Correlates of using the billing system of a mobile network operator to pay for digital goods and services

In many countries mobile network operators (MNOs) offer their customers the possibility to pay for digitized content, applications or services which they buy over their mobile smartphone via the carriers’ billing systems. To date, customer take-up of this mobile carrier billing (MCB) payment option is predominantly modest. At the same time, there is little empirical evidence on individual level factors significantly associated with the acceptance of MCB payment which differentiates firstly the principal adoption of the service in the sense of a yes-or-no decision and secondly the intensity of service usage among adopters. Therefore, the present study explores correlates between a total of 10 socio-demographic, contract-, communication habits- and smartphone-related variables on the one hand and the two MCB payment acceptance criteria on the other in a sample of 5010 postpaid residential customers of the German subsidiary of a multinational MNO. In contrast to many prior investigations, MCB payment adoption and usage intensity measures in the present work reflect real (and not retrospective subjective estimates of or intended) payment behaviors. A Probit regression analysis indicates that, compared to non-adopters, customers who have paid via MCB are male, have a shorter MNO tenure, have higher mobile service spending, generate more mobile Internet traffic, send more SMS and use a smartphone whose OS manufacturer offers MCB payment on its own online market place. In the subsample of adopters of MCB payments higher mean monthly MCB settlement amounts are generated by male and older subscribers who have a shorter MNO tenure, create more mobile Internet traffic, use mobile voice telephony more and SMS less heavily and who are equipped with a smartphone whose OS manufacturer does not offer MCB payment on its online market place. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for scholarly research on antecedents of the acceptance of novel telecommunication-based service offerings such as MCB payments and of basic levers of MNOs for improving the customer take-up of their MCB payment offerings and the usage intensity of the service among its adopters.     

基于无证书签密技术的NFC移动支付方案

针对现有的大部分NFC移动支付方案中存在的证书管理复杂、消费者隐私保护力度不大和运行效率不高等问题,结合无双线性对的无证书签密技术和匿名技术,提出了一个高效安全的NFC移动支付方案。该方案使用动态更新的匿名交易账户实现消费者匿名交易的同时实现了交易的不可链接性,商户作为消费者和移动支付服务提供商的通信桥梁,实现了消费者离线支付。分析结果表明,该方案在提供了高安全性交易和高质量的个人隐私保护的同时,实现了高效率的移动支付。     

Design,implementation, and performance analysis of a secure payment protocol in a payment gateway centric model

Many mobile payment systems have emerged in the last few years which allow payments for services and goods from mobile devices. However, most of them have been based on a scenario where all the entities are directly connected to each other (formally called the full connectivity scenario) and do not consider those situations where the client cannot directly communicate with the merchant. We present the design and the implementation of an anonymous secure payment protocol based on the payment gateway centric scenario for mobile environments where the client cannot communicate directly with the merchant to process the payment request. Our proposed payment protocol uses symmetric-key operations because of their low computational requirements. We present a performance evaluation of the proposed payment protocol in a real environment. Performance results obtained with the implemented protocol demonstrate that our protocol achieves a small execution time (11.68 s) for a payment transaction using a mobile phone and a restricted scenario which causes only a slight increase in the number of the steps necessary to complete a payment transaction as a result of the lack of direct communication between the client and the merchant.     

A modeling approach and reference models for the analysis of mobile payment use cases

Mobile payments can be categorized according to their usage in each of the five payment scenarios presented here. The paper proposes the mobile payment modeling approach (MPMA) especially suited for value-based analysis of mobile payment use cases. Based on this approach, the study also develops a set of seven reference models that can classify any given mobile payment use case or mobile payment procedure and analyze it with regard to the business model, the roles of the market participants, and their interrelation from a value-based perspective. An introspective analysis of the mobile payment service provider role and a market constellation analysis which shows the implications of different actors assuming one or more of the respective roles complete the study.     

Resuscitating privacy-preserving mobile payment with customer in complete control

Credit/debit card payment transactions do not protect the privacy of the customer. Once the card is handed over to the merchant for payment processing, customers are “no longer in control” on how their card details and money are handled. This leads to card fraud, identity theft, and customer profiling. Therefore, for those customers who value their privacy and security of their payment transactions, this paper proposes a choice—an alternate mobile payment model called “Pre-Paid Mobile HTTPS-based Payment model”. In our proposed payment model, the customer obtains the merchant’s bank account information and then instructs his/her bank to transfer the money to the merchant’s bank account. We utilize near field communication (NFC) protocol to obtain the merchant’s bank account information into the customer’s NFC-enabled smartphone. We also use partially blind signature scheme to hide the customers’ identity from the bank. As a result, our payment model provides the customer with complete control on his/her payments and privacy protection from both the bank and the merchant. We emulated our proposed mobile payment model using Android SDK 2.1 platform and analyzed its execution time.     

