与患者病情和现有的医疗条件等因素有关外,尚有赖于患者自身,而掌握一定的糖尿病知识与技能是患者实现有效自身管理和控制的基础。糖尿病专科护士在糖尿病防治中起着重要的作用。     

Ⅰ型糖尿病模型大鼠在重复给药毒性试验中的应用

目的研究Ⅰ型糖尿病模型大鼠在精蛋白重组人胰岛素注射液重复给药毒性试验中的应用。方法使用链脲佐菌素(streptozocin,STZ)对健康SD大鼠造模,55 mg/kg,计算6个月后的存活率。取模型大鼠,分高、中、低剂量(30、12、5 U/kg)组和对照组,每组20只,雌雄各半,高、中、低剂量组给予精蛋白重组人胰岛素注射液,对照组给予精蛋白重组人胰岛素注射液辅料空白液,均经大鼠皮下注射,1次/d,连续4周,进行重复给药毒性试验,给药4周后,经大鼠腹主动脉采血,检测血清胰岛素含量、C肽含量、糖化血红蛋白含量以及血液生化学和血液细胞学相关指标,并进行组织病理学观察。结果模型大鼠血糖均高于16.7 mmol/L,建模成功率为91.7%,6个月存活率为82%,确定建模成功。重复给药毒性试验高剂量组大鼠死亡4只。与其他剂量组相比,给药结束后和恢复期结束后高剂量组大鼠血清中糖化血红蛋白降低(P0.05);与对照组相比,给药结束后,胰岛素、C肽含量升高(P0.05),恢复期结束后,高、中剂量组胰岛素、C肽含量升高(P0.05);与对照组相比,给药结束后,高剂量组雄鼠和雌鼠血清中白蛋白、血小板升高(P0.05),淋巴细胞数降低(P0.05),而雌鼠红细胞、白细胞减少(P0.05),其余血液细胞学指标未见明显差异。恢复期结束后,各剂量组血液生化学和血液细胞学指标均无差异,建模成功大鼠主要脏器均出现病理变化,重复给药毒性试验中各组大鼠各主要脏器在给药结束后和恢复期结束后也分别出现不同程度的病理变化。结论用STZ造模的Ⅰ型糖尿病大鼠对于精蛋白重组人胰岛素产生的低血糖反应具有较好的耐受性,接近于临床患者的病理生理特征,在使用精蛋白重组人胰岛素进行重复给药毒性试验中具有实际应用价值。     

Effects of conjugated linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in mice

The effects of two isomers of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA), α‐eleostearic acid (α‐ESA) and punicic acid (PA), on body fat and lipid metabolism were investigated, compared with a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixture (primarily cis9,trans11‐ and trans10,cis12‐18:2) and α‐linolenic acid (ALA), a non‐conjugated octadecatrienoic acid, in the present study. ICR mice were fed either a control diet or one of four experimental diets supplemented with 1% α‐ESA, 1% PA, 1% CLA mixture and 1% ALA in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG) for 6 weeks. The weights of perirenal and epididymal adipose tissues were significantly decreased while the liver weight was significantly increased in mice fed CLA, compared with the control. In contrast to CLA, the tissue weights in α—ESA‐, PA‐ and ALA‐fed mice were not affected. No significant differences were observed in TAG, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among the five groups. The liver TAG level was significantly decreased in mice fed α‐ESA and PA while it was significantly increased in mice fed the CLA mixture. These results indicate that CLnA and CLA have differential effects on body fat mass and liver TAG levels in mice.     

Effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fomitopsis pinicola</Emphasis> extract on blood glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Fomitopsis pinicola extract on blood glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. The blood glucose concentration was similar to that of the control at 30 min, but after 60 min of glucose administration the blood glucose concentration rapidly decreased, and after 120 min was 100.7±4.0 mg/dL, representing an approximate 50% decrease compared to the control. In the case of the diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin, the concentration of blood glucose was decreased from 362.0±16.7 to 204.5±11.4 mg/dL after 20 days of administration. HDL- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were 39.0±4.3 mg/L and 13.2±3.4 mg/dL, respectively, representing an approximate increase of 73% and approximate decrease of 76%, respectively, compared to the control. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase were increased. On the other hand, activities of amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase were decreased compared to that of the control. No difference was evident between test and control rats with respect to white blood cell, red blood cell, hemocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet counts. These results indicate that F. pinicola extract is useful as a preventative and treatment agent for damage of liver and kidney cells.     

