Microstructure and properties of low-carbon weld steel after thermomechanical strengthening

Optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy have been used to study the structure of the rolled sheets produced from the pipe steel of Kh90 class. The sheets were manufactured using different technological schemes of strengthening: direct quenching from rolling heating (QRH) followed by high-temperature tempering; and two-step thermomechanical treatment with rapid cooling to a desired temperature (TMT). A relationship between the nature of the structure and mechanical properties of the rolled sheet has been established. It has been shown that the two-step thermomechanical treatment has significant advantages over the quenching from the rolling heating, which is related to the formation of highly dispersed bainite with a subgrain structure upon TMT.     

Study of the isothermal transformation of ductile iron with 0.5% Cu by electrical resistance measurement

A computer-controlled system for measuring electrical resistance has been developed and used to study the isothermal transformation of austenite in a ductile iron (3.31 % C, 3.12 % Si, 0.22 % Mn, 0.55 % Cu). The ability of the technique to follow the isothermal decomposition of austenite was established by measurements on an AISI4340 steel. The times at which the austenite decomposed to primary ferrite, pearlite, and bainite were accurately detected. In the ductile iron, the formation of pearlite and of bainite was easily detected, and an isothermal transformation diagram was constructed from the results. The temperature range for the formation of bainite is especially important in producing austempered ductile iron (ADI) and was mapped. An initial stage of decomposition of austenite to ferrite and high-carbon austenite is followed by a time delay; then the high-carbon austenite decomposes to bainite. The formation of ADI requires austempering to a structure of ferrite and high-carbon austenite, then quenching to retain this structure, thus avoiding the formation of bainite. This is achieved by isothermal transformation into the time-delay region. For the ductile iron studied here, this time region was about 2.6 h at 400 °C and increased to 277 h at 300 °C.     

Effect of silicon content and annealing temperature on formation of retained austenite and mechanical properties in multi-phase steels

Cold-rolled and annealed ultra-high strength sheet steels with good ductility accompanied by TRIP of retained austenite have received considerable attention in recent years. This paper discusses the effect of silicon content and annealing temperature on the formation of retained austenite and the mechanical properties in Fe-0.34%C-1.7% Mn steels whose structure consists of ferrite, bainite and retained austenite. Silicon inhibited the cementite formation in bainite during isothermal holding and partitioned carbon from bainite to austenite, resulting in an increase in retained austenite content. When the silicon content was increased to 1.0 wt.% or higher, the amount of retained austenite markedly increased leading to good mechanical properties. 0.34%C-1.03%Si-1.7%Mn steel showed a high tensile strength of 1,030 MPa and a total elongation of 34.5% when annealed at 780°C for 5 min followed by isothermal holding at 400°C for 5 min. In this case, the amount of retained austenite was about 25%. The variation in tensile strength-elongation combination had good correlation with that in the amount of retained austenite with both annealing temperature and silicon content. The most retained austenite was obtained in the steel annealed at just above A_C1 temperature. The annealing temperature which gives the most retained austenite was decreased with decreasing the silicon content.     

Formation of Mesoferrite and Granular Bainite in Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel

Special features in the formation of mesoferrite and granular bainite in low-carbon low-alloy steels are considered. A diagram of isothermal decomposition of austenite in steel 20Kh2NAch is plotted and the range of existence of mesoferrite is determined. Morphological differences between the granular intermediate structure formed in the isothermal decomposition of supercooled austenite in the intermediate temperature range and the granular bainite formed in the decomposition of austenite in continuous cooling are determined. The role of mesoferrite in the formation of these structures is considered.     

