尿素对模拟汽车废气环境中不锈钢冷凝液腐蚀行为的影响

采用高温废气氧化-酸性冷凝液浸泡循环法模拟柴油机的排气环境,对比研究废气中引入尿素后排气系统用304和439不锈钢的冷凝液腐蚀行为,并分析了尿素对不锈钢氧化与腐蚀的作用。电化学测试结果表明：经400 ℃氧化后,304不锈钢在冷凝液中的腐蚀处于钝化状态,而439不锈钢的腐蚀趋于活化状态;在有/无尿素条件下,试样表面产物膜在氧化和腐蚀的循环作用下均会发生破坏而形成局部腐蚀坑;废气中引入尿素会增强其对两种不锈钢的氧化作用,进而导致不锈钢的均匀腐蚀量增大而局部腐蚀深度减小。     

蒸汽环境对消声器用439不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

运用氧化-浸泡循环实验和氧化-浸泡-蒸发循环实验,结合电化学测试以及SEM和XRD分析,研究了蒸汽环境对消声器用439不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:有/无蒸汽作用条件下,试样表面形成的腐蚀产物相似,循环实验后试样表面均生成了较浅的点蚀坑。与冷凝液环境相比,试样在蒸汽环境中的腐蚀阻力较小、局部腐蚀坑更深。蒸汽环境更有利于试样表面产物膜和蚀坑的生长。     

中/低铬铁素体不锈钢在消声器冷凝液中的腐蚀行为

采用氧化-浸泡-蒸发循环试验方法模拟汽车消声器内部环境,对比研究了409M、425NT、439M三种中/低铬铁素体不锈钢在汽车消声器冷凝液中的腐蚀行为,讨论了合金元素铬的含量对不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:三种不锈钢经50次循环试验后均呈现点腐蚀特征,表面的氧化/腐蚀产物主要是(Fe,Cr)2O3;随着铬含量的升高,铁素体不锈钢的腐蚀电位上升,腐蚀阻力增加,腐蚀坑数量减少且深度下降,腐蚀质量损失降低,耐冷凝液腐蚀性能得到明显提高。     

两种不锈钢在模拟消声器环境中的电偶腐蚀行为

采用氧化/冷凝液浸泡循环实验方法模拟汽车消声器内部环境,研究了409和304两种不锈钢在冷凝液中的电偶腐蚀行为。结果表明,无氧化作用时两种不锈钢间电偶腐蚀效应较弱,304钢对409钢的加速腐蚀作用很小。循环实验过程中,偶合电位较低时偶合电流密度往往较大。热氧化将明显增大两种不锈钢发生电偶腐蚀的倾向性,但氧化温度为250℃时稳定偶合电流密度较小、电偶腐蚀效应不显著,而氧化温度为400℃时409钢在循环过程中将发生局部腐蚀,呈现出较大的偶合电流密度,电偶腐蚀效应较强。     

409不锈钢在消声器冷凝液中的腐蚀行为

运用氧化-冷凝液蒸发循环方法模拟汽车消声器内腐蚀环境,研究了409不锈钢在两种冷凝液中的腐蚀行为,并分析了Cl-对冷凝液腐蚀的作用.结果表明,经250℃氧化后409不锈钢在冷凝液中表现出良好的钝态腐蚀性能,但无论冷凝液中是否存在Cl-,钝化膜在氧化和腐蚀的循环作用下均会被破坏而形成局部腐蚀坑.Cl-存在时,蚀坑内不易形成保护性氧化膜,形成的蚀坑更深.     

烟尘对409不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

采用氧化-浸泡-蒸发循环实验与电化学阻抗谱、XRD、SEM、腐蚀坑深度和腐蚀失重等测量方法,研究了汽车消声器环境中409不锈钢在烟尘作用下的腐蚀行为。结果表明,有/无烟尘作用条件下,试样表面形成的腐蚀产物相似,但烟尘会使试样的腐蚀电位略升高,并且腐蚀坑深度和腐蚀失重增加,这主要是因为烟尘与409不锈钢间具有一定的电偶腐蚀效应,减小了腐蚀体系的电荷转移电阻,从而加剧了409不锈钢在冷凝液中的腐蚀。     

铁素体不锈钢在排气系统冷凝液中的腐蚀特性研究

通过分析国五排放法规下某自主品牌和某合资品牌汽车排气系统冷凝液的成分,设计了用于加速腐蚀实验的冷凝液配方,该配方中各组分的浓度均低于日本的JFE冷凝液。利用循环腐蚀方法,模拟排气系统腐蚀环境,研究了排气系统常用铁素体不锈钢SUH409L和439在这两种冷凝液中的腐蚀特性。结果表明:两种不锈钢材料在国五冷凝液中的腐蚀速度均小于在JFE冷凝液中的,30个实验周期后,SUH409L和439不锈钢在国五冷凝液中的质量损失是JFE冷凝液中的27%和45%;439不锈钢在两种冷凝液中的耐腐蚀性均优于SUH409L不锈钢的,439不锈钢在JFE冷凝液和国五冷凝液中的质量损失是SUH409L不锈钢的42.8%和72.4%。     

