超细粉体对水泥基材料力学性能的影响

为了研究超细粉体在水泥基材料中的应用,对掺加不同活性超细粉体的水泥基试件进行了抗压强度和抗折强度的测试,讨论了矿粉A掺量、硅粉掺量、复掺矿粉A和硅粉对水泥基材料力学性能的影响。结论表明:活性超细粉体对水泥基试件的抗折和抗压强度有较大影响,尤其是硅粉能够很好地提高试件的抗折强度和抗压强度。通过SEM形貌分析,说明掺加的超细粉体能够与水泥基材料内部的不利成分Ca(OH)2发生二次水化反应,生成有利的C-S-H凝胶,有效改善水泥基材料的微观结构。     

纳米SiO2粉在水泥基复合材料中的试验研究

研究了硅粉、纳米SiO2粉的活性,二者及复合粉体与C3S的二次水化反应产物成分,并研究了水泥基材料的力学性能和显微结构,探讨了纳米SiO2粉改善显微结构的机理,获得纳米SiO2粉应用于水泥基材料适合的方法.研究表明,纳米SiO2粉为非晶态,活性高于硅粉.粉体二次水化速率大小及水化程度高低依次为复合粉体、纳米SiO2粉、硅粉.复合粉体应用于水泥基材料中可增加致密性、提高均匀性,并提高强度.纳米SiO2粉与粉煤灰、硅粉复合应用于水泥基材料能够体现优异的使用性和经济性.     

Development of vegetable fibre–mortar composites of improved durability

The primary concern for vegetable fibre reinforced mortar composites (VFRMC) is the durability of the fibres in the alkaline environment of cement. The composites may undergo a reduction in strength and toughness as a result of weakening of the fibres by a combination of alkali attack and mineralisation through the migration of hydration products to lumens and spaces. This paper presents several approaches used to improve the durability performance of VFRMCs incorporating sisal and coconut fibres. These include carbonation of the matrix in a CO₂-rich environment; the immersion of fibres in slurried silica fume prior to incorporation in the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) matrix; partial replacement of OPC matrix by undensified silica fume or blast-furnace slag and a combination of fibre immersion in slurried silica fume and cement replacement. The durability of the modified VFRMC was studied by determining the effects of ageing in water, exposure to cycles of wetting and drying and open air weathering on the microstructures and flexural behaviour of the composites. Immersion of natural fibres in a silica fume slurry before their addition to cement-based composites was found to be an effective means of reducing embrittlement of the composite in the environments studied. Early cure of composites in a CO2-rich environment and the partial replacement of OPC by undensified silica fume were also efficient approaches in obtaining a composite of improved durability. The use of slag as a partial cement replacement had no effect on reducing the embrittlement of the composite.     

Biopolymer composites of wheat gluten with silica and alumina

Two composite systems were explored to assess the effect of particle dispersion on the properties of filled wheat gluten composites. Nanosilica particles and micro-alumina particles were combined with several silane coupling agents by various methods to perform a broad brush survey of chemical and physical interactions. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to assess surface coverage on coated particles. Electron microscopy (scanning and transmission) techniques were used to assess particle dispersion and surface interactions. Producing the silica particles in the wheat gluten matrix led to better physical properties, as measured by 3-point bending, than producing the silica particles first, and then mixing them into the wheat gluten. Similarly, coating the alumina particles with silane coupling agents in the wheat gluten matrix led to better mechanical properties than first coating the alumina with silane and then mixing the coated particles into the wheat gluten.     

Role of porosity in controlling the mechanical and impact behaviours of cement-based materials

This work deals with the influence of porosity on the tensile, the compressive and the impact behaviours of two fine cementitious mortars—one with silica fume and one without. The addition of silica fume is shown to change the pore size distribution. The mix without silica fume is characterized by porosity at the scale of the grains of fine sand (approximately 100 μm), while silica fume addition results in a more porous matrix with pore sizes of millimetre-length size. The mortar with silica fume shows a higher quasi-static compressive and flexural strength whereas the mix without silica fume is observed to be less compressible (by irreversible reduction of volume) under heavy confinement pressure (quasi-oedometric tests) and shows better ballistic performance. A numerical simulation of the impact tests employing the Krieg, Swenson and Taylor model, which accounts for both deviatoric and volumetric inelastic behaviour of the material, was undertaken using the data from quasi-oedometric tests. These calculations follow the experimental results and confirm the influence of the macroscopic porosity on the impact performance of cement-based materials.     

