外泌体定量检测的研究进展及其在疾病诊疗中的应用

对外泌体的生物起源以及近几年报道的利用物理方法、电化学、表面等离子共振以及微流控等外泌体定量的方法进行了综述,并对外泌体在疾病诊疗中的应用包括外泌体作为潜在的肿瘤标志物以及辐射诱导的外泌体的生物学效应进行综述,最后对外泌体研究的未来发展进行了展望。     

外泌体—电离辐射诱导旁效应的另一种机制

采用条件培养液转移的方法,以微核形成和克隆形成为终点,检测X-射线在H460非小细胞肺癌细胞中诱导经培养液介导的旁效应;采用差速离心法从未受照射和受照H460细胞培养液中提取、纯化外泌体,用透射电镜观察其形态,激光粒度仪分析其粒径分布,并用Western blot检测其标志蛋白hsp90β的表达。通过荧光探针共定位实验观察外泌体进入接收细胞的情况,采用结晶紫实验检测外泌体对接收细胞增殖的影响。结果表明:X-射线可在H460细胞中诱导经培养液介导的旁效应,表现为旁效应细胞的微核增加和克隆存活率下降;未受照射和受照细胞均分泌外泌体,但不同条件下细胞分泌外泌体的尺寸分布不同;当将外泌体加入到接收细胞时,外泌体可能通过膜融合的方式很快进入接收细胞,进而促进接收细胞的增殖;受照射H460细胞分泌的外泌体不影响接收细胞的克隆存活率,但增加接收细胞的微核形成率,并且这种现象在用RNA酶处理外泌体后消失。以上结果表明,受照射H460细胞分泌的外泌体可能是介导电离辐射旁效应的机制之一,并且其中RNA可能是介导电离辐射诱导旁效应的一种重要信号分子。     

线粒体基因组及其在辐射生物学中的研究进展

线粒体DNA是人类细胞中唯一核外遗传物质,缺乏组蛋白的保护和DNA修复系统,对辐射等氧化损伤更敏感。综述了近年来线粒体DNA与辐射敏感性、辐射剂量效应关系、辐射致突变以及肿瘤等领域的探索性研究,并就线粒体DNA研究技术在辐射生物学领域的应用前景进行阐述。     

β测井及其实现的可能性

本文介绍一种放射性测井方法,其特点是,除了测量孔中的γ辐射外,同时还记录天然β辐射。此方法较为完善,因为用它可以直接测定实际上是纯β放射体的铀含量,而与矿石中的镭含量及其平衡情况无关。用此种方法可以测定不平衡铀矿石和平衡铀钍矿石中铀的真实铀含量而不是当量含量,而仅用一种γ测井方法是不能实现的。这种方法可以对岩心采取率低的钻孔进行辐射取样,而且在铀矿床上有可能完全向无岩心取样方向     

辐射诱导细胞凋亡及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用研究进展

细胞凋亡是一种生理性细胞死亡，其特征与细胞坏死不同。深入了解和研究细胞凋亡，对辐射生物学理论探讨及对指导辐射防护实践和肿瘤治疗实践都有重要价值。本文就辐射诱导正常细胞和癌细胞凋亡及其基因调控机制以及它在肿瘤放疗中的应用前景，作了简要介绍     

肿瘤标志物CA19-9免疫放射分析药盒的研制

CA19-9是由单克隆体NS1116-19-9识别的肿瘤相关抗原,抗原决定簇在碳水化合物部分。CA19-9在胰腺癌诊断及监测方面具有较高的灵敏性和特异性。另外,CA19-9和CEA等其他肿瘤标志物联合测定可用于胆管癌、胃癌等多种癌症的辅助诊断。本工作用~(125)I标记CA19-9单克隆抗体,包被另一株CA19-9单克隆抗体于试管作为固相抗体,建立了双位点夹心法人血清肿瘤标志物     

Radiation Protection Dosimetry Vol.97 No.12001

21世纪的生物剂量学 :定量过去 ,预测未来研讨会文集　 2 0 0 1年 2月 2 2日　美国阿灵顿用于监测辐射照射的基因表达图谱 S A Amundson等采用细胞学和分子学生物标志物进行辐射照射评价 W F Blakely等辐射诱发的 DNA簇损伤的碱基切除修复过程 JO Blaisdell等DNA簇损伤作为电离辐射照射和生物响应的剂量计 B M Sutherland等照射与剂量的生物标志物 :最新进展 A L Brooks经确认的生物标志物响应影响对接触遗传毒性物质的人员的医学监视 R JAlbertini等荧光原位杂交 ( FISH)的细胞遗传学及辐射生物剂量学的未来 JD Tucker对作为…     