汽车SCR系统用不锈钢的冷凝液腐蚀行为研究

运用600 ℃废气氧化与80 ℃冷凝液浸泡方法研究了柴油机SCR系统用441和304两种不锈钢的冷凝液腐蚀行为。结果表明：经有/无尿素的废气氧化后,441不锈钢在冷凝液中的腐蚀均处于钝化状态,而304不锈钢的腐蚀均处于活化状态;阳极极化曲线测量后,441不锈钢表面形成了点蚀坑,304不锈钢部分表面区域有明显的晶间腐蚀特征,氧化环境中引入尿素对两种不锈钢的前述局部腐蚀都具有增强作用。     

冷凝液pH对消声器用409不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

采用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究了消声器用409不锈钢在不同pH冷凝液中的腐蚀行为,并用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了pH对409不锈钢钝化膜化学组成的影响。结果表明,试样在冷凝液pH为2时处于活化腐蚀状态,而冷凝液pH不低于3时处于钝化状态;在酸性条件下钝化膜富含铬的化合物、缺陷较多,试样腐蚀阻力相对较小,而在中/碱性条件下钝化膜富含铁的化合物、缺陷较少,试样腐蚀阻力较大。     

几种超级不锈钢在模拟烟气脱硫环境中的缝隙腐蚀行为研究

在70℃的死亡绿液中,对316不锈钢以及超级不锈钢904L,254sMo和2507的人造缝隙电极进行了循环伏安测试和腐蚀形貌观察。结果表明,在70℃的死亡绿液中,254sMo和2507不锈钢具有良好的耐缝隙腐蚀能力,316和904L不锈钢的缝隙腐蚀损伤均十分严重。在缝隙边缘,316和904L不锈钢均呈现"蕾丝盖"结构,254sMo和2507不锈钢未见该腐蚀形貌。在缝隙腐蚀坑底部,超级双相不锈钢2507呈现电偶腐蚀的形貌特征。     

Loch- und Spaltkorrosion von Chrom- und Chromnickelstählen in chloridhaltigen Lösungen

Pitting and crevice corrosion of stainless steels in chloride solutions In practice stainless steels in chloride containing waters are found to be susceptible to crevice corrosion and pitting. Corrosion tests were carried out on AISI 304 L stainless using a simulated crevice and the compositions of the electrolyte in the crevice determined. Long term potentiostatic tests were used to determine the critical potentials for crevice corrosion (U_S), for various steels in sodium chloride solutions at different concentrations and temperatures. The steels studied were 22 CrMo V 121, X 22 CrNi 17 and AISI 304 L. Like the critical pitting potential (U_L), U_S was found to have a strong dependence on the chloride content of the external solution. At higher concentrations the two potentials were similar. At lower concentrations the U_S was lower than U_L. The knowledge of these critical potentials together with well known rest potentials for a steel in an electrolyte of known concentration, allows conclusions to be drawn about its susceptibility to pitting and crevice corrosion. The method is suitable also for other passive metals.     

316L奥氏体不锈钢的腐蚀行为

综述了316L奥氏体不锈钢应用过程中的腐蚀行为,包括晶间腐蚀、应力腐蚀开裂、缝隙腐蚀、环烷酸腐蚀、大气腐蚀和海水腐蚀。同时介绍了合金元素Mo、N和Al,以及电解质类型、温度、浓度等因素对其腐蚀行为的影响。最后讨论了应用中存在的问题,并对未来的发展做了一些展望。     

某核电站上充泵转轴的腐蚀原因

某电站上充泵马氏体不锈钢转轴在化学清洗后表面出现局部腐蚀,为了查明局部腐蚀发生的原因,开展了现场检查和模拟试验。结果表明:在操作不当的情况下,马氏体不锈钢的表面易发生缝隙腐蚀;在模拟酸性溶液中,马氏体不锈钢的自腐蚀电位远远低于奥氏体不锈钢的,存在严重的电偶腐蚀倾向。在缝隙腐蚀和电偶腐蚀的共同作用下,马氏体不锈钢的泵轴出现了局部腐蚀。     

Influence of dissolved oxygen content on the bacteria‐induced ennoblement of stainless steels in seawater and its consequence on the localized corrosion risk

The ennoblement of stainless steel (e.g., the increase of open circuit potential [OCP]) is associated with bacterial colonization. This increases the risk of localized corrosion as the critical pitting/crevice potential can be overcome, especially for lower grade stainless steel. In this study, we assessed the influence of dissolved oxygen content (DOC) on the crevice corrosion of duplex and super duplex stainless steels. In addition, we used DNA amplicon sequencing to identify the bacteria most likely associated with the ennoblement. Above approximately 100 parts per billion (ppb) of dissolved oxygen, the ennoblement of OCP was observed leading to an increased risk of localized corrosion. Below approximately 100 ppb of dissolved oxygen, no ennoblement occurred and the risk of localized corrosion was reduced. We identified certain hydrocarbon‐degrading bacteria whose presence correlated with the ennoblement of super duplex stainless steel at saturated DOC. The role of these bacteria is not clear yet, but their distribution indicates a possible involvement in stainless steel ennoblement in seawater.     

