燃油锅炉特点比较及其选型

随着环保要求的提高,燃油锅炉在沿海一带城市被广泛使用。燃油锅炉以其运行安全可靠,自动化程度高,结构紧凑,占地面积小等一系列优点而深受广大用户的欢迎。 由于燃油锅炉种类繁多,很多用户又是初次接触燃油锅炉,对燃油锅炉的特点不甚了解,本文就燃油锅炉的特点及其选型的一些相关事宜作初步探讨,以期提高对燃油锅炉的认识。 一、燃油锅炉使用状况回顾与展望 1986年,厦门东南铝业有限公司首次进口了2台美国CB燃油锅炉,拉开了厦门市使用燃油锅炉的序幕。燃油锅炉使用初期只为宾馆、合资企业所接受,燃料也均为轻油。1991年,有8家企业新增了10台燃油锅炉,总容量为25t/h,其中,生产性的企业如欣椿食品有限     

锅炉烟气侧的积灰与腐蚀

锅炉高效、可靠是锅炉运行的基本要素.燃油锅炉的尾部积灰或腐蚀,常困扰着锅炉的安全经济运行.文章简析了燃油锅炉尾部腐蚀的成因,提出可通过调整燃烧来缓解腐蚀,提高锅炉的运行效率.     

燃油锅炉油喷嘴雾化效果分析与改进措施

文章针对燃油锅炉油喷嘴雾化效果差、油枪滴油和油枪及炉膛受热面结焦、喷嘴破口、油枪需要频繁拆卸清洗等运行故障，分析了燃油锅炉油喷嘴的雾化效果和影响参数，提出了改进油喷嘴运行状况的一些措施，使燃油锅炉的运行质量和效率都得到了提高。     

燃油锅炉的几个实际问题及探析

燃油锅炉的几个实际问题及探析谷企平（珠海达得锅炉有限公司）近年来我国工业锅炉行业燃油锅炉制造厂家和产量不断增加，产品档次有提高，规格品种也增多。为适应开放的国内外市场的各种不同需求和竞争，尚需对燃油锅炉的规律性作更多的研究探索，针对国内现有锅炉产品存...     

含水乙醇汽油稳定性优化及在GDI发动机的试验

为提高含水乙醇汽油稳定性,基于中心组合设计分析后发现:添加适量乳化剂和助溶剂,可使E10W(含水乙醇占比10%,V/V)的相分离温度由最初15℃降至-4℃。将E10W应用到GDI发动机上,在中低转速全负荷工况下,E10W的扭矩及功率略高于E10和汽油,在3.44%以内;实际比油耗与E10大致相同,高于汽油2.50%~4.47%,当量比油耗低于汽油0.24%~2.12%;CO、THC、NOx排放均优于E10,低速时略劣于汽油,随转速提高后接近甚至优于汽油。     

甲醇-汽油混合燃料对汽油机性能影响的试验研究

在一台多点电喷汽油机上,开展了燃用不同掺混比的甲醇-汽油混合燃料时发动机的经济性、排放特性研究。结果表明:电喷汽油机燃用低掺混比甲醇-汽油(小于30%)时,随着甲醇掺混比的增加,经济性有所改善,有效热效率明显提高;CO的排放有明显改善,中低负荷时HC排放有所改善,高负荷时HC排放增加,NOx排放相当,而怠速工况时,排放特性变差。     

基于缸内直喷的甲醇汽油混合燃料HCCI燃烧排放特性研究

在缸内直喷发动机上研究甲醇汽油混合燃料的HCCI燃烧排放特性,分析了其非常规排放的性能。试验中选用汽油、M10(甲醇体积分数10%)、M20(甲醇体积分数20%)3种燃料,并通过FTIR方法测量甲醇及甲醛等非常规排放。研究结果表明:在汽油中添加甲醇可以有效拓展HCCI燃烧的高负荷范围,M20燃料的高负荷范围比汽油提高近9%,指示燃油消耗率比汽油高5%～10%,但指示能量消耗率比汽油低2%～6%。CO、THC、NOx等常规排放随甲醇添加比例的增加而降低,而甲醇和甲醛等非常规排放随甲醇添加比例的增加而增加,并随负荷增高呈先增加后减少的趋势。     

燃油组分在润滑油中的溶解性及其对汽油机碳氢排放的影响

分析典型汽油组分在发动机商用润滑油中的溶解性及其对缸内未燃碳氢的影响。研究表明：燃油组分在润滑油中的溶解性随润滑油温度的提高而降低,随燃油组分分子量的增大或碳原子数的增加而增加。气态碳氢燃料远比液态碳氢燃料的溶解性低。芳香烃比相同碳原子数的烷烃和烯烃溶解性高。环烷烃和分支链烃比直链烷烃的溶解性高。含氧燃料比液态碳氢燃料的溶解性低。结论是：降低汽油中芳香烃、环烷烃和分支链烃在汽油中所占的比例,以及在汽油中添加含氧燃料可降低发动机碳氢排放量。     