Exploring consumer adoption of mobile payments – A qualitative study

This paper presents a qualitative study on consumer adoption of mobile payments. The findings suggest that the relative advantage of mobile payments is different from that specified in adoption theories and include independence of time and place, availability, possibilities for remote payments, and queue avoidance. Furthermore, the adoption of mobile payments was found to be dynamic, depending on certain situational factors such as a lack of other payment methods or urgency. Several other barriers to adoption were also identified, including premium pricing, complexity, a lack of critical mass, and perceived risks. The findings provide foundation for an enhanced theory on mobile payment adoption and for the practical development of mobile payment services.     

Past, present and future of mobile payments research: A literature review

The mobile payment services markets are currently under transition with a history of numerous tried and failed solutions, and a future of promising but yet uncertain possibilities with potential new technology innovations. At this point of the development, we take a look at the current state of the mobile payment services market from a literature review perspective. We review prior literature on mobile payments, analyze the various factors that impact mobile payment services markets, and suggest directions for future research in this still emerging field. To facilitate the analysis of literature, we propose a framework of four contingency and five competitive force factors, and organize the mobile payment research under the proposed framework. Consumer perspective of mobile payments as well as technical security and trust are best covered by contemporary research. The impacts of social and cultural factors on mobile payments, as well as comparisons between mobile and traditional payment services are entirely uninvestigated issues. Most of the factors outlined by the framework have been addressed by exploratory and early phase studies.     

Working Digital Money into a Cash Economy: The Collaborative Work of Loan Payment

This paper examines how different forms of money, specifically digital versus cash, impact on the work of an organisation and its customers. In doing so it contributes to the body of literature exploring how the social meanings of money impact on practice. We describe the findings of an ethnographic study examining loan collection workflows, where bank loans given to auto-rickshaw drivers to purchase their auto-rickshaw are overseen and managed by an intermediary. We found that making the mobile money service usable for the drivers took considerable work and was largely achieved because it was embedded in the wider, trusted, loan payment ecosystem. Although Airtel Money promises anytime, anywhere payments, payment remains time and place bound for the drivers. It is tempting to take a transactional approach to payments, and indeed we initially approached the problem of enabling frequent payments as one of payment mechanism. However, in practice payments are embedded in sets of social relations and a socio-technical ecosystem. It takes considerable collaborative work, and a fair amount of flexibility, to enable these financially vulnerable drivers to pay off their loans, and reducing the issue to one of payment mechanism alone does not tell the full story.     

Utilizing national public-key infrastructure in mobile payment systems

Payments are the locomotive behind any business domain. It has been predicted that mobile payments will become one of the most successful mobile services, and the security of payments is an important requirement. However, it is difficult to strongly authenticate mobile users remotely and provide an adequate level of non-repudiation of transactions. In this article, we argue that a nationwide public-key infrastructure supported by governmental bodies can be used in a mobile payment system. Not only does it provide strong security, but it also makes the system open to any mobile user, merchant, or financial service provider. Two payment protocols are described: one for virtual point-of-sale payments, and one for vending machine payments. We argue that such a system can be implemented using open development platforms, and its performance is adequate for enabling swift transactions. A prototype of a system which accepts virtual point-of-sale payments is implemented, and its performance and usability are evaluated.     

基于TEE和SE的移动平台双离线匿名支付方案

近年来, 中央银行数字货币(CBDC)受到全球多个国家和地区的高度关注. 双离线交易作为CBDC的可选属性, 在无网络连接的情况下进行支付被认为具有较大的实用价值. 本文面向CBDC的双离线匿名支付场景, 基于可信执行环境(TEE)和安全单元(SE)技术, 提出了一种专为移动平台设计的高效双离线匿名支付方案(Dual Offline Anonymous E-Payment for Mobile Devices, OAPM). OAPM适用于资源受限的移动设备, 允许移动付款者在不联网状态下安全地向收款者支付数字货币, 且不向收款者及商业银行泄露个人隐私信息, 付款者的支付行为也不会被链接, 同时允许收款者设备处于离线状态, 监管机构(如中央银行)在必要情况下能够识别匿名付款者的真实身份. 本方案满足数字货币交易的多项重要属性, 包括正确性、不可链接性、可追踪性、不可陷害性、机密性、真实性、防双花性以及可控匿名性等. 本文实现了原型系统, 并对可能的参数进行了评估. 安全性分析和实验结果表明, 该方案从安全性和效率两方面均能满足移动用户CBDC双离线交易的实际需求.     

