抗C(IgM)血型定型试剂国家参考品的研制

目的研制抗C(IgM)血型定型试剂(单克隆抗体)效价测定用国家参考品。方法筛选抗C(IgM)杂交瘤细胞,获得培养上清液,根据效价进行稀释,经冻干为国家参考品。对其进行分装均匀性、冻干后的外观、水分、效价检测,并联合多家实验室进行协作标定,同时进行瓶间精密度及热稳定性检测。结果国家参考品为白色冻干粉末,复溶后外观为无色或淡黄色透明液体,平均水分含量为1.70%,分装瓶间均匀性良好。经协作标定,抗C血型定型试剂(单克隆抗体)对CC红细胞的效价为1∶16,对Cc红细胞的效价为1∶8。瓶间精密度效价检测结果均一致。参考品于37℃放置3、7、14 d后,与-20℃保存的参考品效价一致。结论成功制备了抗C(IgM)血型定型试剂(单克隆抗体)国家参考品,可用于抗C(IgM)血型定型试剂(单克隆抗体)效价检测的质量控制。     

用于血型鉴定的国产微柱凝胶卡抗体试剂的选择

目的筛选特异性强、效价高、亲和力高的用于血型鉴定的国产微柱凝胶卡抗A、抗B及抗D抗体试剂。方法按《中国生物制品规程》2000版中《抗A、抗B血型定型试剂(单克隆抗体)制造及检定规程》的要求,对4家公司的抗A、抗B及抗D抗体试剂进行特异性、效价、亲和力检测。结果 3批抗A、抗B单克隆抗体试剂及3批抗D抗体试剂的特异性、效价和亲和力检测结果均符合《中国生物制品规程》2000版中《抗A、抗B血型定型试剂(单克隆抗体)制造及检定规程》的要求,选择成本相对较低的上海血液生物医药有限责任公司生产的抗A、抗B试剂和英国Millpore公司亲和力更好、效价更高的抗D抗体试剂,用于制备国产微柱凝胶卡。结论 3批抗A、抗B、抗D单克隆抗体试剂均合格,已选择更优的试剂用于制备国产微柱凝胶卡。     

实验性T多凝集红细胞的血型检测

人红细胞经神经氨酸酶处理后,与A、B、A B、O型成人血清及人血清制备的血型试剂都出现血凝,抗A、抗B血型单克隆抗体只与相应红细胞凝集;抗T单抗和花生血凝素只与T激活红细胞反应;抗M、抗N单抗和兔免疫血清试剂与T激活红细胞无凝集。进一步证实了人血清及其制备的血型试剂中含有抗T抗体。用血型单克隆抗体检测T激活红细胞,能得到正确的ABO定型;T激活红细胞的MN抗原已被神经氨酸酶破坏,用单抗和兔免疫血清试剂抗M、抗N都不能判断其原来MN血型。     

ABO正定型和RhD定型检测卡(柱凝集法)的质量分析

目的对在我国上市的9个品种的ABO正定型和RhD定型检测卡(柱凝集法)进行实验室质量分析。方法使用性能良好的红细胞试剂对上述试剂盒的外观、特异性、灵敏度、重复性、批间重复性和稳定性进行检测。结果参与验证的ABO正定型和RhD定型检测卡(柱凝集法),外观、特异性、灵敏度、重复性、批间重复性和稳定性均能达到要求。结论通过对ABO正定型和RhD定型检测卡(柱凝集法)的实验室验证,形成了相关的性能条款,制定了相关的行业标准。     

