Analysis of interruptible electric power in deregulated power systems

Assuring appropriate levels of generation capacity adequacy at the minimum possible cost using market-based approaches is a contemporary issue attracting much attention in deregulated power systems. Introduction of interruptible electricity contracts could provide a possible solution to such a problem. However, theoretical frameworks for examining the impacts of these contractual arrangements on system operations have not been maturely developed. This paper presents a probabilistic production simulation based framework for modeling and analyzing interruptible electricity contracts. The interdependence between the pricing models of interruptible electric power and the operations of the whole system is addressed and solved by an iterative coordinating algorithm. The probabilistic production simulation framework allows the uncertainties inherent in both the forced outages of generators and system load demand at the contract delivery time to be taken into account. The proposed approach is capable of achieving comprehensive analysis and systematic pricing for interruptible electric power. A numerical case study is presented to illustrate the effectiveness and validity of the methodology.     

国外输电定价理论方法及对我国的启示

输电定价是电力市场有效运行的关键,正确的输电定价首先要保证资源的有效分配。讨论输电电价的基本原则,把各种输电定价方法归为2类:成本定价法和市场定价法,并对其实用性进行讨论。从社会福利最大化的角度分析,输电效率定价模式会导致输电公司固定投资难以回收。因此,对于处于垄断地位的电网公司,其输电定价应以成本为基础,同时必须接受管制;市场化的定价方式仅限于线路阻塞时容量的分配。     

特征价格模型在电能定价中的应用

在总结国内外电能定价现状的基础上,提出将特征价格模型用于电能多特征定价的思想,探讨建立电能特征价格模型的可行性,并将电能按照生产成本、电能质量和可靠性3方面进行特征划分,给出电能特征定价的框架和实施的可行性,为合理进行电能定价提供了一种方法。     

电力市场中两种价格机制抑制市场力行使问题的比较分析

地区市场力问题一直是电力市场改革的难题,普遍的观点是节点价格将会加剧地区市场力。该文首先从对市场力的界定入手,通过一些假设和简化,定性和定量相结合的对节点价格和区域价格下市场力行使问题进行了模拟分析。通过计算在需求无弹性的情况下节点价格和区域价格分别给发电商带来的净补偿,来比较说明哪种价格机制能够更加有效的抑制市场力的行使。     

An approach to implement electricity metering in real-time using artificial neural networks

As many utilities move toward deregulation, the research focus on spot pricing of electricity has led to the development of complex spot pricing-based electricity rate models. As research matures to implementation stages, approaches to meter the actual power consumption in real time are required. In this work, the authors model a real-time electric power metering approach based on neural networks. A carefully designed artificial neural network (ANN) is trained to recognize the complex optimal operating point of an all-thermal electricity generating utility. A real-time rate is allocated to each bus for a given power system's loading pattern and the recall process is instantaneous. The proposed approach is tested using a spot pricing model on five- and 14-bus electric power systems. Different loading levels are used for each bus.     

基于拉姆齐定价的我国输变电价结构研究

输变电价的制定对电能资源跨区跨省平衡调节起到十分关键的作用。在对拉姆齐模型及其改进的研究的基础上,构建我国两部制输变电价结构模型,界定调节高峰用电的福利权数,阐述了高峰时段采用福利权数对超出部分电量按调节电量电价计价的方法。实行基于拉姆齐定价的两部制输电价既有利于实现社会福利的优化,也可以在确保安全输电的基础上提高输电网资源利用率的效果,政府的规制成本也得以降低。     

Voltage security constrained active and reactive power pricing considering reactive market power

Reactive power support and voltage stability are considered to be very essential for preserving system security. This paper proposes a new market-based approach for voltage security constrained active and reactive power pricing. The problem is modeled as a multi-objective OPF in which the social welfare and the distance to voltage collapse point are maximized at same time. An important feature of the proposed approach is using the reactive market power index, Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), to assign optimal weighting factors of the multi-objective function. In addition, in this method not only the reactive power is considered but typical price is also provided based on real costs. The results show that the proposed method allows market operators and participants to preserve the level of security and social welfare within acceptable range by controlling the weighting factors and monitoring the HHI with regard to reactive market power. Using the proposed method and considering reactive power market, a suitable range of weighting factor can be determined ensuring the optimal bidding as well as satisfying the voltage security of the system.     

