一种时态数据形式语言模型

数据模型是数据库技术发展的主线,时态数据模型是时态数据库系统的核心与基础。针对时态数据模型的研究现状,初步探讨了时态数据模型的基本要素,建立了一种形式化时态数据模型;基于形式语言理论和形式语义学的指称语义方法,进一步建立了该时态数据模型的形式语言模型。应用时态数据形式语言模型定义了各类时态完整性约束的形式语义规则,深入分析了时态数据模型内在的时态语义联系,为时态数据模型的研究提供了一个便利、高效的形式化理论框架。     

主从结构的双时态数据模型的设计应用

针对医院信息管理系统（ HIS）中的时态信息处理需求,提出了一种具有主从结构的双时态数据模型,进一步,对该模型的时态实体完整性、时态参照完整性以及用户定义的时态完整性进行了分析和设计。实际应用表明,新模型不仅具有良好的数据完整性约束机制,而且还易于实现时态数据的分段储存。     

数据库中域完整性的设计与应用

数据完整性约束在数据库设计过程中至关重要,是保障数据正确、一致的有效机制。其中,域完整性是保证数据完整性的重要约束之一,包括CHECK约束、默认值约束、默认值对象和规则等。笔者旨在深入探讨实现域完整性的方法和手段,详细介绍实现域完整性的不同方法和具体运用,从而使学习者能够掌握这些方法,实现数据库的完整性约束设计。     

全序时态候选关键字问题初步研究

与时间相关的数据库应用需求的不断增长,使得时态数据库设计成为非常重要的问题.在数据库的设计中,要充分考虑对数据依赖的处理.数据依赖是数据库设计理论中的一个核心概念,通过它可以规范属性之间满足的固有的语义约束.为了更有效的研究时态数据库中各种依赖以及各属性之间的关系,以便将进一步规范化,本文提出了全序时态左部属性、全序时...     

有效的BCDM时态信息简化方法

时态信息是管理决策中的重要支持信息,需求的不同造就了时态信息不同的表示方法.随着数据库与信息技术的深入发展,越来越需要简单高效的时态数据模型以方便时态信息的表示与处理.介绍了BCDM模型及其时态表示思想,讨论了模型中事务时间和有效时间表示在查询优化时存在的问题,提出了一种基于BCDM的时态信息简化方法,不但能够有效的保存数据库现有的时态信息,而且能够大大简化有效时间的表示,为时态数据的查询优化奠定了良好基础.     

时态数据库技术在校园一卡通信息系统中的应用探究

校园一卡通系统中存在着大量的历史数据和随时间变化的实时数据,时态特性显著。本文结合高校一卡通系统的实际应用特点,在关系数据库基础上,设计基于视图的校园一卡通时态数据模型;为时态数据模型的实现设计了时态处理中间层,把前端的时态SQL语句的解析成底层关系数据库系统能够识别的标准SQL语句,从而实现一卡通数据的各种时态处理。     

基于SQL Server 2012数据库参照完整性的应用探索

数据完整性约束是保证数据一致性和正确性的一种有效机制,其包括域(列)完整性、实体(行)完整性、参照(表间)完整性。相比较而言,参照完整性比较复杂,初学者往往不易掌握。笔者旨在剖析参照完整性的基本语法、作用机制和实际运用,帮助数据库初学者理解和掌握数据库中参照完整性的应用方法及注意事项,为教师教学和学生学习提供参考。     

具有多时间粒度的时态数据库初等关键字、简单范式分解问题研究

一个好的数据库逻辑设计目标是消除数据冗余以及插入、删除和更新异常．对于时态数据库也是如此．提出了时态初等函数依赖、时态初等关键字、时态简单关键字等概念,在此基础上利用具有多时间粒度的时态函数依赖（TFD）约束对时态数据库进行了规范化研究,提出了规范程度高于时态三范式低于时态Boyce—Code范式的时态初等关键字范式（TEKNF）及时态简单范式（TSNF）,并研究了时态初等关键字范式和时态简单范式的分解问题,给出了相关分解算法,并对算法的可终止性、正确性进行了证明,对时间复杂度进行了分析．     

网络营销平台中的时态数据处理

网络营销中的很多信息都是时变的。目前常见的快照数据库并不能很好地对其描述和处理。文章引入了时态数据库的理论,采用了基于BCDM模型的双时态数据库,并将混合式时态应用模式应用于实际开发中。实践证明,时态数据库在处理与时间相关的数据时表现出独特的优势。     

一种数据完整性策略的形式化描述

数据完整性是信息系统的安全目标之一，该文描述了一个时间相关的数据库管理系统的完整性策略模型。该模型将数据的完整性与时间联系起来，定义数据完整性的演化规则，解决了低可靠性的主体需要更新高完整性级别数据的问题。     

Checking the temporal integrity of interactive multimedia documents

Abstract. When authoring multimedia scenarios, and in particular scenarios with user interaction, where the sequence and time of occurrence of interactions is not predefined, it is difficult to guarantee the consistency of the resulting scenarios. As a consequence, the execution of the scenario may result in unexpected behavior or inconsistent use of media. The present paper proposes a methodology for checking the temporal integrity of interactive multimedia document (IMD) scenarios at authoring time at various levels. The IMD flow is mainly defined by the events occurring during the IMD session. Integrity checking consists of a set of discrete steps, during which we transform the scenario into temporal constraint networks representing the constraints linking the different possible events in the scenario. Temporal constraint verification techniques are applied to verify the integrity of the scenario, deriving a minimal network, showing possible temporal relationships between events given a set of constraints. Received June 9, 1998 / Accepted November 10, 1999     