柯萨奇病毒A16型核酸检测试剂国家参考品的建立

目的 建立柯萨奇病毒A16型(coxsackievirus A16,CA16)核酸检测试剂国家参考品，并制定其质量标准。方法收集并筛选CA16核酸阳性和阴性样本，分装、冻干后，建立CA16核酸检测试剂国家参考品。采用不同企业的试剂对参考品进行协作标定，根据协作标定结果确定参考品的质量标准，并考察其均匀性和稳定性。结果 CA16核酸检测试剂国家参考品由9份阳性参考品，8份阴性参考品，1份检测限参考品和1份精密度参考品组成。其质量标准为：阳性参考品符合率≥8/9；阴性参考品符合率为8/8；最低检测限为稀释度不低于1∶103；精密度参考品稀释100倍后重复检测10次，结果均为阳性，且Ct值的CV≤5%。该参考品均匀性符合要求，室温(25℃)放置1 d、反复冻融3次均未影响参考品的稳定性。结论 建立了首批CA16核酸检测试剂国家参考品，并制定了质量标准，为相关试剂的质量控制和评价提供了依据。     

抗人M型红细胞膜血型糖蛋白A单克隆抗体的理化特性研究

本文报告了理化因素对抗人M型红细胞膜血型糖蛋白A单克隆抗体（4E6、4H6、4D8、2C8）活性的影响。在PH7.5～9.5，反应温度20～30℃范围内，只有4E6特异性凝集具有M血型抗原的红细胞，其余各单克隆抗体与N型红细胞有交叉凝集反应。选择pH8.0，20℃适宜的反应条件，用4E6单充隆抗体对516份成人外周血及65份胎儿脐带血进行MN分型，结果与市售MN分型用动物免疫标准血清完全一致。4E6对猪等8种动物红细胞无交叉反应。     

单克隆抗体RhD血型定型试剂质量要求及临床应用要点

本文结合目前我国临床安全输血和新生儿溶血病诊断、预防以及人群血型普查等工作的需要,对临床常规应用的单克隆抗-D人血型定型试剂(单克隆抗体)的质量要求和应用要点提出了具体的意见。     

百日咳毒素参考品的制备及鉴定

目的制备百日咳毒素(pertussis toxin,PT)参考品,并进行鉴定。方法将百日咳杆菌培养上清经珍珠岩和羟基磷灰石两步吸附层析纯化后获得PT,进行SDS-PAGE、ELISA、斑点免疫印迹及血凝效价检测。结果纯化后PT纯度可达99%以上;相同抗原含量的纯化后PT和NIBSC标准品与PT单克隆抗体均为阳性反应,与FHA单克隆抗体均为阴性反应;纯化后PT和NIBSC标准品均可与PT单克隆抗体产生明显的反应斑点,与FHA单克隆抗体无反应斑点,Sigma公司PT参考品与PT单克隆抗体有明显反应斑点,与FHA单克隆抗体有微弱反应斑点;纯化后PT和Sigma公司PT参考品的血凝效价分别为1∶32和1∶64。结论成功制备了较高纯度的PT,有望作为参考品用于PT抗原含量检测、抗PT血清抗体滴度检测及抗原纯度检测。     

ABO反定型试剂特异性检测用国家参考品的制备

目的研制检测ABO反定型试剂特异性项目的血清国家参考品。方法收集健康献血员A_1、B、A_1B、O型4种型别血清,经确证实验及8家实验室联合标定,对其进行特异性、效价、不规则抗体、冷凝集抗体及稳定性考核。结果4种血清无冷凝集抗体及不规则抗体,其中A_1、B、O型血清效价均≥1∶8。根据实验结果特异性质量标准制定为A_1型血清与A_1、A_2、O型反定型红细胞反应为阴性,与B、A_2B型反定型红细胞反应为阳性;B型血清与B、O型反定型红细胞反应为阴性,与A_1、A_2、A_2B型反定型红细胞反应为阳性;A_1B型血清与A_1、A_2、A_2B、B、O型反定型红细胞反应均为阴性;O型血清与O型反定型红细胞反应为阴性,与A_1、A_2、A_2B、B型反定型红细胞反应均为阳性。本参考品开瓶12 d及25℃放置3 d、4℃5个月、-20℃半年,保存稳定性均良好,但不能反复冻融。结论已成功制备可用于多种血清免疫方法学的ABO反定型试剂特异性检测用国家参考品。     