电压质量差别电价

电压质量是电能的重要指标之一.用电压(幅值)质量特征指标,衡量发电厂上网电能的电压质量是否合格;同理,用电压质量特征指标,衡量变电站下网电能是否影响了电压质量合格.实施<电压质量差别电价>,可以促进电网节能深入持续发展.     

销售侧峰谷分时电价盈亏分析信息化应用

自电力体制改革以来,峰谷分时电价是反映电力市场供求关系变化最灵敏的风向标。如何制定峰谷分时电价对供电企业确保利润产生着巨大的影响。文章详细介绍了针对峰谷分时的业务,信息化系统如何构建峰谷分时电价盈亏分析模型,总结信息化应用模式及一些实践成果,从而实现供电企业对峰谷分时电价的实时分析。提升财务集约化管理水平。     

电力联营体模式下计及排污权交易的跨期多市场均衡

排污权交易是一种限制排污的市场化手段.由于火力发电厂是主要的排污源,排污权交易的实施会增加其生产成本,从而影响其在电力市场中的收益,进而影响未来发电投资决策和整个电力工业的运行.在此背景下,研究了存在排污权交易情况下多个竞争者参与的跨期能量市场、备用市场、输电权交易市场和排污权市场的博弈均衡问题,建立了综合互补模型,描述为混合线性互补问题.考虑的市场参与者包括发电公司、输电权拥有者、市场套利者和电力用户.最后,用算例说明了所提出的模型和方法的基本特征.     

电动汽车充换电服务定价模式探讨

目前国内还没有统一合理的电动汽车充换电服务计费模式。对电动汽车充换电服务定价原则及其定价要素进行了分析,针对传统的计费模式的缺陷,提出了一种新型的以电池组电量为标准的电动汽车充换电服务计费模式。     

高渗透率的分布式电源并网后电能质量评估

在智能电网的大环境下,电力行业不断改革。把供电的视角放在用户需求上,因需供电的方式能更加合理规划供配电结构。运用综合交叉数据包络分析方法对用户电力需求的电能质量进行优劣评估,并对电能质量优劣进行层级划分。对采集的用户需求信息进行复核,并与用户共同构建优质供电的保障机制。供电公司会依据电能质量的层级及实时的电能质量数据进行分析给出合理的电价标准。用户侧可根据制定的分层电价结合个人与企业需求再分析,与供电侧沟通后选取经济、可靠合适的供电方式。     

分时电价的理论及其计算方法

分时电价能在很短的时段更新供电成本的信息，为电厂提供优化发电功率的依据。合理计算分时电价对于维持和扩大电力的再生产，鼓励用户的合理用电，健全与完善电力市场有着重要的指导意义。文章对分时电价理论及计算方法进行了分析与说明。     

Development of a hybrid model for electrical power spot prices

A great deal of interest has been paid to the market-based pricing of electrical power. Electrical power contracts often contain embedded options, the valuations of which require a stochastic model for electricity prices. Successful stochastic models exist for modeling price variations in traditional commodities. Electricity is critically different from these commodities as it is difficult to store and, on short time scales, its price is highly inelastic. This has important implications for stochastic spot price models of electricity. Several stochastic models of electricity spot prices already exist. In these random models, price returns play a dominant role. In this paper, we lead a guided tour through existing electricity price data to motivate a new stochastic electricity price model different in that it directly models price. We apply the new model to the problem of pricing options on electrical power and discuss these preliminary results     