Hepatic participation in lipid metabolism

Summary and Conclusions During alimentary lipemia induced in dogs by the feeding of saturated or unsaturated fats no significant alteration occurred in phagocytic function as indicated by colloidal carbon removal and colloidal gold tissue distribution studies. The cellular distribution of intravenously administered triglyceride indicated that most of the injected triglyceride was found in the isolated hepatic parenchymal cell. The distribution of an intravenously administered free cholesterol emulsion indicated initial localization in the parenchymal cell and a later elevation in the Kupffer cell. These findings suggest that both hepatic parenchymal and Kupffer cells participate in the removal of chylomicra; the parenchymal cell has the greatest role. The late elevation in cholesterol content of the Kupffer cell is indicative of a metabolic or excretory function of these cells in cholesterol metabolism. Presented at the 33rd Fall Meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society, Los Angeles, Calif., Sept. 28–30, 1959. Supported in part by a grant from the Public Health Service (H-2320) and the Atomic Energy Commission. Lederle Medical Faculty Awardee.     

重组人睫状神经营养因子突变体及其聚乙二醇修饰物的制备及其对ob/ob肥胖小鼠体重、糖脂代谢的影响

目的制备重组人睫状神经营养因子(recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor,rhCNTF)突变体[rhCNTF(R~(63)15)]及其聚乙二醇修饰物[P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15)]探讨两者对ob/ob肥胖小鼠体重及糖脂代谢的影响。方法采用rhCNTF(R~(63)15)突变体工程菌株E.coli BL21(DE3)表达rhCNTF(R~(63)15)经硫酸铵沉淀、Butyl HP和Q HP纯化后采用PEG修饰剂Y-40KD-MAL-mPEG对其C17游离巯基进行定点修饰,经QH P层析纯化获得P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15)。上述产物进行SDS-PAGE、纯度、修饰率、二级结构表征、修饰位点、体外活性、体内药代动力学检测。将ob/ob小鼠分为P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15)组(0.05、0.1、0.2 mg/kg)、rhCNTF(R~(63)15)组及赋形剂组均采用高脂饲料喂养同时设C57BL/6J组(普通饲料喂养C57BL/6J小鼠),检测各组小鼠的体重、摄食量及糖脂代谢情况。结果rhCNTF(R~(63)15)及P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15)纯度分别为97.4%和99.3%,平均比活分别为9.5×10~5和6.9×10~5 IU/mg,相对比活分别为100%和72.6%;rhCNTF(R~(63)15)修饰率达90%以上大多数为单修饰产物PEG修饰未影响rhCNTF(R~(63)15)的二级结构,修饰位点发生在DLCSR肽段的C17上;P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15)经皮下及静脉途径给药的血药浓度均在注射后约72 h降至给药前水平。与赋形剂组比较,P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15) 0.05、0.1、0.2 mg/kg剂量组小鼠在疗程结束时体重组分别减轻了10%、11%和21%(P 0.05) rhCNTF(R~(63)15)组减轻了30%(P 0.01);治疗后15 d,rhCNTF(R~(63)15)及P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15)各剂量组小鼠摄食量明显降低(P0.05),随后逐渐恢复正常水平;P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15)各剂量组从给药后8 d起,小鼠随机血糖有所降低,呈一定的量效关系,rhCNTF(R~(63)15)组从给药后4 d开始有所下降;P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15) 0.2 mg/kg剂量组和rhCNTF(R~(63)15)组的口服糖耐量(oral glucose resistant test,OGTT)曲线下面积(AUC_(0～2h))及腹腔内脂肪重量显著降低(P0.05),rhCNTF(R~(63)15)及P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15)各剂量组小鼠皮下脂肪均显著降低(P0.01)。结论制备了较高纯度的rhCNTF(R~(63)15)及P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15),两者对ob/ob肥胖小鼠的体重过高、高血糖症体脂重量过高均具有良好的疗效且P-rhCNTF(R~(63)15)更长效。     

Effect of transplanted human ovarian cancer tissue on liver lipid metabolism of nude mice

The changes in the lipids of liver tissues of nude mice with and without transplanted human cancerous tissues were studied to clarify the effect of transplanted human tumor tissues on host liver lipid metabolism. The total lipid was extracted and separated into phospholipid, triglyceride, and other fractions by thin layer chromatography. The amounts of methyl esters of fatty acids of each lipid fraction were measured by quantitative gas liquid chromatography after each lipid fraction had been subjected to methanolysis by 5% HCl-methanol. The phospholipid content of liver tissues of six tumor bearing nude mice was increased and the triglyceride content decreased in comparison with these fractions in three control nude mice. The ratio of the phospholipid fatty acid content to the triglyceride fatty acid content (phospholipid∶triglyceride [PL∶TG]) of six tumor bearing nude mice was distributed between 7.6 and 33.5, whereas PL∶TG ratios of three control nude mice were distributed between 1.7 and 3.8. This result was similar to that reported for human liver tissues of patients with malignant neoplastic disease, indicating that nude mice with transplanted human cancer may be useful for clarifying the mechanisms of the lipid-chemical changes of liver tissues of patients with malignancies.     

