Water target based cross-calibration of CBERS-02 CCD camera with MODIS data

In order to make quantitative watercolor sensing with China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS-02) CCD camera, the MODIS data with higher accuracy is used to cross-calibrate the CCD camera over water targets. In homogeneous clear water area, two pairs of images obtained over the same area on the same day by the two sensors are selected. The top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances of the multispectral bands of CCD are calculated with the water and aerosol parameters from MODIS based on a water-atmosphere radiative transfer algorithm. The stripes in CCD image that caused by unequal response of the CCD array detectors are firstly removed before making the cross-calibration. The same part of CCD detectors is selected for the calibrations in the two images to eliminate the residual error of destriping and uniformity correction for the focus plane irradiance. It is shown that the calibration results from two different images are consistent. The error of this method is about 5%.     

Atmospheric correction of CBERS CCD images with MODIS data

China Brazil Earth Resource Satellite (CBERS) CCD images have much potential for inland water environmental monitoring. However, their atmospheric accuracy correction can affect their quantitative applications. This paper contains an atmospheric correction algorithm for CBERS CCD images with MODIS data from the same day, the use of which improves the atmospheric correction algorithm of ocean color remote sensing developed by Gordon (1993, 1994) and makes it applicable to inland waters. The improved algorithm retrieves atmospheric parameters from MODIS data and uses them to perform the atmospheric correction of CBERS CCD images. Experimental results show that the atmospheric correction algorithm of CBERS CCD images assisted by MODIS data is reliable. Furthermore, MODIS data can be freely obtained on a daily basis, making the algorithm developed in this paper useful for environmental monitoring of inland waters.     

Radiometric cross-calibration of the CBERS-02 CCD camera with the TERRA MODIS

For the application of the CCD camera, the most important payload on CBERS-02, the key is to provide long-term stable radiometric calibration coefficients. Although the vicarious calibration had been proved successful, it had its limitations such as test site requirement and unsuitable for historical data. Cross-calibration is one of the alternative methods, but it needs synchro surface spectrum to achieve spectral band matching factors. Our effort is to probe the influences on these factors. Simulations with a lot of surface spectrum showed that the factors changed with the viewing geometry, atmospheric condition and surface targets. However, simulating with the same viewing geometry and atmospheric condition, the spectral band matching factors of the same or similar surface targets, spectrum acquired from different dates and different places would like to be consistent to each other within 1%–5%. Thus, the synchro measurement data can be substituted by the same or similar target from other source. Based on this method, using the MODIS as the reference, the cross-calibration was performed for CCD camera. The research demonstrated that the traditional method with single calibration site was inappropriate for CCD camera, since the offsets for its four spectral bands were not zeros. With four calibration sites, these offsets were obtained. And the camera was detected to degrade with dates based on four times of cross-calibrations.     

Multi-perspective digital image correlation method using a single color camera

A novel 3 D digital image correlation(DIC) system based on a single three charge-couple device(3 CCD) color camera is proposed in this paper. Images from three different perspectives are captured by a 3 CCD camera using a reflective-based pseudo-vision system. These images are then separated by the different CCD channels, and the correlation algorithm for the multi-camera DIC system is adopted to evaluate the images. Compared to the conventional multi-camera DIC system, the proposed system is much more compact. In addition, the proposed system has no loss of spatial resolution, compares to the traditional single camera DIC system. The complex surface measurement ability and the measurement accuracy is significantly improved through the use of the multi-camera DIC algorithm. The principle of the proposed system is described in detail as well as the experimental setup. A series of validation tests are performed, and the results are verified with the commercial 3 D-DIC system.     