浅谈数据库中的完整性约束

数据完整性是指数据的正确性、完备性和一致性,是衡量数据库质量好坏的标准。本文从以下三个方面分析了数据的完整性。即实体完整性、参照完整性和用户自定义完整性。     

Connectionism and functionalism: the importance of being a subsymbolist

Abstract

In recent years the development of connectionist theories and of various subsymbolic approaches to the study of the mind, and the renewed interest in the relations between the study of the mind and the neuroscience have had significant repercussions on the philosophical foundations of artificial intelligence and cognitive science, and on important questions of the philosophy of mind. Various approaches to the problem of mental representations have been formulated, in some sense alternative to classic approaches of artificial intelligence and cognitive science. We suggest that the problem of modelling the reference of mental symbols from a cognitive point of view requires the abandonment of a purely symbolic approach, and the adoption of a subsymbolic level of representation. Some philosophical consequences of a subsymbolic level of this kind are discussed. After distinguishing between the problem of reference and that of intentionality (which cannot be solved positing a subsymbolic level of representation), we shall see how a subsymbolic approach can be compatible with a functionalist view of the mind, in the wider sense. Finally, some consequences of subsymbolic models of reference regarding the problem of the inverted spectrum are described.     

关系代数操作符的时态扩展

时态数据库由时态数据结构、时态关系探作符和时态约束三部分构成。本文主要介绍在关系探作符的基础上进行时态扩展以构成时态关系探作符；并使用标准的SQL语句对时态关系探作符的语义进行了描述。它们包括时态并、时态交、时态减、时态投影、时态选取和时态除等几个时态关系操作。     

Knowledge-based temporal interpolation

Temporal interpolation is the task of bridging gaps between time-oriented concepts in a context-sensitive manner. It is a subtask important for solving the temporal-abstraction task-abstraction of interval-based, higher-level concepts from time-stamped data. We present a knowledge-based approach to the temporal-interpolation task and discuss in detail the precise knowledge required by that approach, its theoretical foundations, and the implications of the approach. The temporal-interpolation computational mechanism we discuss relies, among other knowledge types, on a temporal-persistence model. The temporal-persistence model employs local temporal-persistence functions that are temporally bidirectional (i.e. extend a belief measure in a predicate both into the future and into the past) and global, maximal-gap temporal-persistence functions that bridge gaps between interval-based predicates. We investigate the quantitative and qualitative properties implied by both types of persistence functions. We have implemented our approach in the RÉSUMÉ program and evaluated it in several different medical and engineering domains. We discuss the implications of our conceptual and computational methodology for acquisition, maintenance, reuse, and sharing of temporal-abstraction knowledge.     

日趋重要的信息价值完整性

本文介绍了信息完整性的概念，结合信息系统模型详细地阐述了信息完整性的内涵，并提出了信息完整性技术及信息完整性技术产品所必须包括的组成部分。     

时态演绎数据库—模型与查询语言

时态演绎数据库是引入有效时间、事务时间概念的演绎数据库,能比较真实地反映现实世界的现象和发展状况,因此能满足现在的许多应用,如规划、决策支持系统、医疗信息系统等,因为这些应用不仅需要当前的数据,也需要历史数据     

时态的粒度刻画及演算问题研究

时态的建模及演算是时态信息处理中的逻辑基本问题,从粒度思想出发,根据时态的粒度划分,研究了时态粒度的语义与性质。并基于时态粒度对时态原语进行刻画,进而基于代数系统分析了时态的粒度转换算子及不同粒度下的时态关系,构建了时态粒度关系的演算系统。     

A generalised temporal algebra

The algebra (TNA) of a generalised temporal database model supporting temporal relations nested to any finite depth is presented. The temporal nested relations consist of temporal nested attributes which are formed from temporal attributes together with the corresponding time-varying attributes. Therefore, the temporal dimension of the model is nested and is not integral with the corresponding time-dependent value. All the operations of the algebra are defined recursively and are proved to be closed. In particular, considering the natural join operation for temporal nested relations, different cases are presented, distinguished by the types and the nesting levels of the common attributes that participate in the natural join operation.     

Combining automatic acquisition of knowledge with machine learning approaches for multilingual temporal recognition and normalization

This paper presents an improvement in the temporal expression (TE) recognition phase of a knowledge based system at a multilingual level. For this purpose, the combination of different approaches applied to the recognition of temporal expressions are studied. In this work, for the recognition task, a knowledge based system that recognizes temporal expressions and had been automatically extended to other languages (TERSEO system) was combined with a system that recognizes temporal expressions using machine learning techniques. In particular, two different techniques were applied: maximum entropy model (ME) and hidden Markov model (HMM), using two different types of tagging of the training corpus: (1) BIO model tagging of literal temporal expressions and (2) BIO model tagging of simple patterns of temporal expressions. Each system was first evaluated independently and then combined in order to: (a) analyze if the combination gives better results without increasing the number of erroneous expressions in the same percentage and (b) decide which machine learning approach performs this task better. When the TERSEO system is combined with the maximum entropy approach the best results for F-measure (89%) are obtained, improving TERSEO recognition by 4.5 points and ME recognition by 7.