Susceptibility of 316L stainless steel to crevice corrosion in submersible solenoid valve

The susceptibility of 316L stainless steel to crevice corrosion was investigated by using immersion test and electrochemical test. Three kinds of crevices including 316L‐to‐polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) crevice, 316L‐to‐fluoroelastomeric (FKM) crevice and 316L‐to‐316L crevice were tested in artificial seawater at 50°C. The results indicate that 316L stainless steel specimen is the most susceptible to crevice corrosion when it is coupled to 316L stainless steel crevice former, while it is the least susceptible when it is coupled to FKM crevice former. It suggests that during submersible solenoid valve design, the crevice of metal‐to‐metal should be moderately large so that crevice corrosion can not initiate and propagate, and FKM O‐ring rather than PTFE O‐ring should be selected as obturating ring. The corroded surface morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Three regions including passive region, active region and variable region can be observed on crevice corrosion sites.     

An experimental study of crevice corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel in artificial seawater

The effects of applied torque on corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel with crevices were investigated using the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization method. Three kinds of crevices (316L-to-polytetrafluoroethylene, 316L-to-fluoroelastomeric and 316L-to-316L) were tested in artificial seawater at 50 °C. Corroded surface morphology was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate similar trends in crevice corrosion susceptibility with increasing applied torque. Among the three crevices, the 316L stainless steel specimen, coupled to the 316L stainless steel crevice former, is the most susceptible to crevice corrosion.     

316L不锈钢法兰腐蚀失效分析与对策

对316L不锈钢法兰在苯甲酸环境中因腐蚀失效进行了分析，发现不锈钢因焊接导致的晶间腐蚀是不锈钢法兰腐蚀失效的主要原因，此外，焊接材料与基体材料的不同以及使用了导电的垫片石墨会引起电偶腐蚀，不锈钢法兰之间存在缝隙会引发缝隙腐蚀，提出了解决措施．     

Susceptibility of stainless steel alloys to crevice corrosion in ClO2 bleach plants

Stainless steels, including duplex stainless steels, are extensively used for equipment in pulp bleaching plants. One serious corrosion problem in chlorine dioxide bleach plants is crevice corrosion of stainless steels, which is frequently the factor that limits their use in bleach plants. Crevice corrosion susceptibility of alloys depends on various environmental factors including temperature, chemical composition of environment and resulting oxidation potential of system. Upsets in the bleaching process can dramatically change the corrosivity of the bleaching solutions leading to temperatures and chemical concentrations higher than those normally observed in the bleach process. When the environmental limits are exceeded the process equipment made of stainless steel can be severely affected. Environmental limits for crevice corrosion susceptibility of eight stainless steel alloys with PRE numbers ranging from 27 to 55 were determined in chlorine dioxide environments. Alloys used in this study included austenitic, ferritic-austenitic (duplex), and superaustenitic stainless steels. The performance of the different stainless steel alloys mostly followed the PRE numbers for the respective alloys. The 654SMO alloy with the highest PRE number of 55 showed the highest resistance to crevice corrosion in this environment. Under the most aggressive chlorine dioxide bleach plant conditions tested, even alloys Nicr3127 and 654SMO with PRE numbers 51 and 55 respectively were susceptible to crevice corrosion attack. The two factors that seem to contribute the most to crevice corrosion and pitting in the investigated environments are temperature and potential.     

Influence of ultrasound on pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion of SUS304 stainless steel in chloride sodium aqueous solution

The change of polarization curves and surface morphologies of SUS304 stainless steel was investigated in 3.5 mass% NaCl solution with or without the application of ultrasound (US). As the result, both the pitting corrosion and the crevice corrosion were largely suppressed by the application of US. The reason is attributed to the decrease in the concentration of hydrogen and chloride ions in pits or in the crevice by removing the corrosion product and stirring the liquid there.     

Corrosion of stainless steels under heat transfer conditions in nitric acid

Abstract

Novel test rigs are described for the study of the corrosion of metal specimens under controlled heat fluxes. In the corrosion of stainless steels in nitric acid, tests at various heat fluxes with steel surface temperature kept constant have shown that the cooler acid present at the surface under higher heat fluxes leads to slightly smaller corrosion rates than under isothermal conditions. Crevice corrosion can develop under the gasket sealing the stainless steel specimen to the test cell. This crevice corrosion can produce enhanced corrosion rates (by factors up to 100), not only on surfaces within the crevice, but also on those external to the crevice. The factors influencing the development of crevice corrosion are discussed.