基于概率和矢量代数的电能质量综合评估

介绍了电能质量综合评估的背景,并在此基础上提出了常用的评估方法。利用概率和矢量代数相结合的方法,通过实例分析,阐明了这种方法能够较好地反映电气化铁路电能质量的实际情况,指出该方法评估过程简单易懂,能够较好地和所学理论进行有机结合,并在本阶段得到了广泛应用。     

Probabilistic Modeling and Statistical Analysis of Aggregated Electric Vehicle Charging Station Load

The number of electric vehicles is increasing worldwide. The charging of a single electric vehicle can draw several kilowatts of power, and the aggregate effects of charging thousands of electric vehicles on electric power system infrastructure, operation, and planning must be considered. An important tool in studying the integration of electric vehicles and developing associated technologies and controls within the framework of the smart grid are probabilistic models of charging station load. This article identifies, evaluates, and proposes probabilistic models and analyzes the statistical characteristics of aggregated electric vehicle charging station load. A data-driven approach is taken, using measured time-stamped power consumption from charging stations to formulate and evaluate suitable parametric probabilistic models. The influence of time-of-use pricing on electric vehicle charging station load characteristics is also examined. Two data sets—one from Washington State, the other from San Diego, CA—each covering over 2 years, are used to create the models.     

电力市场环境下发电机无功辅助服务定价

为调动发电厂参与无功辅助服务的积极性,确保系统安全稳定运行,并给无功电源建设以正确的价格信号,根据发电厂无功辅助服务成本分析和我国初级电力市场的状况,讨论了一种无功容量电价加无功电量电价的二部制无功辅助服务补偿电价。无功容量电价确保发电机无功容量资本成本得到回收;将发电机的无功辅助服务分为无偿和有偿服务,发电机提供有偿服务时的机会成本和管理成本构成无功电量电价。这种计价方法既简单易行,又维护了无功辅助服务提供者的利益。     

电力市场中基于序贯仿真的用户电价研究

在厂网分开的电力市场中，用户电价不仪与电厂报价和电网支出有关，还与系统的可靠水平有关。电网运行方式、负荷水平、设备的检修和随机故障，都对用户电价和电网收益产生重要影响。本文采用时间序列负荷模型，在电网运行中考虑了运行方式、负荷水平和设备停运，采用序贯仿真模拟电网的长期运行，建立优化调度策略，引入停电赔偿电价和峰谷电价，计算相应的收支费用。在IEEE-14测试系统的计算结果表明，算法反映了安全因素和经济因素的关系，有助于建立电力市场中合理的用户电价体系。     

Rethinking government subsidies for renewable electricity generation resources

U.S. renewable electricity resource subsidization program design relies on production-based payments that lower electric energy market prices, often below zero, contrary to the objective of increasing market prices when correcting for an environmental externality. An alternative pricing approach, capacity-based subsidy payments, would substantially reduce the likelihood of negative electric market prices. A more thoughtful examination of the impact of subsidization program design on wholesale power markets is long overdue.     

不同电价机制下家庭型微电网全寿命周期的经济性分析

随着微电网技术的不断发展,家庭型微电网逐步受到关注。考虑到家庭用电功率和用电量的限制,家庭型微电网全寿命周期的经济性分析是一个值得研究的重要问题。在此背景下,考虑到经济性与所采用的电价机制密切相关,针对采用阶梯电价和峰谷电价2种机制,提出家庭型微电网全寿命周期的经济性分析方法。首先分析这2种电价模式下的投资成本和投资收益,在此基础上建立用于家庭型微电网经济性分析的数学模型,并以广州地区一个家庭型微电网系统为例来分析全寿命周期下的经济性。计算结果表明,家庭型微电网的经济性在相当程度上受投资成本的影响;在家庭型微电网系统设备容量配置已经确定的前提下,其经济性水平与用电负荷和用电量呈正相关,且受电价机制影响。