Sintered glass ceramic composites from vitrified municipal solid waste bottom ashes

A glass ceramic composite was obtained by sinter-crystallisation of vitrified municipal solid waste bottom ashes with the addition of various percentages of alumina waste. The sintering was investigated by differential dilatometry and the crystallisation of the glass particles by differential thermal analysis. The crystalline phases produced by the thermal treatment were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The sintering process was found to be affected by the alumina addition and inhibited by the beginning of the crystal-phase precipitation. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on the fractured sintered samples to observe the effect of the sintering. Young's modulus and the mechanical strength of the sintered glass ceramic and composites were determined at different heating rates. The application of high heating rate and the addition of alumina powder improved the mechanical properties. Compared to the sintered glass ceramic without additives, the bending strength and the Young's modulus obtained at 20 degrees C/min, increased by about 20% and 30%, respectively.     

Processing and characterization of a lightweight concrete using cenospheres

A study has been conducted in which a lightweight concrete was processed using ceramic microspheres, known as cenospheres, as a primary aggregate. The mechanical properties, including compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and fracture toughness, were tested and cataloged. It was determined that the addition of high volumes of cenospheres significantly lowered the density of concrete but was also responsible for some strength loss. This strength loss was recovered by improving the interfacial strength between the cenospheres and the cement. The interfacial properties were quantified using interfacial fracture mechanics techniques. These techniques were also employed to find a suitable surface modifier with which to improve this interface. The admixture silica fume and the coupling agent Silane were found to be suitable candidates and both performed well in small-scale compression testing. Silica fume was eventually isolated as a prime candidate. The concrete produced with this admixture was tested and compared to a concrete with an equal volume fraction of cenospheres. The addition of silica fume improved the compressive strength of cenosphere concrete by 80%, tensile strength by 35%, flexural strength by 60% and fracture toughness by 41%.     

Study on graphite fiber and Ti particle reinforced Al composite

Graphite fiber and Ti particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composite were produced by squeeze casting technology. A small amount of needle aluminum carbide at graphite fiber and Al interface was observed, and TiAl₃ intermetallic compound at Ti particle and Al interface was detected. Tensile strength and bending strength of the composite have been measured. The fracture surface of the composite after tensile and bending tests was observed; graphite fiber-reinforced Al was brittle fracture, whereas Ti particle-reinforced Al was ductile fracture. The corresponding fracture mechanism was discussed.     

Effect of aggregates on the diffusion properties and microstructure of cement with slurried silica fume based materials

Diffusivity of cement-based materials is an important factor regarding durability and the service life prediction of concrete structures. The present research focuses on investigating the influence of aggregates on tritiated water diffusivity of cement-based materials containing slurried silica fume. Effective diffusion coefficients of mortars with several sand volume fractions varying from 0 to 65% were determined by through-out diffusion tests. Microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy associated to energy dispersive spectrometry analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, water and mercury porosimetry, and BET adsorption analysis. It was found that large agglomerated particles of silica fume observed in cement paste and mortar with a low sand content (here 10%), reduce pozzolanic reactivity and thus affect the effectiveness of silica fume on the materials sustainability parameters. The clusters present in these formulations are mainly due to the interaction of silica fume with calcium hydroxide of the mixing solution and not to the initial state of the slurry, which was well stirred and whose particles size were checked before use. However, the presence of high content of aggregates (more than 30% of sand volume fraction) during mortar's mixing improves the dispersion of slurried silica fume particles and helps to ‘shear’ and break up agglomerates of silica fume providing a better homogenization of the material and improving the microstructural and diffusivity parameters. The addition of superplastizer in mortars with more than 50% sand content may also participate in dispersing silica fume.     

Effect of hot water immersion on the performance of carbon reinforced unidirectional poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) composites: Stress rupture under end-loaded bending

This paper describes the behaviour of AS4 and T700SC reinforced PEEK composites (SUPreM™ and ACP-2) under applied compressive bending strain. The effect of an increased molecular weight of the polymer matrix on the residual time under endloaded compression bending conditions is studied. Generally for a given composite material, the higher the testing temperature and the applied strain the faster the failure occurs. At test temperatures exceeding the glass transition temperature or at high strain ratios the time-to-failure for CF/PEEK composites follows a master curve. The residual times under endloaded compression bending conditions increase with increasing toughness of the PEEK matrix but decrease with increasing tensile strength of the reinforcing fibres. It seems that the better the fibre/matrix adhesion the lower is the time to failure of an endloaded composite, because more load is transferred from the matrix into the fibres.In order to simulate composite applications under ‘harsh’ conditions the CF/PEEK composites have been exposed to boiling water. PEEK is known to be highly resistant to environmental effects, but water uptake significantly influences the overall performance of CF/PEEK composites under endloaded compression bending conditions. The tensile properties of the composites have been measured as function of exposure time in boiling water. The fibre dominated uniaxial tensile strength is not/or only slightly affected by the boiling water conditioning even after extended exposure times but the transverse tensile strength decreases significantly after exposure to boiling water. The performance of SUPreM™ CF/PEEK-150 and 450 composites under endloaded compression bending conditions are positively affected by water conditioning whereas APC-2 fails at shorter residual times. The fracture behaviour under endloaded conditions is also affected by the ingress of water into the composite.The obtained results show clearly that applications of thermoplastic composites leading to large out of plane deformations can only be ‘safe’ if the maximum service temperatures of the finished part will be well below the glass transition temperature of the polymer matrix otherwise even at low bending radii a dramatic failure of the material cannot be excluded.     

