445J2铁素体不锈钢的耐蚀性分析

采用组织分析、拉伸试验、盐雾腐蚀试验、电化学及应力腐蚀等试验方法,研究了高耐蚀超纯铁素体不锈钢445J2和奥氏体不锈钢316L的组织及耐蚀性能。研究表明,445J2不锈钢加工硬化倾向小,深拉伸成型性好;比316L密度低,导热性能好,热膨胀系数小,不易产生热变形,耐盐雾腐蚀性能、耐点蚀性能比316L更优异,不具有晶间腐蚀敏感性和应力腐蚀倾向,可替代316L奥氏体不锈钢用于耐蚀性要求较高的水系统、建筑屋面、幕墙等众多领域。     

加氢装置脱H_2S汽提塔塔顶系统的腐蚀评价及选材

模拟脱H2S汽提塔塔顶系统现场工况,采用浸泡腐蚀挂片、恒电位阳极极化法、U型弯曲应力腐蚀等方法对20号钢、304L、321、316L及2205不锈钢在湿硫化氢环境中的均匀腐蚀、点蚀和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性进行了研究,并利用体视显微镜和SEM对金属试样的微观腐蚀形貌进行了观察。结果表明:20号钢耐蚀性较差,易在低温下发生氢鼓泡,奥氏体不锈钢304L、321、316L及双相不锈钢2205的腐蚀速率较小,耐蚀性好,其中304L和321不锈钢耐点蚀性能稍差,表面出现了轻微点蚀造成的蜂窝状的局部腐蚀;H2S的存在明显提高了奥氏体不锈钢在Cl-环境中的点蚀敏感性;304L、321及316L不锈钢焊接试样均具有较好的耐应力腐蚀开裂性能。     

316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀行为

通过腐蚀失重试验,获得了316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀失重曲线及均匀腐蚀速率;采用XPS、XRD、SEM等手段对腐蚀产物的组成元素、物相、形貌进行了分析。结果表明:316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的平均腐蚀速率为0.05mm/a,远小于304NG不锈钢和321不锈钢的;腐蚀产物膜主要以耐蚀性强的磁铁矿Fe_3O_4、尖晶石类氧化物FeCr_2O_4和NiFe_2O_4、镍和铬氧化物及氢氧化物等形式存在,且(铬+镍)与铁的原子比高于基体的,说明316NG不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能。     

固溶温度及时间对高氮不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响

使用真空感应炉+电渣重熔炉在0.08 MPa下制备了氮含量0.54%的高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢,热轧后分别在800、900、1000、1100、1200 ℃下保温不同时间,研究在不同固溶工艺下试验钢的显微组织和耐蚀性。采用动电位极化曲线研究不同固溶工艺下高氮不锈钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性能,并在6%FeCl₃溶液中浸泡8 d后计算其质量损失率和腐蚀速率。结果表明,固溶对高氮不锈钢组织及耐蚀性能的影响很大,经1000、1100 ℃热处理后的试验钢为单一的奥氏体组织;未经热处理和经800、900 ℃热处理的试验钢组织中存在析出相Cr₂N;经1200 ℃热处理的试验钢从奥氏体中析出了铁素体组织;1100 ℃下保温1 h的试验钢耐蚀性最好,腐蚀速率仅为1.35×10^-5 g·cm^-2·h^-1;800 ℃保温3 h后试验钢的耐蚀性最差,腐蚀速率高达8.18×10^-4 g·cm^-2·h^-1;而316L不锈钢的耐蚀性能介于两者之间,腐蚀速率为1.24×10^-4 g·cm^-2·h^-1。     

感应熔覆Ni60涂层显微组织及耐蚀性

利用两步法,感应熔覆制备了内、外壁Ni60合金涂层钢管.研究了熔覆涂层腐蚀前、后截面显微组织以及腐蚀产物膜的微观形貌特征,利用失重法测量了涂层盐雾、CO2腐蚀速率,定量评价了熔覆涂层的耐腐蚀性能.结果表明:熔覆Ni60涂层全致密,内部均匀分布大量碳化物、硼化物硬质点,涂层与基体之间冶金结合,界面处互扩散区宽度约为8 μm.熔覆Ni60涂层对基体有较好的防腐保护作用,盐雾腐蚀环境下出现锈斑的时间大于150 h,平均腐蚀速率为0.75 g/(m2· h),涂层动态CO2腐蚀相对静态CO2腐蚀更加剧烈,实验温度348 K时,静态腐蚀速率为0.78 g/(m2·h),动态腐蚀速率为1.02 g/(m2·h).     