烟气低温结露在锅炉节能中的研究与应用

为了节约能源，减少环境污染，欧美国家已将燃气、燃油锅炉的排烟温度降至100℃左右。而我国的燃气、燃油锅炉的排烟温度还在200℃～300℃左右。燃气、燃油锅炉的热损失主要是烟气物理显热和燃料高位发热值与低位发热值之差值。烟气中水蒸汽结露部分汽化热的回收利用，有可能使燃料低位发热值提高。在锅炉管理中，陈旧观念和落后技术将锅炉烟气低温结露视为忌讳，致使我国燃气、燃油锅炉的节能水平滞后于欧美国家。害怕锅炉低温结露的症结是烟道的腐蚀，现有技术对于烟道的防腐已非常容易解决。燃气、燃油锅炉凝结式节能器的设计应用已在上海收到了极好的节能效果，现已逐步推广并总结和积累了初步经验。     

燃油锅炉除垢剂的试验研究

针对炼油企业燃油锅炉结垢严重的问题 ,在燃油锅炉上进行了除垢剂工业试验 ,并对试验结果进行了分析。试验结果表明 ,采用向锅炉内部喷射除垢剂的方法是可行的 ,能达到除垢的目的 ,而且在其他条件不变的情况下可以提高锅炉处理量 ,降低炉膛及排烟温度 ,具有一定的经济效益     

我国居民生活用能特征研究

本文揭示了我国居民生活能源消费的主要特征:(1)居民生活能源消费量总体呈上升趋势,其在全社会能源消费总量中所占比重却持续下降。(2)城镇和农村居民生活用能特征有很大不同,城镇居民人均生活能源消费量增长极快,农村居民能源消费结构却仍以煤炭为主,引导居民部门能源消费应该对城乡居民有所侧重。(3)各区域居民生活能源利用效率存在明显差异,东部沿海地区能源利用效率最高、中部地区最低,要提高各区域生活能源利用效率,需根据各区域不同用能特征规划能源政策。     

淮海农场家庭生活用能和能源消费的分析研究

江苏省国营淮海农场家庭生活用能正处于商品能加速替代非商品能的时期,连续5年的家庭生活能调查表明,用能品种结构变化较大,电子和液化气消费迅速增加,而秸秆和煤炭的使用在下降;人均能源消费量相对稳定,但有效能消费却略有上升;分析表明,人均能源消费与人均收入、户均人口和人均作物收获量有一定的相关性,对农村家庭能源消费的性质,中国小康农村家庭能源消费的基本特征等一般问题进行了讨论。     

酒店能耗控制指标研究

酒店能源消耗既是成本问题也是环境问题，与发达国家比较，我国酒店的能耗指标明显偏高。由于酒店能耗具有消耗场所的多样性、消耗方式的多变性、受外界影响的不确定性等特点，现有的能耗指标并不能科学地反映酒店的能耗真实状况，并有效地指导酒店的能耗管理。制定一个全方位的能反映酒店能耗真实状态的评价指标体系势在必行。合理能耗控制指标的构建需要从基础研究开始，建立多重模型。     

Trade and energy consumption in the Middle East

Over the past 30 years many economies have experienced large increases in economic trade, income and energy consumption. This brings up an interesting question. How do increases in trade affect energy consumption? This study uses panel cointegration data estimation techniques to examine the impact of trade on energy consumption in a sample of 8 Middle Eastern countries covering the period 1980 to 2007. Short-run dynamics show Granger causality from exports to energy consumption, and a bi-directional feedback relationship between imports and energy consumption. Long run elasticities estimated from FMOLS show that a 1% increase in per capita exports increases per capita energy consumption by 0.11% while a one percent increase in per capita imports increases per capita energy consumption by 0.04%. These results are important in establishing that increased trade affects energy demand in the Middle East in both the short and long-run. This has implications for energy policy and environmental policy.     

Energy consumption and economic growth in the USA: Evidence from renewable energy

Recent debates about renewable energy consumption manifest two main expectations. Firstly, renewable energy consumption should contribute to economic growth and secondly, it should not cause damage on environment. This study focuses on the first issue by applying Toda–Yamamoto procedure and bootstrap-corrected causality test for the US since empirical literature criticizes the Toda–Yamamoto test which bases on asymptotic distribution. The models consist of real GDP, employment, investment and kinds of renewable energy consumption. Only one causal relationship was found from biomass-waste-derived energy consumption to real GDP. No causal relationship was found between real GDP and all of the other renewable energy kinds—total renewable energy consumption, geothermal energy consumption, hydro-electric energy consumption, biomass energy consumption and biomass-wood-derived energy consumption. That is using of energy from waste cause not only solving the dumping problems but also it contributes to real GDP. For policy purpose, the results of this study suggest that countries should concentrate on energy producing from waste as an alternative energy resource.     