An incentive-based electronic payment scheme for digital content transactions over the Internet

Digital content transactions through e-commerce will grow tremendous in the coming years. Well-designed electronic payment schemes and high-quality digital contents are two critical successful factors. This paper proposes an incentive-based electronic payment scheme, which can ensure both important properties of fair exchange and customer anonymity in e-commerce transactions and enhance authors’ motivation to create digital contents. The proposed payment scheme is based on cryptographic techniques. Besides, it adopts a mechanism called “the apportionment contract of sales revenue”, which records payees’ apportionment amount. The bank can immediately apportion the sales revenue according to this contract when customers complete payments. By scrupulous analyses, the proposed payment scheme can achieve fair exchange, customer anonymity, and payment security. This paper also compares the proposed payment scheme to related schemes. The comparison result shows that the proposed payment scheme has the best characteristics on the following viewpoints: incentive-based payment, fair exchange, customer anonymity, the denomination of payment token, and the number of payment token for a transaction.     

Dynamic group size accreditation and group discounts preserving anonymity

Group discounts are used by vendors and authorities to encourage certain behaviors. For example, group discounts can be applied to highway tolls to encourage ride sharing, or by museum managers to ensure a minimum number of visitors and plan guided tours more efficiently. We show how group discounts can be offered without forcing customers to surrender their anonymity, as long as customers are equipped with some form of autonomous computing device (e.g. smartphone, tablet or computer). Specifically, we present a protocol suite for privacy-aware group discounts that allows a group of customers to prove how many they are without disclosing their identities. The group does not need to be a stable one, but can have been formed on the fly. Coupled with an anonymous payment system, this makes group discounts compatible with buyer privacy (in this case, buyer anonymity). We present a detailed complexity analysis, we give simulation results, and we report on a pilot implementation.     

Drivers of mobile payment acceptance: The impact of network externalities

Mobile payment is an attractive option that has recently boomed because of the advent of smart phones and their applications. Despite the great potential of such technology in simplifying our lives, its uptake remains limited. As the technology acceptance fails to meet expectations, this study aims at providing a better understanding of the factors influencing mobile payment acceptance. Through an empirical investigation that couples the traditional technology acceptance factors with “network externalities” effect. This study hypothesized that performance expectancy, effort expectancy; social influence, trust, and network externality are major factors that influence the intention to use mobile payment. Results indicated that while the traditional acceptance drivers still impact customers’ willingness to adopt mobile payment, network externalities was the most influential driver of mobile payment acceptance. Results also failed to support the influence of effort expectancy. Conclusions and future work propositions are stated at the end.     

Designing Internet-Based Payment Systems: Guidelines and Empirical Basis

ABSTRACT

This article describes research into online electronic payment systems, focusing on the aspects of payment systems that are critical for their acceptance by end users. Based on our earlier research and a diary study of payments with an online payment system and with online banking systems of a reputable bank, we proposed a set of 12 interaction design guidelines. The guidelines have been applied during the implementation and redesign of a new payment system. An extensive experimental comparison of the original version of the system with the one designed according to the design guidelines has provided confirmation of the relevance and adequacy of these guidelines for designing online payment systems.     

Combining Rabin cryptosystem and error correction codes to facilitate anonymous authentication with un-traceability for low-end devices

Secure authentication of low cost Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) with low computing capacity is a big challenge, due to the constraint of the limited resources and the privacy concern of their mobility and traceability. Here, we not only concern authentication but also privacy (anonymity and un-traceability) to protect privacy of these mobile devices and their holders. In this paper, we delicately combine Rabin cryptosystem and error correction codes to design lightweight authentication scheme with anonymity and un-traceability. Compared to its previous counterpart [4], the proposed schemes improve the number of supported tags from O(k) to O(2^k), where k is the dimension of the codes. The scheme is attractive to low-end devices, especially those low-cost cryptographic RFIDs. We, additionally, show the security weaknesses of a recently published Rabin cryptosystem-based RFID authentication scheme.     