Study on the relative radiometric correction of CBERS satellite CCD image

China-Brazial Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS)-01 is the first remote sensing re- source satellite of data transfer type manufactured by China and Brazil, which is full of the wisdom and sweat from both countries’ aerospace communities and is regarded as a model of the cooperation between developing countries in high-tech area. CBERS-01 was launched in October of 1999 and went into normal operation after on-orbit test inMarch of 2000. This brought an end to the history that China coul…     

Study on the relative radiometric correction of CBERS satellite CCD image

The main payload on CBERS-01/02 of China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) is a push-broom CCD camera with moderate spatial and radiant resolution. Because at lab the data for calibration at satellite assembly stage were unable to be collected, and also because the onboard calibrator after launch was in a different state from imaging, the calibration of CCD image got a series of difficulties involved. In practice, two methods are used in the processing on the ground station: One is extracting calibration data by statistics from the image itself, and the other is the method of histogram match. It was proved that the latter can calibrate the image much better, because it can remove the effect of unstable response of the camera largely and also can overcome the nonlinearity of the camera basically by using Look-Up Table (LUT) calculated from histogram statistics of different temporal images. Considering the problems of CBERS-01, a lot of calibration tests were done before the launch of CBERS-02, in which a set of lab coefficients for relative calibration was formulated after the data collection by using integration-hemisphere in the stage of satellite assembly test. During the on-orbit test, it was found that the calibration result from such coefficients was not satisfying, especially there being response difference between 3 detector arrays, which was attributed to the unstable dark currents of the CCD camera. This paper comes up with a statistic method to remove such response difference. In this method the middle detector array was used as reference to find the response differences of adjacent similar features between these arrays and it was proved to have a broad adaptability.     

Real-time auto-focusing technique using centroid method for space camera

A real-time auto-focusing system with auto-collimation method is introduced, which is used in auto-detecting the focus of the space camera with long focus. Auto-focusing is the key technique to ensure high quality in space imaging. It can measure and compensate the defocus caused by the change of temperature and air pressure etc. in space. To solve the problem of auto-focusing with auto-collimation method of the camera whose axis is perpendicular to the ground, it is designed that two small caliber pentagonal prisms are placed in the area of aperture suitable to the camera’s relative aperture based on the theory of auto-focusing with auto-collimation, which can replace the big caliber plane reflector used in other cameras. Using the characteristic of pentagonal prism refracting light vertically, the target slit is imaged in CCD through the two-separated lens. It transforms the detecting of the axial defocusing quantity to the landscape orientation measurement of the faculae’s position in the direction of CCD pixels. The defocusing quantity is obtained by measuring the opposite position of the two faculae on the CCD. The Centroid method is adopted to measure the position of the auto-collimation faculae. The arithmetic error is analyzed especially, and the causation is given. Experiments show that this real-time auto-focusing system using centroid method is reliable and the focusing precision can reach ±0.01 mm.     

In flight MTF monitoring and compensation for CCD camera on CBERS-02

In this article, the approach of simulating ideal tarp scene was proposed to determine the MTF for CCD camera on CBERS-02. The MTF acquired from this technique was compared to those from some common methods. MTFs achieved from different approaches were employed to compensate the CCD images based on three restoration algorithms: the iterative method, the Wiener filter and the modified inverse filter (MIF). The two-dimensional MTF was established with the value at frequency 0.5 for 45° directional MTF as the value at its four corners. This article addressed the variations of the restored CCD images with different techniques of constructing two-dimensional MTF, restoring algorithms and determining the in-flight MTFs. Results showed images restored with the MTF determined from the technique of simulating ideal tarp scene represent the real scene best. And the restoration technique based on the MIF would produce better restored images than the other two techniques. This research also demonstrated that the two-dimensional MTF used for restoration should be interpolated under the control of the MTF for 45° axis, rather than by multiplying the cross-orbit MTF with along-orbit MTF.     

基于图像反馈的标靶面与光轴垂直调节系统

介绍了摄像机标定的内部参数,阐述了标靶面与光轴垂直可以简化标定的过程.当标靶面与光轴垂直时,利用标靶面上特征圆在CCD成像面上成像也是圆的特点,提出了基于图像反馈的标靶面与光轴垂直的调节方法.一般情况下,标靶面与光轴不垂直,标靶面上特征圆在CCD成像面上成像为椭圆.通过图像处理和最小二乘椭圆拟合法计算出成像椭圆的长短轴及偏角,设计了调整控制策略.实验结果表明,该方法是有效可行的.     