Electric energy consumption in the cotton textile processing stages

Electric energy is one of the primary energy sources consumpted in cotton textile processing. Current energy cost rate is reported about 8–10% in the total production cost of an ordinary textile product manufactured in Turkey. Significantly important share of this energy cost is electric energy. The aim of this paper was to investigate unit electric energy consumption of cotton textile processing stages using real-time measurements method. Actual and estimated Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) values for electric energy was calculated in the cotton textile processing stages of spinning, warping–sizing, weaving, wet processing and clothing manufacturing. Actual electric energy consumption data are gathered from monthly records of the involved plant managements. Estimated electric energy consumption data is gathered through on-site measurement. Actual and estimated electric energy consumption data and monthly production quantities of the corresponding months are used to facilitate specific electric energy consumption of the plants. It is found that actual electric energy consumption amount per unit textile product is higher than the estimated electric energy consumption amount per unit textile product of each involved textile processing stages.     

Evaluation of the impact of the urban heat island on residential and commercial energy consumption in Tokyo

This study evaluated the impact of the urban heat island (UHI) in the Tokyo metropolitan area on energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors. Although there are many indications that UHIs increase energy consumption by air conditioners, the possible decrease in consumption of heating energy in winter is usually ignored. To quantify the net impact of a UHI, it is crucial to consider both factors. Furthermore, it is important to consider the spatial distribution because a UHI represents the local temperature change in an urban area, and the spatial distribution of energy consumption in an urban area is complicated. We developed a new method to evaluate UHI impact by taking into consideration the spatial and temporal distributions of both energy consumption and air temperature. The results reveal that the UHI increases commercial energy consumption in the Tokyo metropolitan area but decreases residential energy consumption; however, there is a total net decrease in energy consumption. This suggests that UHI mitigation measures should particularly target the city center, where commercial buildings are concentrated, whereas in residential areas, sufficient assessments must be conducted to ensure that mitigation measures are introduced with caution.     

Contrastive study between the biomass energy utilization structure and the ecotype energy utilization structure in rural residences — A case in Hunan province,China

The purposes of this study are to look into the actuality of rural residential energy consumption in Hunan province, China, to improve rural residential energy utilization structures, and to protect the environment. An investigation on rural residential energy consumption was carried out in the villages of Xintian and Jiangwan in the spring and summer of 2005. Biomass energy is used in Xintian while biogas is popularized in Jiangwan. A questionnaire survey covered basic information of residences in the two villages, and energy consumption data of each family in the spring and summer were also recorded continuously. The characteristics of energy utilization structures of the two villages, the one with biomass energy utilization structure and the other with the ecotype energy utilization structure, are contrasted, and seasonal variance characteristics of energy consumption in spring and summer are analyzed. Sequentially, influence factors of rural residential energy consumption are further discussed qualitatively and quantificationally. Environmental benefit is assessed finally when biogas substitutes biomass energy. Conclusions are summarized as follows: In Xintian, a complicated energy structure is still dominant, where biomass energy accounts for a significant proportion and manifold energy resources exist simultaneously; the energy consumption is high; categories of energy resources used by households vary between spring and summer. The energy structure is definitely better in Jiangwan, where the ratios of commercial energy and ecotype energy used are both higher than those in Xintian and the ratio of biomass energy is smaller. Categories of used energy resources are also more constant in spring and summer. The total energy use amount of each season in Xintian is larger than that in Jiangwan respectively, while there is little difference in the efficiency energy use amount of each season between the two villages. Qualitative and quantitative analyses show that the accessibility of local energy resources, the domestic economical level, governmental energy policies, and consumption conceptions of farmers affect energy utilization structures definitely, while the efficiency of cookers, the number of family members, and annual income have effect on energy consumption amounts. Environmental analysis shows that the usage of biogas makes a great contribution in optimizing the energy consumption structure, reducing energy consumption, discharging less harmful gases and keeping the ecosystem in balance. The comparison between biomass energy and ecotype energy provides instructions for future development of rural residential energy consumption in China.     

北京工业终端能源消费变化的分解研究

工业部门终端能源消费占北京市终端能源消费的50%左右。本文基于2001～2005年的经济与能源统计数据,利用LMDII方法定量地分析了影响工业终端能源消费变化的原因,研究发现,工业部门快速的经济增长是能源消费增长的决定性因素。为了减缓能源消费增长速度,需要降低能源密集型部门的能源强度以及降低能源密集型部门产出在工业产出中的比例。     

Opening the door on refrigerator energy consumption: quantifying the key drivers in the home

There is little concrete understanding of the energy consumption of refrigerating appliances during normal use or the main influences on their energy consumption. To date, no widely accepted method to disaggregate measured energy consumption measured in the home into its key components has been demonstrated. This paper examines the main external factors that impact on the energy consumption of existing refrigerating appliances in the home and how they respond to changing conditions, namely: room air temperature, defrosting behaviour and user interactions. Analysis of field data from 235 homes in Australia demonstrates that room air temperature is by far the largest factor accounting for typically around 75% of total energy consumption. Where present, energy used for defrosting is relatively small at around 10%, but this does vary by household and the type of defrost controller. User interactions typically account for 15% of total energy consumed by main household refrigerating appliances, but this varies from a few percent to as much as 45% in large households. The method set out in this paper provides a basis for more in depth analysis and a better understanding of energy consumption of household refrigerators in different regions.