Si、Mn复相耐磨铸钢复相热处理组织与性能研究

测定了以Ｓｉ、Ｍｎ为主合金化元素的耐铸钢的ＴＴＴ曲线,曲线存在明显的海湾,贝氏体转变区域较宽;根据ＴＴＴ曲线,研究分析了这种耐磨铸钢在不同工艺条件下等温淬火复相热处理后组织、性能;结果表明,等温淬火复相蝗所得 组织为板条状贝氏体铁素体和奥氏体、贝氏体铁素体间距随等温的升高而变宽,奥氏体量增我,其强度,硬度下降,塑韧性提高。     

含Ti微合金钢中的第二相粒子对焊接粗晶热影响区组织及韧性的影响

利用碳萃取复型技术研究了含Ti微合金钢及其模拟粗晶区 (CGHAZ)中的第二相粒子 ,并利用OM(光镜 )、TEM(透射电镜 )及系列冲击试验对含Ti微合金钢及一种成分相近的不含Ti低合金高强钢焊接粗晶区的组织及韧性进行了研究。研究结果表明 ,含Ti微合金钢中含有大量的、尺寸细小的TiN粒子 ,这些粒子非常稳定 ,在焊接热循环过程中能有效地阻止奥氏体晶粒长大 ,抑制粗大贝氏体的形成 ,促进针状铁素体析出及M -A组元的分解 ,从而显著改善低合金高强钢焊接粗晶热影响区的韧性 ,t8/5(80 0～5 0 0℃冷却时间 )越大 ,这种改善作用越明显     

等温淬火球墨铸铁的滑动磨损

研究了奥贝球铁、下贝球铁及与其基体组织相同的钢的滑动磨损性能。实验结果表明 :在一定条件下 ,石墨对等温淬火球铁耐磨性无补而有损。由于奥贝球铁的转折载荷随摩擦速度的提高而增大 ,当转速为 980r/min ,载荷 >6 8 6N时 ,等温淬火球铁的耐磨性优于钢     

快速回火工艺条件下超高强低碳贝氏体钢的组织与性能

采用盐浴热处理试验,结合扫描电镜、透射电镜及室温拉伸试验,研究了快速加热+短时保温快速回火条件下超高强低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能变化规律。结果表明,快速回火工艺下,超高强低碳贝氏体钢发生碳过饱和贝氏体和马氏体中的碳化物析出、铁素体和马氏体的重构以及微合金析出物的析出等现象,进而影响材料的强塑性;在700℃以下快速回火时,与以板条状贝氏体(LB)组织为主的复相贝氏体钢相比,以粒状贝氏体(GB)组织为主的钢具有更好的回火稳定性;在750～800℃两相区快速回火时,铁素体和马氏体相大量重构,最终形成粗大铁素体和马氏体,抗拉强度大幅提升,屈强强度大幅降低,且以LB组织为主的复相贝氏体钢中重构铁素体晶粒更为粗大,导致其屈服强度更低。     

Effect of Microstructure on Tensile Behavior and Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in a Cold-Rolled Al-Containing TRIP Steel

In the present study, a quenching treatment prior to two-stage heat treatment was conducted on a Fe–0.28 C–1.55 Mn–2.06 Al transformation-induced plasticity steel to tailor the final microstructure. Compared with the microstructure of the ferrite, bainite and blocky retained austenite obtained by conventional two-stage heat treatment, the microstructure subjected to quenching plus two-stage heat treatment was composed of the ferrite, lath bainite and film-like retained austenite. The corresponding tensile behavior and mechanical stability of retained austenite were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the mechanical stability of blocky retained austenite grains is lower and most of them transform to martensite during the tensile deformation, which leads to higher ultimate tensile strength and instantaneous work hardening exponent. Film-like retained austenite has relatively higher stability, which could cause sustained work hardening and high ductility as well as product of strength and elongation.     

团球状共晶体奥氏体-贝氏体钢抗冲击磨料磨损行为

采用ＴＥＭ，ＳＥＭ；电子探针和 ＭＤＬ－１０型动载磨料磨损实验机研究 Ｍｇ－Ｃｅ－ＡＩ复合变质团球状共晶体奥－贝钢（简称ＡＢＮＥ钢）复相组织的形成及抗冲击磨料磨损行为结果表明，钢中贝氏体组织由板条铁素体与残余奥氏体组成，团球状共晶体是（Ｆｅ， Ｍｎ）３Ｃ和奥氏体两相伪共晶组织 ＡＢＮＥ钢在中、低冲击工况下耐磨性优于奥－贝钢、奥－贝球铁、团球状碳化物中锰钢，其原因与国球状共晶体可有效地减轻磨料的侵入深度和阻碍微切削作用，以及磨损表面形成大量纳米晶粒和非晶态组织。在亚表层存在形变马氏体与形变贝氏体组织有关     