CCD相机靶面倾斜误差修正应用研究

分析了光电经纬仪CCD相机靶面倾斜所带来的测量误差,解析了靶面倾斜时目标相对于光电经纬仪视轴的真实脱靶量和CCD靶面所读出的脱靶量之间的数学关系,给出了倾斜检测的方法及误差消除的数学公式,实践证明,本方法能较好地修正对CCD相机靶面倾斜对装备测量带来的影响,提高了测量精度.     

卫星姿态精度对TDI CCD相机的影响

正确的姿态控制精度是TDI CCD卫星相机正常工作的基本前提，通过分析、计算卫星姿态控制精度导致的像移量及其与调控传递函数的对应关系，给出了TDI CCD相机对卫星姿态精度的要求，实例计算结果表明，TDI CCD相机对卫星姿态控制精度的要求比普通CCD相机的要求高，且随着TDI积分级数的增加，对卫星姿态的稳定度要求变得尤为苛刻。     

激光三角测距的一种实验标定方法

提出了激光三角测距的一种实验标定方法。从实验中得到几组位移与深度的对应关系数据,对其取平均后用最小二乘法拟合出一条曲线,以此作为准标定线求出误差变化,对误差拟合后叠加到准标定线上就得到实际的标定曲线。文中给出了用该方法标定激光三角测距的原理与实验结果     

The primary results of quantitative ocean color retrieval in China coastal area with CBERS CCD data

The quantitative retrieval of water constituents of coastal waters is one of the hot top- ics and a hard task in the field of ocean color sensing. As the spatial and temporal varia- tions of the water constituents in coastal or inland waters (Case-II waters) are very fast, its monitoring requires high spatial and temporal resolution sensors. So far, the require- ment has not been satisfied yet. The spatial resolution of the ocean color specific sensors is much coarser than that of the land re…     

基于多源遥感数据的大襟岛海域悬浮泥沙观测

珠江口黄茅海大襟岛海域是中华白海豚栖息地. 为了对该海域的水质进行评估,采用集成机载光谱成像仪（CASI）影像对悬浮泥沙质量浓度进行观测,并根据实测光谱构建适用于CASI影像和中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）影像的悬浮泥沙质量浓度单波段反演模型. 此外利用实测悬浮泥沙数据和MODIS影像对反演的悬浮泥沙质量浓度进行精度评定. 研究表明,基于CASI数据的单波段指数模型可以较好地反演研究海域的悬浮泥沙质量浓度,相对平均误差为11.16%,此外单波段指数模型也可以较好地应用在MODIS影像上,相对平均误差为15.18%. 研究区域悬浮泥沙质量浓度为0.48~12.15 mg/L,对海豚栖息区的生态环境未构成明显影响. 结合基于MODIS的珠江口海域悬浮泥沙遥感影像发现,研究区域悬浮泥沙主要输入来源为黄茅海西岸的陆源输入,黄茅海西岸陆域输入泥沙在由黄茅海向口外输送时,存在明显的分支现象,径流主轴在河口海域自西北向东南向海运输,沿岸流则沿着大襟岛自东北向西南向海运输,由此,在大襟岛北部出现低悬浮泥沙、高透明度海域,适合白海豚栖息.     

基于CCD相机的转台转动速度测量方法研究

针对传统测速方法不能满足高速高精度下测量的要求,在研究CCD （Charge Coupled Device）相机的工作原理及特点的基础上,实现一种以现场可编程逻辑器件（FPGA,Field Programmable Gate Array）为控制核心的转台转动速度测量系统。工作在外触发方式下的高帧频CCD通过Camera Link接口作为相机图像数据的输入,利用FPGA的高速并行特性完成了高帧频数字图像的采集、数据流的缓存控制,并且综合分析了自相关算法的原理和过程,给出了该算法完成测速系统的具体实现方法,最后得出的速度通过通信端口实时的发给上位机。经试验验证：利用高帧频CCD相机的测速方法可精确测量转台转动的速度,系统误差率低且稳定可靠。     