放射性核素污染土壤的植物提取修复技术研究关键问题探讨

在多年实际研究工作的基础上对放射性核素污染土壤的植物提取修复技术研究关键问题进行了探讨,认为超富集植物的标准既要注重植物根系从土壤中吸收核素或重金属的能力,也要注重植物生长速度及其生物量,特别要注重单位面积土壤上植物的生物量及其富集量系数。指出衡量植物修复效率的重要指标核素或重金属提取率既可用绝对量也可用相对量表示,提出了植物绝对提取率和相对提取率的概念;指出了超富集植物筛选试验方法体系,即可采用溶液培养法(水培或无土栽培)初选,污灌处理盆栽法和小区模拟试验法决选,污染区实地试验法开展试验示范及实际应用验证。提出适当确定模拟污染土壤中核素及重金属的浓度和浓度梯度;采用稳定同位素代替放射性同位素开展放射性核素对植物生长的影响、超富集植物筛选、在植物提取修复中应用超富集植物等研究是可行的。对有利于植物提取修复的强化技术及配套农业栽培技术进行了概括。     

环境监测

2007年辐射安全研究部辐射监测与评价室按我院环境常规监测计划对我院内、外环境介质中的辐射水平进行了监测。监测内容主要包括：环境X、γ累积剂量率，地表γ污染和环境介质（地下水、土壤、沉降灰、气溶胶、植物和指示生物）中的放射性活度浓度，以及工业废水中的放射性活度浓度、工业毒物浓度等。     

一种紧凑型星球表面反应堆辐射屏蔽初步设计

针对美国星球表面裂变能源(FSP)概念方案中的辐射屏蔽问题进行了数值模拟,提出一种更为紧凑的屏蔽体结构。参照FSP系统的堆芯参数,对堆芯进行了均匀化处理,得到堆芯泄漏能谱及泄漏中子与泄漏光子的平均能量,考察了相关屏蔽材料在此能量下的衰减系数,通过改变屏蔽体整体构型、屏蔽体内部材料排序方式及其厚度,设计出更为优化的屏蔽体。     

人钠碘同向转运体（NIS）在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

钠碘同向转运体（sodium iodide symporter，NIS）是一种间接激活甲状腺和少数几个非甲状腺腺体（如有泌乳功能的乳腺）摄取碘过程的内源性的细胞膜蛋白质。利用其分子克隆的特征，我们可以研究其在甲状腺生理和在甲状腺良性及恶性疾病的病理生理及其在临床治疗中的重要作用。类似的，超过80％的乳腺癌病人体内都表达NIS，阐明其根本机制可能将促使此类疾病在病理生理学和临床治疗方面的重大发现。在将来，我们可能通过两种方法达到利用放射性131I治疗甲状腺癌及非甲状腺肿瘤的目的。一种是基于重新诱导内源性NIS基因在乳腺癌和甲状腺癌表达，针对肿瘤转移和去分化的机制对肿瘤进行治疗；另一种是采用NIS的新型细胞减少性的基因治疗战略。NIS具有的独一无二的优势可以同时作为受体和治疗基因。正如在分化型甲状腺癌放射性碘治疗中一样，即131I对其他肿瘤进行显像、监测和治疗可得以实现。     

云锡矿工肺癌的氡病因学研究

根据近30年来作者们发表的剂量监测、流行病学调查和临床／实验室研究三个方面的成果,结合国内外有关报道对云锡矿工肺癌的病因进行总结分析,结果肯定了氡在云锡矿工肺癌病因中的贡献和氡／胂复合致癌作用。现场调查和骨内^210Pb体外测量结果说明,氡／砷累积暴露量的密切相关和早年氡监测数据的欠缺是根据既往流行病学资料估算云锡氡致肺癌危险系数与砷校正系数的干扰因素。对井下砷暴露水平已经明显降低而氡暴露水平仍旧较高的云锡60年代下井矿工进行长期随访有利于减少这种干扰,得到更可信的危险系数估算值。为了对氡／砷在致癌病因中所占的份额进行估计,提出铀矿山对比、肺癌组织发生学研究和氡砷复合动物实验三个途径,结果认为云锡矿工肺癌病因是“氡砷复合,以氡为主”,粗略估计砷在肺癌病因中的贡献不会超过1／3。本文指出国内外某些作者在砷复合作用校正中存在的问题,导致估计砷在肺癌基因中的贡献不会超过1／3。本文指出国内外某些作者在砷复合作用校正中存在的问题,导致他们对云锡矿工氡致肺癌危险系数估计偏低,其结果不适于在我国氡致肺癌的危害控制与预测中使用。利用肺癌危险系数通过病因概率估算完成了包括氡致肺癌在内的我国判反放射性肿瘤的国家标准。     

氡致肺癌：生物学效应与防护

氡是排第2位的肺癌致病因子。职业流行病学调查证实,高浓度的氡暴露可增加肺癌发生的危险度;动物实验和体外研究表明,氡对肺支气管和骨髓的效应是多方面的,多数毒性作用有剂量-效应关系;氡染毒后,某些基因和蛋白有差异性表达。降氡、戒烟和药物都可减少肺癌的相对危险度。     

Analysis of secretome of breast cancer cell line with an optimized semi-shotgun method

Secretome,the totality of secreted proteins,is viewed as a promising pool of candidate cancer biomarkers.Simple and reliable methods for identifying secreted proteins are highly desired.We used an optimized semi-shotgun liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to analyze the secretome of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.A total of 464 proteins were identified.About 63% of the proteins were classified as secreted proteins,including many promising breast cancer biomarkers,which were thought to be correlated with tumorigenesis,tumor development and metastasis.These results suggest that the optimized method may be a powerful strategy for cell line secretome profiling,and can be used to find potential cancer biomarkers with great clinical significance.     