Interpretation of the strengthening of steel with lower bainite and martensite mixed microstructure

A mixed microstructure consisting of lower bainite and martensite was introduced in an alloyed medium carbon steel (SCM 435) through an appropriate isothermal treatment and the variation in microhardness was measured as a function of lower bainite fraction. It was shown that a maximum hardness peak appeared when the steel contained about 20% lower bainite. A double etching technique using picric acid to reveal the prior austenite grain and Le Pera etchant to reveal the lower bainite phase showed that the microstructure became manifest through the partition of the prior austenite grain by the lower bainite plates. Based on such microstructural characteristics, a model interpreting the strengthening of the steel through the presence of lower bainite was constructed and shown to be well-fitted with the experimental results. The model took into consideration of three factors: the refinement of the martensitic substructure through the presence of lower bainite, the carbon shifting from bainitic ferrite into untransformed austenite during lower bainite transformation and the mixture rule.     

冷却介质对新型贝氏体铸钢组织和性能的影响

研究了不同冷却介质对新型贝氏体铸钢组织和力学性能的影响：结果表明：ZG30CrMn2Si2Mo铸钢奥氏钵化后，空冷获得的组织是由贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏钵组成的新型贝氏体组织，油冷、水玻璃冷和水冷后获得的组织是由马氏体、贝氏体和残余奥氏体组成的复相组织；随介质冷却能力的增加，有利于提ZG30CrMn2Si2Mo铸钢的综合性能，水冷后可获得较好的强韧性配合。分析了冷却介质对性能影响的原因。     

关于60Si2MnA钢奥氏体中温转变的研究

60Si2MnA钢过冷奥氏体的中温转变产物为贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体,贝氏体铁索体的形成与自催化效应密切相关。在回火过程中,贝氏体中的奥氏体以扩散转变方式分解为铁素体和渗碳体。从而说明奥氏体的等温转变与回火转变是本质不同的转变。     

TiNbV微合金钢焊接接头HAZ晶粒长大及相变原位观察

采用激光共聚焦显微镜原位观察方法,研究了大热输入用TiNbV微合金钢在模拟焊接热循环作用下焊接热影响区(HAZ)晶粒长大过程及相变的规律. 热循环过程中加热温度升高至860 ~ 980 ℃时,发生由铁素体和珠光体向奥氏体的转变,1 100 ℃时,奥氏体晶粒开始有明显长大的趋势,1 300 ~ 1 400 ℃时,晶粒以合并长大方式迅速长大;冷却过程中温度降低至1 400 ~ 1 350 ℃时,晶粒以晶界迁移方式缓慢长大,660 ~ 580 ℃时,发生奥氏体迅速向贝氏体转变,焊接HAZ主要由贝氏体与铁素体组成,贝氏体的尺寸是由奥氏体晶粒大小决定的. 热循环高温停留时间延长,奥氏体与贝氏体的形成、终了、转变温度区间均有下降. 结果表明,组织中先共析铁素体含量先降低后增加,贝氏体含量降低,多边形铁素体消失,先共析铁素体含量增加,冷却组织趋于均匀粗大. 焊接过程中,选择合适的高温停留时间可提高组织中IAF的含量,提高力学性能.     

淬火冷却工艺对F460钢调质厚板组织与性能的影响

对120 mm厚的F460钢调质厚板采用相同的淬火回火温度,不同的淬火冷却速度处理,之后对钢板进行组织与性能对比,寻找该钢种的最佳热处理工艺。采用2 ℃/s冷速进行冷却的钢板,回火后强度最高,但是冲击性能不佳;适当降低淬火冷却速度后,钢板回火后强度有一定下降,但是冲击性能得到明显提升;继续降低淬火冷却速度,钢板回火后强度进一步下降,但是冲击性能提升有限。经组织分析,2 ℃/s冷速进行冷却淬火时,钢板回火后的组织为铁素体+贝氏体组织,组织中主要是贝氏体;冷却速度降低以后,钢板回火后组织为铁素体+退化珠光体组织,铁素体含量的增加,有利于钢板韧性的提升,残留奥氏体回火后形成的珠光体组织比较细小,能有效保证钢板的强度。通过对钢板的连续冷却转变曲线进行分析,钢板在冷却过程中先开始进行铁素体相变,溶质元素向奥氏体迁移。在钢板冷速较快时,铁素体中的碳化物迁移较少,奥氏体低温时转变成马氏体或者贝氏体;在钢板冷速较慢时,碳化物迁移到奥氏体内,提高奥氏体稳定性并保留到室温,形成残留奥氏体。残留奥氏体在后续的高温回火过程中,转变成珠光体。块状转变形成的铁素体组织与回火过程中形成的细小珠光体有利于钢板的强韧性匹配。     