Absolute radiometric calibration of CBERS-02 IRMSS thermal band

Based on the laboratory calibration before launch of CBERS-02 IRMSS thermal infrared channel, the onboard blackbody calibration, the radiometric crosscalibration against TERRA MODIS corresponding channel and the in-flight field calibration at Lake Qinghai: water surface radiometric calibration test site of China on Aug. 17, 2004 are carried out in this research. When making onboard blackbody calibration of CBERS-02 IRMSS, it is necessary to understand inside structures and light path in IRMSS camera and receive and process calibration blackbody signals at normal and high temperatures. Onboard blackbody calibration results of each detector are very important to relative radiometric calibration of images processing and absolute radiometric calibration of each detector. In-flight field calibration mainly contains field experiments, obtaining synchronous images, spectrum marching and MODTRAN radiative transmission computation. Radiometric cross-calibration of CBERS-02 IRMSS thermal band against TERRA MODIS selected 6 times synchronous images of two sensors passing through Lake Qinghai and Lake Taihu from August to December, 2004 to compute the cross calibration data. Combining the in-flight field calibration and radiometric cross calibration data, the absolute radiometric calibration coefficients are calculated by the linear regression method. This new calibration model can obviously control the radiometric calibration uncertainties aroused by the single point method used in the in-flight calibration of CBERS-02 IRMSS, this kind of sensors cannot receive the cosmic background radiation. In this research, the radiometric calibration coefficients obtained through the linear regression model are 8.53 (gain, unit: DN/W m^?2sr^?1μm^?1) and 44.92 (offset, unit: DN).     

808nm激光对可见光面阵CCD的干扰损伤研究

介绍了CCD光电探测器工作的基本原理及激光对CCD的干扰损伤机理.用波长为808nm的连续激光辐照CCD器件,实验中由图像采集卡采集得到相机的视频输出,同时用示波器检测CCD输出信号和垂直输出时钟信号,首次得到了808nm激光致使该种器件产生的热熔融阈值、光学击穿阈值、直接破坏阈值和致使整个器件失效的激光能量网值等有关结果.     

基于CCD的轴径检测方法

给出了一种CCD相机标定与亚像素边缘检测相结合的轴径测量方法。该方法在修改了张正友标定方法中的畸变模型的基础上,利用专门设计的夹具夹持标定板进行CCD相机的外部参数标定,有效地保证了被测轴的夹持状态与标定的外部参数一致。使用拟合形式的亚像素边缘检测算法确定轴的两条边缘的位置,同时给出了利用伪直径确定真实轴径的函数关系式。通过与精密量具的测量结果对比,当轴径的基准尺寸在35～75mm时,该方法测量的平均误差为0.02mm。     

实时成像检测技术在铸铝件检测中的应用

现代的X射线实时成像检测技术,是基于像增强器射线成像技术,利用CCD摄像机及图像采集处理系统,在透照的同时实时观察到所产生的图像的检测方法.本文针对某企业产品零件的批量检测要求.采用X射线实时成像检测技术,解决了铸铝件气孔、夹杂和疏松的实时在线检测.实验结果表明,检测分辨率达到32PL/cm,灵敏度达到1.8%.     

VC4468E智能相机在光电自准直系统中的应用

针对基于PC的光电自准直系统便携性较差的缺点,设计了一种基于智能相机的光电自准直系统,采用VCdd68E型面阵CCD智能相机作为图像接收器件,利用光学自准直原理实现二维小角度的测量。对智能相机所采集的十字丝图像进行了二值化、小区域消除、亚像素定位等处理,采用最小二乘高斯拟合和直线拟合求边缘中心的方法保证了测量精度。与传统自准直方法相比,该方法在保证原系统精度的基础上,消除了读数误差,提高了系统的便携性,实现了测量的自动化。