表面处理对AZ91D电弧喷涂铝层性能的影响

分别采用表面腐蚀和表面喷砂对AZ91D进行表面处理,然后进行电弧喷涂工业纯铝,对比考察两种表面处理方法对涂层与基体的结合力和涂层的耐蚀性的影响.SEM分析表明,采用表面腐蚀方法处理的试样,其喷涂层锚固作用明显比表面喷砂试样强.拉伸和盐雾试验表明,采用表面腐蚀和表面喷砂处理的试样其涂层结合强度和腐蚀速率分别为:2.3750MPa、0.571×10-3g/(cm2·h)和1.7675MPa、1.057×10-3g/(cm2·h),表明在电弧喷涂工艺中,采用表面腐蚀处理方法明显优于表面喷砂.     

节镍型不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能比较

通过3.5%NaCl溶液中动电位极化曲线测定和中性盐雾试验,对200系列奥氏体不锈钢和400系列铁素体不锈钢两类节镍型不锈钢与304不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能进行了对比研究。结果显示,400系列铁素体不锈钢的耐点蚀性能优于200系列奥氏体不锈钢,两种节镍型不锈钢的耐点蚀性能均不如304不锈钢好;200系列奥氏体不锈钢的耐均匀腐蚀性能最差,443不锈钢耐均匀腐蚀性能与304不锈钢相当,439不锈钢比304不锈钢耐均匀腐蚀性能稍差。201、202、304、439和443不锈钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的点蚀电位分别为(vs.SCE)-32 mV、-22 mV、312mV、165 mV和227 mV,腐蚀速率分别为0.0071 mm/a、0.0062 mm/a、0.0026 mm/a、0.0038 mm/a和0.0024mm/a。     

304L和321不锈钢耐腐蚀性能研究

通过电化学和化学浸泡法分析了304L和321奥氏体不锈钢中厚板耐点腐蚀和晶间腐蚀性能。结果表明:304L击穿电位Eb较高,Eb-Ep较大,304L抗点腐蚀能力强于321,但是钝化膜破坏后修复能力要弱于321。晶间腐蚀浸泡试验中321晶界腐蚀较深,勾画出了完整的晶界,而304L不锈钢的晶界腐蚀总体上轻微,这看不到完整的晶界轮廓,这表明,304L在耐晶间腐蚀领域使用时可代替321不锈钢。     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢钣金件的锈蚀防护工艺

针对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢深落压钣金件因热处理造成表面氧化皮较重,使用过程中出现锈蚀的问题,制定了磁力抛光、磁力抛光+钝化和钝化+磁力抛光等3种锈蚀防护改进措施,并与未处理试样进行了对比。结果表明：未处理、仅磁力抛光处理的试样经过96 h盐雾试验后腐蚀严重,经磁力抛光+钝化处理的试样经96 h盐雾试验后发生局部点腐蚀;而经钝化处理+磁力抛光的试样经96 h盐雾试验后未出现腐蚀,在960 h盐雾试验后仅出现局部锈蚀,表面依然光亮,耐盐雾时间是其余3种试样的10倍以上。     

热浸镀镍基合金涂层组织及腐蚀行为

采用热浸镀技术在Q235钢表面制备了镍基合金涂层,采用XRD和SEM-EDS研究了涂层腐蚀前后的相组成、形貌和成分,并探讨了腐蚀机理.结果表明:涂层中有多种形态的析出物,涂层与基体之间存在宽5～8μm的过渡带;盐雾试验后,涂层表面腐蚀产物为Ni(OH)2,Fe3O4和Fe+3O(OH),平均腐蚀速率大约为1.18×10-7g/(h·mm2);腐蚀首先发生在显微孔洞或析出相边界处,表现为局部腐蚀特征.     