三种常用交叉配血方法检出IgG型抗体能力的比较

目的比较微柱凝胶法、抗人球蛋白法和凝聚胺法检出IgG型抗体的能力。方法选用IgG抗-D血清致敏O型RhD阳性红细胞悬液,以未致敏的O型RhD阳性红细胞悬液倍比稀释,用微柱凝胶法、抗人球蛋白法和凝聚胺法分别进行检测;用生理盐水分别将IgG抗-D血清和IgG抗-AB血清倍比稀释后分别加入O型RhD阳性红细胞和AB型红细胞,用上述3种方法分别进行检测。结果3种方法对致敏红细胞的最低检出效价为微柱凝胶法1∶8,抗人球蛋白法1∶32,凝聚胺法1∶32;对IgG抗-AB血清的最低检出效价为微柱凝胶法1∶16,凝聚胺法1∶32,抗人球蛋白法1∶64;对IgG抗-D血清的最低检出效价为微柱凝胶法1∶128,凝聚胺法1∶64,抗人球蛋白法1∶16。结论微柱凝胶法对致敏红细胞和IgG抗-AB血清的检出能力均低于抗人球蛋白法和凝聚胺法,对IgG抗-D血清的检出能力高于抗人球蛋白法和凝聚胺法。3种方法用于交叉配血均存在阳性漏检现象,选择合适的检测方法是保证输血安全的基础。     

Victrex® poly(ethersulfone) (PES) and Victrex® poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK)

Properties of two high performance engineering thermoplastics, amorphous polyethersulfone (PES) and semicrystalline polyetheretherketone (PEEK), are discussed. Both resins can be processed by conventional techniques, compounded with high performance fibers, and have high service temperature (up to 300°C). Due to the amorphous character PES can be dissolved and spray coated into metals.     

Photopyroelectric Spectroscopic Studies of ZnO-MnO(2)-Co(3)O(4)-V(2)O(5) Ceramics

Photopyroelectric (PPE) spectroscopy is a nondestructive tool that is used to study the optical properties of the ceramics (ZnO + 0.4MnO(2) + 0.4Co(3)O(4) + xV(2)O(5)), x = 0-1 mol%. Wavelength of incident light, modulated at 10 Hz, was in the range of 300-800 nm. PPE spectrum with reference to the doping level and sintering temperature is discussed. Optical energy band-gap (E(g)) was 2.11 eV for 0.3 mol% V(2)O(5) at a sintering temperature of 1025 °C as determined from the plot (ρhυ)(2)versushυ. With a further increase in V(2)O(5), the value of E(g) was found to be 2.59 eV. Steepness factor 'σ(A)' and 'σ(B)', which characterize the slope of exponential optical absorption, is discussed with reference to the variation of E(g). XRD, SEM and EDAX are also used for characterization of the ceramic. For this ceramic, the maximum relative density and grain size was observed to be 91.8% and 9.5 μm, respectively.     

(Ba_(1-α)Sr_α)_(4.8)(Sm_(0.7)La_(0.3))_(8.8)Ti_(18)O_(54)陶瓷的微波介电性能

采用固相合成法制备了(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54(α=0.1～0.5)系陶瓷,表征了该陶瓷的相组成和显微结构,测试了微波介电性能.结果表明:α=0.3时,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷为单相的新钨青铜结构固溶体.α>0.3时,相继出现了第二相BaLa2Ti4O12和La0.66TiO2.993.随α的增加,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷的相对介电常数(εr)先增大后有所波动,品质因数(Qf)先增大后减小,谐振频率温度系数(τf)单调减小.α=0.3时,在1 350℃烧结的陶瓷的微波介电性能最佳:εr=98.77,Qf=5184GHz,τf=10.9×10-6/℃,优于不掺杂的BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2陶瓷的.     

Calcium silicate hydrate (II) (“C-S-H(II)”)

This semicrystalline phase, originally named ‘calcium silicate hydrate(II)’ by Taylor (1950), has been studied with X-rays, electron optics, chemical investigation of silicate anion type, infrared spectra, and thermal methods. It is structurally related to jennite (C₉S₆H₁₁) and probably also to the fibrous CSH of cement pastes, the three phases forming a sequence of decreasing crystallinity. The specimen studied had approximate composition C₂SH_3.2 after standing over saturated CaCλ₂ at about 15°C. CSH(II) contains metasilicate chains and pyrosilicate groups and has a disordered layer structure. Much of the water can be lost reversibly without significant change in lattice parameters.     