贝氏体相变的过渡性特征

对35CrMo钢等多种材料奥氏体化后进行贝氏体等温淬火,得到少量贝氏体+马氏体+残留奥氏体的整合组织。应用JEM-2100透射电镜和QUANTA-400环扫电镜等设备观察了贝氏体组织的形貌和亚结构。综合分析了贝氏体相变的特征。研究表明,过冷奥氏体随着温度的降低具有转变贯序,贝氏体相变在组织形貌、亚结构方面具有过渡性。贝氏体相变动力学具有交叉性、重叠性、变温性和等温性的过渡性特征。贝氏体相变中铁原子和置换原子以非协同热激活跃迁方式位移,表明贝氏体形核长大具有过渡性。     

低碳微合金钢贝氏体相变及组织细化的研究

针对低碳铌、钛微合金钢,采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机进行了加热、变形及冷却试验,对不同工艺制度下的显微组织进行了分析.结果表明,加热时间较长时,不利于随后冷却奥氏体向等轴铁素体相变,而发生贝氏体相变;在奥氏体区进行不同应变量的变形,随着奥氏体的形变量加大,相变贝氏体的组织细化;变形后适当增加弛豫时间,相变的贝氏体组织细化.     

硅合金钢淬火组织中残留奥氏体的力学稳定性与力学性能

对含Si合金钢两相(马氏体-M,贝氏体-B)区系列等温淬火显微组织中残留奥氏体稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,在下贝氏体区等温淬火可获得准(无碳化物)贝氏体(BF AB)组织,合理的回火工艺可使显微组织中残留奥氏体减少到适量,增加残留奥氏体中的C含量,降低Ms、Md点温度和提高其力学稳定性,从而达到最佳强韧性配合。     

预相变马氏体对超级贝氏体钢组织热稳定性的影响

为明确超级贝氏体组织失稳机制以及探索提高超级贝氏体钢中残余奥氏体热稳定性的方法,通过预相变马氏体工艺,即在等温贝氏体相变前引入预相变马氏体,制备了中碳超级贝氏体钢。对比分析了回火前后中碳超级贝氏体钢显微组织和力学性能的变化,研究了预相变马氏体对中碳超级贝氏体钢中贝氏体组织及残余奥氏体热稳定性的影响。结果表明：预相变马氏体的存在能够细化贝氏体铁素体板条,提高残余奥氏体含量和热稳定性。预相变马氏体的引入及其对超级贝氏体组织的细化作用使得试验钢的屈服强度超过1 000 MPa,伸长率大于20%;300～600℃回火1 h后,高碳薄膜状残余奥氏体首先发生分解,形成细小的碳化物,然后贝氏体铁素体板条发生回复和再结晶,形成沿原板条方向的铁素体晶粒;600℃回火后试验钢的屈服强度仍与回火前相当,主要是预相变马氏体周围的薄膜状残余奥氏体未发生明显分解,能够抑制相邻贝氏体铁素体板条的回复。     

EFFECTS OF RETAINED AUSTENITE ON DUPLEX MICROSTRUCTURE OF MARTENSITE AND LOWER BAINITE

ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＲＥＴＡＩＮＥＤＡＵＳＴＥＮＩＴＥＯＮＤＵＰＬＥＸＭＩＣＲＯＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＯＦＭＡＲＴＥＮＳＩＴＥＡＮＤＬＯＷＥＲＢＡＩＮＩＴＥＷＥＮＣｕｉ’ｅ;ＬＩＮＪｉａｎｇｕｏ;ＺＨＯＵＹａｊｉａｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａ...