道路非点源污染研究进展

随着城市化进程的加快,公路总量的持续增长以及汽车拥有量的迅速增大,道路非点源污染问题将会日益突出.本文从路面沉积物的污染特性、路面径流污染特征以及道路非点源污染的控制措施三个方面,介绍了道路非点源污染的研究进展.     

Lead isotope ratios in urban road runoff.

Lead isotopic analyses of road runoff and airborne particulate matter have been carried out to elucidate sources of lead pollution at urban and suburban sites. While lead is often observed in road runoff in suspended form, suspended particle size had no relation to the lead isotopic distribution, as a result of comparison between runoff samples with total suspended solids and those with minute particles passed through a 75 microm sieve. Lead isotope ratios in airborne particulate matter in urban areas fell within a wider range than those in road runoff. Since there was little difference of the ratios between a heavy traffic-flow site and residential sites, airborne lead derived from vehicle exhaust was found to make little contribution to the contamination of road runoff. On the other hand, the ratios in road runoff at a suburban site showed the same range as those at an urban site. Lead in road runoff was therefore suggested to be produced on site by traffic related substances, such as tire wear, other than vehicle exhaust.     

天津典型居民区不同下垫面雨水径流污染特征

在对天津典型居民区域的不同下垫面雨水径流水质进行监测的基础上,以典型降雨为例,探讨了雨水径流污染物的特征和事件平均浓度(event mean concentrations,EMC)。结果表明,天津典型居民区主干道和菜市场雨水径流中的污染物质量浓度随着降雨历时的延续呈降低趋势,冲刷效应明显;屋顶雨水径流中污染物的质量浓度随降雨历时的延续变化较小,冲刷效应较弱。3种下垫面雨水径流中污染物质量浓度大小差异明显,菜市场和主干道雨水径流中SS质量浓度相差不大,且都远远超过屋顶雨水径流;雨水径流中COD和TP质量浓度的顺序由大到小依次为菜市场、主干道、屋顶;雨水径流中TN质量浓度的顺序由大到小依次为菜市场、屋顶、主干道。以EMC中值计,菜市场雨水径流中污染物平均浓度要高于主干道和屋顶,菜市场雨水径流中TP的质量浓度是主干道的3倍、屋顶的24倍。天津典型居民区雨水径流污染比较严重,如不经截留或处理直接排入城市河道等接纳水体,会严重影响河道的水质和城市的环境。     

邯郸市区不同下垫面降雨径流水质变化特征研究

为缓解邯郸市城区水资源供需矛盾,合理利用雨洪资源,在对生活区屋面、城区道路、公园绿地降雨径流水质进行检测的基础上,分析了雨水径流中主要污染物的变化过程,探讨降雨径流水质受环境条件影响情况。通过研究得出城区初期雨水径流污染最为严重,随降雨历时的延长,污染物浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定。不同城区下垫面雨水径流污染物含量差异明显,城区主干道路降雨径流水质最差。     

镇江金山湖水体污染源解析

分析了2012年金山湖各监测段的水质情况,并对金山湖水体污染源进行解析。结果表明,运粮河入流水质较差,金山湖TN值超标;降雨地表径流是金山湖的第一大污染源,并且城镇地表径流所产生的污染物的负荷及浓度要远高于农田地表径流;由于截污工程的实施,工业生产废水与城镇生活污水对污染的贡献率较低。     

城市绿色道路及雨洪控制利用策略研究

城市雨洪控制利用措施与城市发展及基础设施建设的不协调,导致城市化过程中水环境退化,产生严重的水涝、径流污染、地下水位下降等城市水环境和生态问题.道路作为城市的主要下垫面和重要的排水通道,雨水问题十分突出.针对我国传统道路排水的主要问题,总结国内外道路雨洪控制利用新思路——基于LID/GSI的绿色道路,结合我国研究现状,提出我国城市道路雨洪控制利用策略,并以杭州余杭塘立交为例,分析道路雨洪控制利用措施的应用.     

城市小区雨水径流污染物监测及相关性研究

通过对上海理工大学校园区不同铺盖面产生的径流水质的监测,及对其污染主要影响因素与污染程度的分析表明:铺盖面材料、降雨历时、降雨强度及降雨量等是雨水径流水质的重要影响因素,并掌握了径流水质随影响因素的变化规律.小区径流污染主要为有机污染与悬浮固体污染,建立了雨水径流有机污染指标COD、悬浮固体污染指标SS和浊度间的线性相关方程.该方程的建立,揭示了径流水质指标间的内在联系,为径流水质方便快捷监测奠定了基础.     

透水道路径流系数试验研究

透水道路是缓解城市道路积水问题的有效途径,但现有道路的排水设计方法对于透水道路并不完全适用,为解决上述问题,利用人工降雨装置和特别设计的透水道路试验平台和流量监测系统,通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究在不同降雨条件下透水道路径流系数的变化规律。试验研究结果表明:在地形条件不发生改变的情况下,透水道路径流系数在降雨过程中呈现单峰状动态变化,并且降雨历时与降雨重现期都会影响透水道路径流系数的最大值,并与之成正相关关系;在试验条件下,径流系数随降雨强度的变化存在一个敏感区间,在此区间内,径流系数随雨强变化的速率较快;当试验工况不变且降雨强度小于50 mm/h时,透水道路的径流系数平均值为0.023,说明该条件下的透水道路可控制降雨强度50 mm/h以下的降雨不产流,即在后续排水通畅条件下,所研究透水道路可以解决多数降雨事件的道路积水问题。试验为后续透水道路径流系数的研究打下了基础,也为透水道路的排水设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

Understanding the Role of Urban Road Surface Characteristics in influencing Stormwater Quality

Urban road surfaces are one of the most important stormwater pollution sources. Asphalt and concrete road surfaces are typical road types in China and have different characteristics such as roughness, textures and infiltration rates. This could lead to differences of collecting and retaining pollutants. In this context, designing stormwater treatment for different road surfaces respectively is crucial to effectively minimize the stormwater deterioration. This closely depends on an in-depth understanding of stormwater quality characteristics on urban road surfaces. This research study investigated the stormwater quality characteristics on typical asphalt and concrete surfaces. The research outcomes show that road surface characteristics could play a more important role in influencing the resulting stormwater runoff quality than rainfall characteristics. Additionally, asphalt surface due to the relatively rough nature could play a more important role in influencing the overall pollutant export characteristics from urban road surfaces. It is also noted that there are notable differences in pollutant wash-off processes on different surfaces, where the wash-off process on asphalt surfaces tends to be a transport limiting process, while the wash-off process on concrete surfaces tends to be a source limiting process. These results can contribute to stormwater treatment design enhancement for urban roads such as treatment placement, rainfall event selection and water quality estimation.     

A new installation for treatment of road runoff: up-flow filtration by porous polypropylene media.

We installed a new device on a paved road to treat runoff from a roadway surface. All the stormwater runoff was transferred into the device and the runoff equivalent to 10 mm/hr or less was treated. The treatment method consists of sedimentation and up-flow filtration with porous polypropylene (PPL) processes. The treated runoff was discharged into the existing storm drainage pipe. The average removal efficiency of the initial runoff at the beginning of rainfall which has high pollution intensity was about 90% for SS, about 70% for COD, about 40% for total phosphorus (T-P), about 80% for Pb and Cd, about 70% for Zn, Cu, Mn and Cr, and about 60% for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The overall removal efficiencies of the experiment that ran for four months remained > 60% of SS, > 40% of COD, > 60% of heavy metals, and > 40% of PAHs. The PPL is excellent for removing smaller size particulates of suspended solids, which originate basically from diesel exhaust, as well as larger size particulates from automobile tires, asphalt roads, and other accumulated source(s) of clay and sand, etc.     

城市道路与雨水利用

通过分析城市化对城市水文系统的影响,指出城市排水不利是产生城市洪涝灾害的主要原因,给出城市道路建设和城市雨水蓄集联合运用的模式。通过城市道路,充分利用由于城市发展而增加的地表径流,不仅可以减小暴雨洪峰流量,减轻市政排水压力,解决道路积水和城市防洪、排涝等问题,还可以控制径流污染,缓解城市水危机,改善城市生态环境,从而实现道路建设和水资源的可持续发展利用。     

城市雨水径流热污染及其缓解措施研究进展

阐述了城市雨水径流热污染对受纳水体的影响,尤其是对鳟鱼、鲑鱼等冷水鱼的危害,分析了城市下垫面对雨水径流温度的影响,指出非渗透路面所储存的大量热量促使雨水径流的温度升高。综述了国内外城市雨水径流热污染效应及雨水管理措施对径流温度影响方面的研究现状,指出我国开展径流热污染研究及采取缓解措施的必要性。在对发达国家和我国的雨水管理措施缓解城市雨水径流热污染效果评析的基础上,结合我国典型城市特点提出了缓解城市雨水径流热污染效应的若干建议。     

机场道面混凝土不规则断板和表面裂缝的防治

机场道面混凝土厚度较厚,在高温季节施工,由于温度应力、胀缩应力较大等多种因素影响,施工过程中混凝土板常出现表面裂缝和不规则断板等质量缺陷,影响道面的使用寿命和造成不必要的损失。通过对道面混凝土发生不规则断板和表面裂缝的原因进行分析,介绍了机场道面混凝土在高温季节施工时采取的一些防治不规则断板和减少混凝土板表面裂缝的措施,取得了较好的效果。     

Modeling and Management of Urban Stormwater Runoff Quality: A Review

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from urban runoff has been established as a major cause of receiving water degradation. In an effort to control this problem, new regulations have been passed in the U.S.A. and federal, state, and local agencies are devising urban runoff management programs. This paper reviews recent regulations and studies related to urban stormwater runoff control and planning in the U.S.A.; discusses fundamentals of urban NPS pollution including transport processes and types and sources of pollutants; reviews current hydrologic and water quality mathematical models used in the U.S.A.; presents case studies in both modeling and management; and describes fundamentals of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in urban runoff control. Finally, it summarizes future research needs.     

城市面源污染特征的分析

对城市面源污染物的种类、来源和危害,以及对受纳水体的影响两方面综合进行分析;系统归纳了城市面源污染特征的研究结果,得出结论:城市地表径流中污染物以悬浮颗粒物为主,其浓度明显大于城市污水;重金属及碳氢化合物浓度在数量级上与未经处理的城市污水基本相同;COD、BOD5、总大肠菌数、TN和TP都低于未经处理的城市污水;不同使用功能的地表降雨径流过程排污状况中,商业区污染负荷最大;城市地表径流污染物中的金属主要来自屋顶径流;碳氢化合物和铅主要是吸附在颗粒上,其他污染物浮动性较大。最后分析了城市面源污染的影响因素,如降雨强度、降雨量、降雨历时、城市土地利用类型、大气污染状况、地表清扫状况等。     

The use of buffer zones to protect water quality: A review

It is popularly accepted that vegetated buffer zones are effective in removing water pollutants from surface runoff. However, there is a paucity of detailed information about establishing and maintaining buffer zones under different conditions, particularly in large catchments with diverse land uses. This paper reviews information on the application and effectiveness of vegetated buffer zones, and seeks to provide guidelines on their use for water quality control.Investigations into the use of buffer zones are grouped here into three major categories: studies of runoff plots or confined field areas; studies of operational forestry catchments; and studies of agricultural catchments. The degree of effectiveness of buffer zones for water pollution control in all these categories is generally attributed either to physical properties of the buffer zones (such as width, slope, vegetative cover, or soil type) or to the type of pollutant encountered. However, it is clear that although buffer zones have been shown to work well under small scale, experimental conditions, they lack success for water quality control on a broad catchment basis.In this respect, it is important that runoff must enter a buffer zone as shallow, overland flow in order to be slowed or detained, and that excessively channelised runoff will pass through a buffer zone unhindered. Buffer zones positioned close to sources of surface water pollution are therefore more likely to succeed in controlling water quality.It is suggested that although buffer zones are capable of removing pollutants from surface runoff, the proximity of buffer zones to sources of pollution is more important to their effectiveness than has been generally recognised. In view of this, the successful use of buffer zones for water quality control would require that they be comprehensively arranged along streams and around pollution sources in a catchment, and therefore that a large proportion of catchment area be set aside for this purpose. The real value of buffer zones in any situation would rest not only on their ability to control water quality, but on a number of other benefits and costs associated with maintaining large areas of natural vegetation.     

城市不透水地表降雨径流污染监测与研究——以北京工业大学校园为例

城市不透水地表降雨径流污染是面源污染的重要组成部分,而城市不透水地表在非降雨天累积的污染物又是降雨径流中污染物的主要来源。以2015年的前10场降雨为例,选取北京东南部大学校园范围内的教学楼屋顶、校园道路、邻近交通主路等不透水地表为研究对象,对自然降雨及其产生的降雨径流污染进行实地采样分析。分析结果表明:冬季过后的第一场降雨雨水径流污染严重,水质为劣V类,之后,降雨径流污染有所减轻;不同采样点水质污染严重程度不同;距离建筑物厕所排气口距离越近的地方,氨氮污染浓度越高;透水地面设施的存在可以减轻径流污染程度。根据分析研究结果,提出了控制和治理城市降雨径流污染的建议。     

Exploring fecal indicator bacteria in a constructed stormwater wetland

Microbial pollution in surface waters is a concern throughout the world, with both public health and economic implications. One contributing source to such pollution is stormwater runoff, often treated using various types of stormwater control measures. However, relatively little is known regarding microbe sequestration in constructed stormwater wetlands (CSWs), one type of commonly installed stormwater control measure. In this study, indicator bacteria concentrations in both the water and sediment of a CSW were evaluated at multiple locations. Results suggested that fecal coliform concentrations in stormwater runoff decrease through the system, with relatively consistent concentrations noted throughout the second half of the wetland. This potentially indicates a baseline concentration of fecal coliform is present due to internal processes such as animal activity and microbial persistence. However, wetland sediments showed little E. coli present during most sampling events, with minimal patterns existing with respect to sediment sampling location. CSW designs should promote optimization of hydraulic retention time and minimization of stormwater velocities to promote sedimentation and degradation of microbes by way of wetland treatment functions.     

赣南红壤坡面不同措施径流泥沙及氮磷污染输出试验研究

选择赣南于都县左马小流域的典型红壤坡面,通过在研究区布设标准径流小区,进行了不同措施径流泥沙及氮磷污染输出的试验研究。通过径流小区的试验观测分析表明:水保林+水平竹节沟式综合水保措施实施初期,平均减流和减沙效果达到近73%,以植被增加地表覆盖度,以水平竹节沟坡面水保工程截短坡长,分段拦蓄径流泥沙,可实现保水保土目的;经果林+坡面工程或绿篱是坡地经济果业开发保持水土的重要措施,工程措施在初期发挥作用较绿篱更大;氮磷等面源污染随水土流失从坡面输出,试验区不同措施氮素输出多以径流携带为主,磷素输出均以泥沙携带为主;经果林+工程措施对径流携带氮磷拦截率较高,水保林+工程措施对泥沙携带氮磷的拦截率较高,都在75%以上。     

Study on purification mechanism in soil penetration facility for effluents from urban area and control strategies.

In this study, demonstration experiments for removal of pollutants from road surface runoff during storm events were carried out under natural conditions in an outdoor pilot-scale soil penetration facility. In general, soil retains suspended matter and removes dissolved matter by adsorption. However, issues such as reduced purification capacity resulting from clogging and recovery of purification capacity during periods of intermittent supply of the storm water affect the removal efficiency of pollutants. Therefore, this study aimed at clarifying purification mechanisms during storm events and understanding how the structural characteristics of the soil penetration facility affect purification capacity based on long-term continuous measurements. In addition, modeling the purification mechanism under changing characteristics of rainfall in the long-term was undertaken.