445铁素体不锈钢内胆水箱的加工性能和耐蚀性

将445铁素体不锈钢的主要化学成分、力学性能、成型性能和焊接性能等基本性能与304奥氏体不锈钢进行对比,结果表明,445不锈钢具有较好的机加工性能。采用盐雾试验及10%的NaCl溶液加速腐蚀试验等方法,对比445水箱、304水箱及两者混合搭配的内胆水箱的太阳能热水器的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,445不锈钢耐腐蚀性稍逊于304不锈钢,在80～120℃时,445与304不锈钢均发生蒸汽腐蚀、水线腐蚀,且445不锈钢出现较为严重的点蚀现象。     

Application limits of stainless steels in the petroleum industry

Stainless steels have a great variety of potential applications in the petroleum industry, mainly as an alternative to carbon steel in corrosive environments. Within a number of media that can cause corrosion problems with these materials, only chloride solutions and hydrogen sulfide are of importance in oilfield service. A reliable tool that permits the proper selection of stainless steels has yet been missing. In order to provide engineering diagrams for this purpose, pitting and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests were performed. Specimens were exposed to NaCl solutions containing from 3 to 100,000 ppm Cl^? at temperatures from 40 to 200 °C. This test configuration was chosen to give a better representation of actual service conditions than accelerated standard test procedures do. Tested materials were the austenitic stainless steel grades 321, 316Ti (API LC30‐1812) and 254 SMO, and 22Cr duplex (austenitic‐ferritic) steel (API LC65‐2205). Based on an optical examination of the specimens, no‐risk regions of chloride concentration vs. temperature have been identified. Subsequently, service temperature limits have been deduced for each tested material. Thus, material failures by pitting and SCC can be prevented without overdesigning. The results of the testing series are applicable to all chloride environments without presence of H₂S, as they have to be handled by primary production equipment, as well as transportation and gas processing facilities.     

Enhancements of Passive Film and Pitting Resistance in Chloride Solution for 316LX Austenitic Stainless Steel After Sn Alloying

In the present work, the electrochemical behavior and properties of the passive film of a new Sn-alloyed 316 LX austenitic stainless steel were investigated. With the increase in Sn content in 316 LX austenitic stainless steel from 0 to 0.21%, the critical pitting temperature value increased from 32.6 to 38.8 °C, and the pitting potential increased from 0.252 V_(SCE) to 0.317 V_(SCE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results showed that the corrosion resistance of passive film rose with the increase in Sn content, indicating a more stable passive film. The Mott–Schottky measurement revealed an n-type passive film with a decreased carrier concentration on the 316 LX austenitic stainless steel surface. The Cr, Sn~(2+) and Sn~(4+)(SnO, SnOHCl or SnO_2) enrichments were observed in the passive layer by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The enrichment of Sn and Cr in the passive film can account for the enhanced pitting resistance of 316 LX austenitic stainless steel in chloride solution.     

The direct laser deposition of AISI316 stainless steel and Cr3C2 powder

The laser deposition of AISI316 powder blended with Cr₃C₂ over austenitic stainless steel plate was carried out as part of an investigation aimed at determining the feasibility of applying localized reinforcement to stainless steel components. The chromium carbide powder dissolved in the process to produce a range of carbides which reinforced and increased the hardness of the material. The results of optical microscope metallography and SEM/EDX and XRD analysis as well as microhardness measurements are reported. Surfaces produced by deposition of the powder blend were machine-ground and subjected to pin-on-disc and corrosion tests. The tests indicated an improvement to sliding wear resistance and a good resistance to salt spray and pitting corrosion conditions.     