Poly(butadiene-acrylic acid(g)acrylonitrile(g)acrylic acid)

Summary In the present work we describe, the synthesis and characterization of a new gel obtained by crosslinking a cooligomer of butadiene-acrylic acid (BuAA), by reaction with acrylonitrile and acrylic acid. The purified product was characterized by FTIR, elemental analyses and scanning electronic microscopy. The thermal properties were studied and swelling indexes were determined in different solvents and at different pH values. The capacity of poly(butadiene-acrylic acid(g)acrylonitrile(g)acrylic acid) [gel A] to separate different organic substances, such as amino acids and colorants, was determined.     

Thermal studies of blends of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) with poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPSS) and with poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPSE)

The miscibilities of poly(phenylene) sulfide/poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPS/PPSS) and poly(phenylene) sulfide/poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPS/PPSE) blends were invesigated in terms of shifts of glass transition temperatures T_g of pure PPS, PPSS, a dn PPSE. The crystallization kinetics of PPS/PPSS blends was also studied as a function of molar composition. The PPS/PPSS and PPS/PPSE blends are respectively partially and fully miscible. PPSE shows a plasticizing effect on PPS as does PPS on PPSS, which necessarily improves te processibility in the respective systems. We can control T_g and melting temperature T_m of PPS by varying amounts of PPSE in blends. The melt crystallization temperature T_mc of PPS/PPSE blends was higher than that of the PPSE homopolymer. Therefore, these blends require shorter cycle times in processing than pure PPSE. The overall rate of crystallization for PPS/PPSS blends follows the Avrami equation with an exponent ?2. The maximal rate of crystallization for PPS/PPSS blends occurs at a temperatre higher by 10°C than that for PPS, while the crystallization half time t_1/2 is 4 times shorter. In the cold crystallization range, crystal growth rates increase and Avrami exponents decrease significantly as the temperature increases.     

Chemical cross-linking of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)

Hybrid films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared with different molecular weights of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The cross-linking reaction between PEO and PEDOT:PSS was performed at high temperature and confirmed by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), contact angle measurement, and solid-state ¹H NMR. The effect of chemical reaction on the conductivity and morphology of these hybrid films was studied by using 4-point probe and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. As-spun PEO/PEDOT:PSS films have lower electric conductivity due to the addition of nonconductive PEO, and exhibits no molecular weight dependence on conductivity. After chemical cross-linking reaction at high temperature, only PEDOT:PSS films with lowest molecular weight PEO additives show enhanced conductivity with increasing reaction time. AFM result indicates that the heat-treated PEO/PEDOT:PSS hybrid films show grain-like morphology compared to ethylene glycol treated PEDOT:PSS films which shows continuous PEDOT domain. In the present work we demonstrate that the cross-linking reaction can be used to improve the wet stability of PEDOT:PSS nanofiber, showing good water resistance and excellent dimensional stability.     

Photooxidative stability of substituted poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA)

The addition of side groups to improve the photooxidative stability of polymers used in polymer-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is explored. Infrared spectroscopy and computational chemistry techniques are used to study the effects of chemical substitution of the reactive vinylene moiety in poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV). The bond order of the vinylene group in small oligomers is calculated using semiempirical techniques to assess the improvement in stability toward oxidants such as singlet oxygen. We find that PPV dimers allow relative comparisons across a range of possible substitutions. Experimental results correlate well with these calculations. The addition of electron-withdrawing substituents, such as nitrile groups, to the vinylene moiety is found to be particularly effective in reducing the reactivity of alkoxy-substituted PPV toward singlet oxygen. The photooxidative stability of a poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA) derivative is also studied. It appears that this family of polymers is more stable toward photooxidation than are its PPV analogs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2451–2458, 1998