Age-strain interrelations in lipid metabolism of rats

Various aspects of lipid metabolism were compared in Fisher 344 (F) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats aged 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The analyses included free and total cholesterol of serum and liver, LCAT, hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, fatty acid synthetase, acetyl CoA carboxylase and cholesterol synthesis from acetate or mevalonate. The body weight of SD rats increases with age whereas that of F rats plateaus at 9–12 months. Liver and aorta cholesterol levels were comparable for the 2 strains. Serum cholesterol varied but was usually lower in F rats. HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activities were not significantly different. Cholesterol synthesis from acetate was significantly higher only in 2-month-old F rats; synthesis from mevalonate was similar at each level. Acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase activity were generally higher in F rats at every age level. The major difference between F and SD rats is in their pattern of weight gain with age. Differences in lipid metabolism are most marked between the young (2-month) rats.     

Control of lipid metabolism in cultured cells

Several studies are presented which indicate that composition of cell lipid is regulated by interaction between intracellular metabolism and lipid transport processes. When the fatty acid composition of cells cultured in essential fatty acid deficient conditions was studied, activation of synthesis of unusual polyun-saturated fatty acids was observed for a number of cell lines. In addition cells contained persistent residual amounts of linoleic acid, presumably owing to efficient scavenging mechanisms. The source of cell lipids was studied in both chemically defined and serum-supplemented media. In the absence of exogenous lipid, cells synthesize lipids from simple precursors, a process which is inhibited by adding serum. When serum lipid is present, cells preferentially utilize fatty acids as a source of nonsterol lipid. These are subsequently esterified intracellularly to make glycerides and phospholipids. When triglyceride is utilized as a source of cell lipid, it is first hydrolyzed before being taken up. By use of a nonhydrolyzable cholesterol ester analog, it is confirmed that both free and ester cholesterol are taken up and excreted by cells. Intracellular cholesterol content is thus regulated by rates of uptake, hydrolysis and excretion as well as by biosynthesis. One of 13 papers presented at the symposium “Lipid Metabolism in Cells in Culture,” AOCS Meeting, Houston, May 1971.     

Perfluorodecanoic acid and lipid metabolism in the rat

Alterations in lipid metabolism were axamined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats seven days after a single intraperitoneal injection of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA; 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg). Because PFDA treatment caused a dose-related reduction in feed intake, the response of vehicle-treated rats pair-fed to those receiving PFDA was monitored to distinguish direct effects of the perfluorinated fatty acid from those secondary to hypophagia. Carcass content of lipid phosphorus and free cholesterol decreased in dose-dependent fashion in both PFDA-treated and pair-fed rats. Carcass triacylglycerols diminished in a similar manner, yet PFDA-treated rats at each dose had a higher concentration of neutral acylglycerols than their vehicle-treated, pair-fed counterparts. In vehicle-treated, pair-fed rats at the 80 mg/kg dose level, lipid phosphorus and free cholesterol as a proportion of carcass fat increased, whereas the share of the triacyl-glycerols declined. Because of the higher concentration of triacylglycerols in the carcass of rats treated with 80 mg/kg PFDA, enrichment of lipid phosphorus and free cholesterol in carcass fat was less than in their pair-fed partners. The amount of lipid phosphorus and free cholesterol per hepatocyte was similar in both PFDA-treated rats and their pair-fed partners. Liver triacyl-glycerols were markedly increased in PFDA-treated rats. A similar but less extensive augmentary effect of PFDA on hepatic esterified cholesterol was found. Concentration of triacylglycerols in plasma was not elevated in PFDA-treated rats, in spite of hepatic accumulation of esterified compounds. Also, the plasma level of free fatty acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate was similar in all treatment groups, including those receiving PFDA. Thus, the administration of PFDA appears to divert fatty acids from oxidation toward esterification in the liver.     

Antibiotics administration alleviates the high fat diet-induced obesity through altering the lipid metabolism in young mice

Currently, there is a global trend of rapid increase in obesity, especially among adolescents. The antibiotics cocktails (ABX) therapy is commonly used as an adjunctive treatment for gut microbiota related diseases, including obesity. However, the effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics alone on young obese hosts have rarely been reported. In the present study, the 3-week-old C57BL/6J male mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were intragastric administration with ampicillin, vancomycin, metronidazole or neomycin for 30 days. The lipid metabolites in plasma were assessed by biochemical assay kits, and genes related to lipid metabolite in the white adipose were assessed by qPCR. To further analyze the underlying mechanisms, the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress in the liver were determined by qPCR assay. In addition, the expression of oxidative damage-associated proteins in the liver were detected by western blot. The results showed that oral antibiotics exposure could reduce body weight and fat index in HFD-fed mice, concurrent with the increase of white adipose lipolysis genes and the decrease of hepatic lipogenic genes. Furthermore, antibiotics treatment could clearly reverse the HFD-induced elevation of oxidative damage-related proteins in the liver. Together, these findings will provide valuable clues into the effects of antibiotics on obesity.