316L不锈钢波纹管海水腐蚀失效机理对比分析

316L不锈钢是一种耐蚀性和加工性优异的奥氏体不锈钢。在海洋环境使用过程中发现经钝化处理的316L不锈钢波纹管在短时间内出现穿孔,而经表面黑化处理的波纹管出现缓慢的均匀腐蚀,没有出现点蚀穿孔现象。为了弄清波纹管穿孔的原因及机理,采用扫描电镜、数码显微镜及金相显微镜分别对黑化处理及钝化处理的不锈钢腐蚀形貌及金相组织结构进行观察。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和化学成分分析技术分别对腐蚀产物的相结构及不锈钢材料的成分进行分析。结果表明,酸洗后钝化膜的破裂和海水中氯离子的残留是形成点蚀穿孔的主要原因;表面黑化之后的波纹管由于表面形成了疏松的物质,在海水中为均匀腐蚀,其腐蚀的速度远低于点蚀速度。     

热加工对复合板不锈钢表层晶间腐蚀的影响

对压力容器用低合金钢/不锈钢复合板在热加工后的晶间腐蚀行为进行研究,主要针对三种常用表层不锈钢304,321及316L热加工后的晶间腐蚀特性进行探讨。结果表明:表层不锈钢中,321钢存在少量阶梯组织,接近凹坑组织,过多的热处理工序会引起其晶间腐蚀,但程度上轻于316L钢;304钢为明显的晶间腐蚀类型,受热处理的影响较大,严格控制热加工工艺可使其晶间腐蚀的倾向相对最轻;316L钢热加工过程中的晶间腐蚀倾向最为严重,应尽量减少热处理。合金元素较多的钢种(321和316L)在敏化温度热处理后,晶间腐蚀特征改变不大;低碳不锈钢(304)经热处理后,晶间腐蚀所受影响较大。     

不同热处理态的304和321奥氏体不锈钢在氯化铵环境中的应力腐蚀行为对比研究

目的 对比研究原始、固溶和敏化态的304和321奥氏体不锈钢在模拟加氢催化氯化铵环境中的应力腐蚀（SCC）行为及机理。方法 将304和321奥氏体不锈钢经过热处理制备成固溶和敏化态试样,采用U形弯试样在模拟加氢催化氯化铵环境中浸泡的应力腐蚀试验方法对其进行研究,通过观察U形弯弧顶的腐蚀形貌和开裂时间,并结合腐蚀及裂纹的SEM照片和电化学测试结果进行分析。结果 原始和固溶状态304不锈钢U形弯试样在氯化铵溶液环境中开裂时间为25 d左右,断口形貌分别为穿晶断口和沿晶断口;敏化态试样18 d后发生开裂,断口形貌为穿晶和沿晶的混合断口。原始和固溶态321不锈钢U形弯试样在该环境中经过39 d均无应力腐蚀裂纹;敏化试样经30 d后产生宏观开裂。电化学测试结果显示,不同热处理态的304不锈钢在氯化铵溶液中均具有明显的点蚀敏感性,321不锈钢在该环境中耐点蚀和应力腐蚀的能力优于304不锈钢。结论 不同状态的304不锈钢在高温氯化铵环境中具有较强的应力腐蚀倾向,特别是敏化态试样;321不锈钢在该环境中的应力腐蚀敏感性相对较小,但敏化处理显著增加了其沿晶应力腐蚀倾向,而固溶态试样具有明显的沿晶腐蚀特征。     

Micro‐electrochemical characterization of galvanic corrosion of TA2/316L composite plate

Galvanic corrosion behavior of TA2/316L composite plate was investigated in the solution of 3.5 wt% NaCl by galvanic potential monitoring, scanning localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS) and scanning vibrating micro‐electrode (SVME) techniques. The results demonstrated that the pitting corrosion resistance of 316L for the galvanic combination sample is lower, and the coupled current density is higher than for the single 316L sample. It indicates that the galvanic action works on the corrosion behavior of the TA2 titanium alloy/316L stainless steel galvanic combination in sodium chloride solution. The galvanic effect width was determined as 1500 µm.