Near field communication: an assessment for future payment systems

In this paper, we present an assessment of near field communication (NFC) in the context of a payment market. During these past years, we have been witnessing a number of mobile payment trials based on NFC. Early experiences are already quite encouraging and many expect NFC to become a highly efficient and effective technology for mobile payments. The objective of our research is to evaluate in a systematic manner the potential of NFC as an upcoming technology for mobile payments. In order to ensure the rigor of our research, we used a formal and structured approach based on multi-actor multi-criteria methods. Our research provides one of the first assessment of NFC and a realistic picture of the current Swiss situation as we involved numerous mobile payment experts. Our findings show that Swiss industry experts are quite enthusiastic about the future of NFC. A previous version of this paper was presented at the 6th international conference on mobile business, 2007. “Jan Ondrus, Yves Pigneur, An assessment of NFC for Future Payment Systems, Proceedings, Sixth International Conference on Mobile Business, 8–11 July 2007, IEEE Computer Society, ISBN 0-7695-2803-1.”     

Analysis of privacy in mobile telephony systems

We present a thorough experimental and formal analysis of users’ privacy in mobile telephony systems. In particular, we experimentally analyse the use of pseudonyms and point out weak deployed policies leading to some critical scenarios which make it possible to violate a user’s privacy. We also expose some protocol’s vulnerabilities resulting in breaches of the anonymity and/or user unlinkability. We show these breaches translate in actual attacks which are feasible to implement on real networks and discuss our prototype implementation. In order to countermeasure these attacks, we propose realistic solutions. Finally, we provide the theoretical framework for the automatic verification of the unlinkability and anonymity of the fixed 2G/3G procedures and automatically verify them using the ProVerif tool.     

Complacency,capabilities, and institutional pressure: understanding financial institutions’ participation in the nascent mobile payments ecosystem

As mobile payments become increasingly popular, their ecosystem is also evolving. The participation of financial institutions in this ecosystem, although is rapidly improving, remains relatively low. This paper studies why some financial institutions choose to, or not to, participate in this nascent mobile payments ecosystem. We developed hypotheses for the influence of three factors as aspiration gaps, customer-facing IT capabilities, and institutional pressures based on three theoretical foundations including the threat rigidity thesis, capability-based view, and institutional theory. We then empirically tested our hypotheses by analyzing the diffusion of mobile payments among 3549 U.S. credit unions from 2013 to 2016. Results from our event history analyses provide support to the hypotheses that credit unions experiencing performance gaps, having superior customer-facing IT capabilities, and facing strong institutional pressures are more likely to start providing mobile payment services.     

The state of the art in electronic payment systems

The exchange of goods conducted face-to-face between two parties dates back to before the beginning of recorded history. Traditional means of payment have always had security problems, but now electronic payments retain the same drawbacks and add some risks. Unlike paper, digital “documents” can be copied perfectly and arbitrarily often, digital signatures can be produced by anybody who knows the secret cryptographic key, and a buyer's name can be associated with every payment, eliminating the anonymity of cash. Without new security measures, widespread electronic commerce is not viable. On the other hand, properly designed electronic payment systems can actually provide better security than traditional means of payments, in addition to flexibility. This article provides an overview of electronic payment systems, focusing on issues related to security     

Mobile payment: Understanding the determinants of customer adoption and intention to recommend the technology

Mobile payment is receiving growing attention globally, from consumers to merchants, as an alternative to using cash, check, or credit cards. The potential of this technology is enormous. This study aims to identify the main determinants of mobile payment adoption and the intention to recommend this technology. We advance the body of knowledge on this subject by proposing an innovative research model that combines the strengths of two well-known theories; the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) with the innovation characteristics of the diffusion of innovations (DOI), with perceived security and intention to recommend the technology constructs. The research model was empirically tested using 301 responses from an online survey conducted in a European country, Portugal. Data was analyzed using the structured equation modeling (SEM). We found compatibility, perceived technology security, performance expectations, innovativeness, and social influence to have significant direct and indirect effects over the adoption of mobile payment and the intention to recommend this technology. The relevance of customer's intention to recommend mobile payment technology in social networks and other means of communication was also confirmed, supporting the recommendation to include it in social marketing campaigns and in future technology adoption studies. For researchers this study provides a basis for further refinement of individual models of acceptance. For practitioners, understanding the key constructs is crucial to design, refine, and implement mobile payment services, applications, and products that achieve high consumer acceptance, value, and high rates of positive recommendations in social networks.