我国人群辐射致结肠癌危险系数估算

应用美国电离辐射生物效应委员会研发的日本原子弹爆炸幸存者辐射致结肠癌危险模型,选用相乘相加混合转移模型用于人群间危险转移,结合2012我国肿瘤登记年报发布的2009年结肠癌基线发病率,估算了我国人群辐射致结肠癌危险系数。在进行人群间转移危险过程中,根据肿瘤登记年报年龄组别发病率,进行曲线拟合,估算年龄别发病率。估算出我国人群辐射致结肠癌超额相对危险系数男性为0.74/Sv,女性为0.46/Sv(30岁受照,60岁患癌)。受照年龄越小,患癌年龄越小,此系数越大。我国人群辐射致结肠癌危险系数高于日本原子弹爆炸幸存者,二者随性别-年龄变化趋势相同。     

Clinical significance of combined determination of serum PGⅠ, PGⅡ and GAS for diagnosis of gastric cancer

To evaluate the clinical value of combined determination of serum PG Ⅰ, PG Ⅱ and GAS for early diagnosis of gastric cancer, the serum levels of PG Ⅰ, PG Ⅱ and GAS in 190 healthy controls and 129 patients with gastric disorders were measured by RIA. The 129 patients include 68 cases of gastric cancer. The results showed that the serum levels of PG Ⅰ and PG Ⅰ/PG Ⅱ ratio in gastric cancer patients were obviously lower than those in healthy controls, while comparing with controls, the serum GAS levels were significantly higher. The diagnostic accuracy of the determinations for gastric cancer was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) levels of serum PG Ⅰ, PG Ⅰ/PG Ⅱ ratio and GAS were 0.833, 0.842 and 0.851, respectively. As serum PG Ⅰ or PG Ⅰ/PG Ⅱ ratio or GAS were combined, the sensitivity and specificity of determination for gastric cancer diagnosis were 94.2% and 73.4%, respectively. All these results indicated that the combined determination of serum PG Ⅰ, PG Ⅱ and GAS levels may be used as a tool for primary screening of gastric cancer.     

Mammography and 99mTc-MIBI scintimammography in breast cancer diagnosis

The aim of this work has been to evaluate whether a diagnostic protocol based on the joint use of mammography and ^99mTc-MIBI scintimammography can help to distinguish the lesions and to reduce the number of biopsies required in patients with suspected breast cancer,A total of 58 women were evaluated by palpation ,mammography,scintimammography,Twenty-four patints were scintimammographed with ^99mTc-MIBI at 10 min after injection.Thirty-four patients were taken doublepase scintimammography with ^99mTc-MIBI 10min and 60-90 min fater injection. Based on mammography,the supicion degrees of malignancy were rated,and 30 results of malignancy were confirmed by histopatology,Based on mammography,18 lesion were considered to be most probably benign (of which 3 were histopathologically breast cancer),19 as indeterminate(of which 9 were histopatologically breast cancer),and 21 as malignant (of which 18 were histopathologically breast cancer),The results of early and delayed phases ^99mTc-MIBI scintimammography were the same.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of scintimammography were 74.29%,86.96% and 79.31%,respectively,Scintimammography gave 16 correct diagnosis in 19 mammogram indeterminate (84.2%) and demonstrated 5 out of 8 cases axillary lymph nodes metastasis (72.5%),These studies show that ^99mTc-MIBI scintimammography used as a complementary testing technique to mammography is useful in the examination of patients with suspected breast cancer,The adoption of a joint mammography-scintimammography diagnostic protocol could considerably reduce the number of biopsies performed in patients with lesion of indeterminate mammographic suspicion of malignancy.     

Expression of the somatostatin receptor family mRNAs in lung cancer

1 INTRODUCTIONIt is known that somatostatin receptors express in dmerent types of tumors with highdensity. There are many reports about the eXPressions Of SSTRI-5 InRNAs in varioustypes of pituitary tumors, but little was known about their eXPressions in lung cancer.Accordant conclusions have been obtained from many studies about the presence of SSTRin SCLC. However, it is controversial whether SSTR expressed in the NSCLC[ll2]. In thepresent study, radioactive in site hybridi…