Comparative study of high temperature composites

Two classes of composite made using either ceramic matrix with high temperature fibers or carbon/carbon have been used for various applications that require high temperature resistance, over three decades. However, their use has been limited to special applications because of the high costs associated with fabrication. Typically the composites are cured at more than 1000°C, and in most instances the heating has also to be carried out in controlled environments. In addition, because of the high processing temperature, only certain type of expensive fibers can be used with the ceramic matrices. A recently developed inorganic matrix, called polysialate can be cured at temperatures less than 150°C, making it possible to use carbon and glass fibers. Composites made using carbon, glass and combinations of carbon and glass fibers have been tested in bending and tension. This paper presents the comparison of processing requirements and mechanical properties of carbon/carbon composites, ceramic matrix composites made with silicon carbide, silicon nitride and alumina fibers and carbon/polysialate composites. The results indicate that carbon/polysialate composite has mechanical properties comparable to both carbon/carbon and ceramic matrix composites at room and high temperatures. Since the polysialate composites are much less expensive, the authors believe that it has excellent potential for more applications in aerospace, automobile and naval structures.     

SiC-ZrO_2纳米颗粒协同强韧化MOSi_2陶瓷的组织与性能

通过热压烧结制备SiC-ZrO_2/MoSi_2复相陶瓷以及对比试样MoSi_2、ZrO_2/MoSi_2、SiC/MoSi_2陶瓷,利用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜以及力学性能测试仪器等对材料组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:纳米ZrO_2、SiC颗粒的加入可以有效细化MoSi_2基体晶粒,纳米ZrO_2、SiC颗粒协同作用更有利于提高MoSi_2基陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性,协同相中纳米SiC颗粒细化和强化MoSi_2基体的效果要好于纳米ZrO_2颗粒;20 vol%SiC+10 vol%ZrO_2+MoSi_2复相陶瓷抗弯强度是MoSi_2的3.8倍,断裂韧度是MoSi_2的2.4倍;在复相陶瓷基体以及粒子周围存在不同特征的位错组态,ZrO_2可以依靠自身相变的体积效应向基体泵入或输送位错,钉扎位错的第二相粒子包括SiC粒子和未相变的ZrO_2小粒子,弥散相特别是晶内型SiC和ZrO_2粒子对复相陶瓷位错的钉扎作用明显。     

二维编织-树脂传递模塑成型双马来酰亚胺复合材料管的弯曲及轴向压缩性能研究

通过二维编织-树脂传递模塑(RTM)成型方法制备得到了复合材料管,并设计制造特殊夹具,参考GB/T 5350—2005及SY/T 7318.3—2017标准对复合材料管的弯曲及轴向压缩性能进行了研究,并参照实验结果与典型6061铝合金的力学性能进行了对比。结果表明:复合材料管的轴向压缩破坏形式均表现为脆性剪切破坏模式,平均压缩强度为187.6MPa。复合材料管的弯曲破坏形式为脆性破坏,其平均弯曲强度为262.2MPa,弯曲模量为14.0GPa,与6061铝合金管性能相当,而密度仅为其58%,表现出较好的减重潜力。     

Surface-sulfonated polystyrene microspheres improve crack resistance of carbon microfiber-reinforced Portland cement mortar

The formation of microcracks is a major concern for the integrity and durability of concrete and other cementitious composites, since such microcracks cannot be easily controlled and detected within the matrix of composite. This work explored the possibility of using surface-sulfonated polystyrene microspheres (SPSM) featuring an average diameter of 0.7 ± 0.5 μm to improve the crack resistance of carbon microfiber-reinforced mortar. The compressive strength and EIS data demonstrated that the incorporation of SPSM at 0.15% by weight of cement led to a denser and more refined microstructure of the cement mortar composite, likely attributable to the active interactions between SPSM and cement hydration products as well as carbon microfibers. The crack resistance of these cement-based composites was evaluated using a non-destructive test under uniaxial compression loading along with a fatigue test under uniaxial compression cyclic loading. The data, in the form of critical stress, specific crack area, and fatigue strain, revealed that even at a small dosage the incorporation of SPSM to carbon microfiber-reinforced mortar retarded the initiation of unrecoverable microcracks and slowed down the propagation of microcracks under uniaxial compression loading, and improved the crack resistance and toughness of the specimens under fatigue loading.     

