神华煤液化油馏分密度的分析测定

按照GB2540-81提出的密度测定方法,对神华煤液化油各个馏分的密度进行了测定．获得了各个馏分在常压下,20℃和50℃时的密度．依据这些数据可以对神华煤液化油各馏分进行分类．借鉴原油的密度分类标准,神华煤液化油只有150℃以前的馏分是轻质油,其余全部是重质油,没有中质油;液化油各馏分密度随沸点的增大而增大,随温度的升高呈线性递减趋势．比较了液化油馏分与四氢萘、喹啉及液体石蜡的密度受温度影响程度．同时,以20℃为基准温度,把各馏分密度实测值与一些有机溶剂的密度文献值进行了对比,推测出该液化油各馏分的最佳模型化合物。     

煤液化油窄馏分临界性质的研究(Ⅱ)假临界压力

为考察石油馏分假临界压力的经验关联式对神华煤液化油窄馏分的适用性,对神华煤液化油300℃之前馏分进行实沸点实验,切割成8个窄馏分,利用基团贡献法计算得到110~200℃馏分的假临界压力计算值随着蒸馏温度的升高而增大,200~300℃馏分的假临界压力随着蒸馏温度的升高而减小。采用不同计算关联式得到的窄馏分假临界压力与基团贡献法计算值相比较,由周佩正推荐式得到的假临界压力计算结果优于其他关联式,除150~180、180~200和220~240℃馏分外,其他馏分的假临界压力计算值与基团贡献法计算值的相对误差都在5%之内。     

油煤浆中溶剂的黏度与油煤浆黏度关系的研究

安庆芳烃萃取油是理想的煤液化起始溶剂的原料,常压,100℃以下用德国Haake旋转黏度仪测定了不同加氢次数安庆芳烃萃取油的黏度,神华煤液化循环溶剂的黏度及其相对应的干煤浓度为45%的煤浆黏度变化,提供了油煤浆中溶剂的黏度与油煤浆黏度关系的一种方法。     

神华煤液化油窄馏分假临界性质的研究(Ⅰ) 假临界温度

对神华煤进行煤炭直接液化实验,将300℃之前的液化生成油切割成8个窄馏分,利用基团贡献法计算得到窄馏分的假临界温度随蒸馏温度升高而升高,且符合线性方程Tc=435.4+1.298t.采用6种不同关联式计算得到的煤液化油窄馏分的假临界温度与基团贡献法的估算值有较好的一致性,相对误差在5%之内,其中采用Watanasiri关联式和日本NEDO法的相对误差在2%之内.     

神华煤直接液化油煤浆常温流变特性研究

研究了常温放置不同时间神华煤直接液化油煤浆随存放时间、测定温度、剪切速率的不同流变特性的变化规律,并分析了可能的原因.结果表明,常温放置不同时间,在相同温度和相同剪切速率下,油煤浆的黏度与油煤浆常温放置时间关系不大;相同的存放时间和相同的剪切速率,油煤浆黏度随着温度的升高而下降;在相同的存放时间、相同的温度和不同剪切速率下,油煤浆黏度随着剪切速率的增加而升高.     

煤液化油实沸点蒸馏的模拟实验

采用TD200简易蒸馏装置对石油醚和液体石蜡进行了实沸点蒸馏，得到实沸点蒸馏数据，并绘制了实沸点蒸馏曲线和各馏分质量百分数与温度关系曲线，得出主要馏分所在的沸程分别为石油醚64．5℃～68℃，液体石蜡412℃～420℃；同时计算出了二者的平均沸点为65.73℃和404．36℃．这些曲线及数据不仅对石油醚和液体石蜡的组成和使用性能有参考价值，而且这种分析方法为煤液化油的实沸点蒸馏奠定了基础。     

采用NEDOL法计算煤液化油窄馏分样品的准确性

在对比大量样品和实验数据的基础上对煤直接液化油窄馏分样品的计算方法进行了研究和讨论,通过与冰点降低法分析结果相比,考察了NEDOL法计算煤直接液化油窄馏分样品分子量的准确性.结果表明,用NEDOL法计算四种煤直接液化油窄馏分样品的分子量时,47个样品的计算结果与冰点降低法测定结果十分接近,对神华油样品来说,两种方法的平均误差为-1.7;对胜利油样品来说,两种方法的平均误差为-1.3;对内蒙油样品来说,两种方法的平均误差为-3;对黑山油样品来说,两种方法的平均误差为-2.7.NEDOL法可直接用于计算液化油平均分子量.     

离子液体-煤浆体黏度的研究

离子液体作为一种新型的工业溶剂,尚未应用到煤化工领域.以离子液体--[Emim]BF4作为煤直接液化的溶剂,选用神华煤样和胜利煤样,在常压低温条件下,测定离子液体-煤浆体黏度,为离子液体中煤的液化作基础研究.结果表明,煤油比越小,煤浆体系初始黏度越低,且黏度随温度的升高而降低;在50 ℃～65 ℃之间煤浆黏度受溶胀的影响,发生明显的变化.     

神华煤直接液化影响反应温度的因素分析

神华煤直接液化的核心是煤在反应器内通过化学反应转化成油,若要保证较高的煤转化率,反应温度是最关键的控制参数;通过神华煤直接液化装置几个周期近5000小时的试运行,总结出了煤直接液化影响反应温度的因素。     

优化后的油煤浆常温常压流变特性的研究

油煤浆的黏度变化是煤直接液化工艺设计的重要参数之一.实验配制油煤浆的溶剂为催化裂化(FCC)油浆(或回炼油)与循环溶剂的掺混体,与传统的循环溶剂差异较大.研究了常温常压条件下各因素对这类油煤浆黏度的影响规律,得到油煤浆浓度为45%和50%条件下FCC油浆(或回炼油)掺混体系满足液化输送的配制条件.分析了FCC油浆(或回炼油)的掺混比、油煤浆浓度、温度对油煤浆黏度的影响规律,结果表明,煤浆的黏度随溶剂黏度的增大而增大,随油煤浆浓度增大而升高.温度对浆体的黏度影响较大,黏度随温度升高而降低,通过对实验数据的数学回归,建立了一定温度范围内黏度随温度变化的定量关系式.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。