Mechanical behavior of sandwich panels with hollow Al–Si tubes core construction

A new type of lightweight sandwich panels consisting of vertically aligned hollow Al–Si alloy tubes as core construction and carbon fiber composite face sheets was designed. The hollow Al–Si alloy tubes were fabricated using precision casting and were bonded to the face sheets using an epoxy adhesive. The out-of-plane compression (i.e. core crushing), in-plane compression, and three-point bending response of the panels were tested until failure. The hollow Ai–Si alloy tubes core configuration show superior specific strength under crushing compared to common metallic and stochastic foam cores. Under in-plane compression and three-point bending, the buckling of face sheets and debonding of hollow cores from the face sheets were observed. Simple analytical relationships based on the concepts of mechanics of materials were provided for the compression tests, which estimate the sandwich panels’ strength with high fidelity. For three-point bending, detailed finite element analysis was used to model the response and initial failure of the sandwich panels.     

Matrix failure in composite laminates under compressive loading

The failure envelope of the matrix in composite laminates under compressive loads has not received much attention in literature. There are very little to no experimental results to show a suitable failure envelope for this constituent found in composites. With increasing popularity in the use of micromechanical analysis to predict progressive damage of composite structures which requires the use of individual failure criteria for the fibre and matrix, it is important that matrix behaviour under compression is modelled correctly.In this study, off-axis compression tests under uniaxial compression loading are used to promote matrix failure. Through the use of micromechanical analysis involving Representative Volume Elements, the authors were able to extract the principal stresses on the matrix at failure. The results indicated that hydrostatic stresses play an important role in the failure of the matrix. Thus, Drucker–Prager failure criterion is recommended when modelling compressive matrix failure in composite structures.     

Influence of silica fume content on microstructure development and bond to steel fiber in ultra-high strength cement-based materials (UHSC)

The use of silica fume can significantly enhance mechanical properties of concrete given its beneficial filling and pozzolanic effects. In this study, a simple and effective double-side pullout testing method was adopted to characterize the interfacial bond properties, which include pullout load-slip relationship, bond strength, and pullout energy, of steel fiber-matrix in ultra-high strength cement-based material (UHSC) with 0–25% silica fume by the mass of binder. The effects of silica fume content on flowability, heat of hydration, compressive and flexural strengths, hydration products, and pore structure of matrix at different curing time were evaluated as well. Backscatter scanning electron microscopy (BSEM) and micro-hardness measurement were used to examine the quality of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) around the fiber. In terms of the results, the optimal silica fume content could be in the range of 15%–25%. UHSC mixtures with these dosages of silica fume showed significant improvement in pullout behavior. Its bond strength and pullout energy at 28 d could increase by 170% and 250% compared to the reference samples without any silica fume. The microstructural observation verified the findings on the macro-properties development. Formation of more and higher strength of hydration products and refinement of ITZ around the fiber ensured higher micro-hardness, and thus improved the bond to fiber.     

正交铺设陶瓷基复合材料单轴拉伸行为

采用细观力学方法对正交铺设陶瓷基复合材料单轴拉伸应力-应变行为进行了研究。采用剪滞模型分析了复合材料出现损伤时的细观应力场。采用断裂力学方法、 临界基体应变能准则、 应变能释放率准则及Curtin统计模型4种单一失效模型确定了90°铺层横向裂纹间距、 0°铺层基体裂纹间距、 纤维/基体界面脱粘长度和纤维失效体积分数。将剪滞模型与4种单一损伤模型结合, 对各损伤阶段应力-应变曲线进行了模拟, 建立了复合材料强韧性预测模型。与室温下正交铺设陶瓷基复合材料单轴拉伸应力-应变曲线进行了对比, 各个损伤阶段的应力-应变、 失效强度及应变与试验数据吻合较好。分析了90°铺层横向断裂能、 0°铺层纤维/基体界面剪应力、 界面脱粘能、 纤维Weibull模量对复合材料损伤及拉伸应力-应变曲线的影响。      

Identification of the percolation threshold in cementitious pastes by monitoring the E-modulus evolution

The determination of the fluid-to-solid transition in cement-based materials is fundamental to understanding the evolution of early-age mechanical properties and to detect the time after which the material may withstand stresses. The transition is gradual, and non-destructive methods are needed for clear identification. This paper presents a study using a recent method for continuously monitoring the E-modulus of cement-based materials since casting, based on evaluating the first resonant frequency of a composite beam containing the material under test. It is intended to demonstrate the capability of this method to detect the percolation threshold and to check eventual correlations with the released heat of hydration. Five sets of mix compositions are tested, with w/c ratios ranging from 0.30 to 0.50, with the addition of limestone filler, or with partial replacement of cement by fly ash, silica fume or metakaolin.