韩国泡菜加工过程中微生物区系的研究

为了解韩国泡菜在制作过程中微生物的区系,分离鉴定其在腌制、发酵过程中的优势微生物。结果表明：韩国泡菜腌制过程中优势乳酸菌经鉴定为短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillusplantarum）;优势酵母菌为近平滑假丝酵母（Candida parapsilosis）、粗状假丝酵母（Candida valida）;韩国泡菜在发酵过程中的优势乳酸菌为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）、弯曲乳杆菌（Lactobacillus curvatus）、短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种（Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides）;优势酵母菌为近平滑假丝酵母（Candida parapsilosis）、粗状假丝酵母（Candida valida）、酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）。     

西藏传统发酵牦牛酸奶中乳酒假丝酵母的分离鉴定与系统发育学分析

目的开发西藏传统发酵牦牛酸奶的微生物种质资源。方法对拉萨周边牧场的10份传统发酵牦牛酸奶样品进行乳酸菌的分离过程中得到6株酵母菌,通过常规形态特征、生化和基质解吸电离飞行时间质谱法(matrix desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF-MS)进行鉴定,对其质谱标识峰进行蛋白质水平同源性分析,采用ITS序列对其进行基因学比对。结果经生化和质谱鉴定分离的6株酵母为乳酒假丝酵母,分离酵母和已知乳酒假丝酵母通过ITS序列在GENEBANK比结果为命名有差异为马克斯克鲁维酵母,但乳酒假丝酵母可认定为其无性型变种。蛋白质同源分析结果表明6株分离菌与已知乳酒假丝酵母在蛋白质水平有一定差异,收集到其特征性蛋白质片段的标识峰12组。结论乳酒假丝酵母的分离与研究为西藏传统发酵牦牛酸奶中酵母菌的开发提供理论支撑。     

传统发酵浆水中乳酸菌和酵母菌的分离与鉴定

以陕西传统发酵浆水为试验材料,采用平板划线法分离纯化其中的乳酸菌和酵母菌,共得到36株菌,其中乳酸菌18株,酵母菌18株。对纯化后的菌株进行形态学观察、API 50 CHL和API 20 C AUX生化试剂盒鉴定以及16S r DNA和26S r DNA序列的分子生物学鉴定。结果表明:乳酸菌主要有戊糖乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌、纤维二糖乳杆菌和唾液乳杆菌。酵母菌主要有地霉属、毕赤酵母属、阿氏丝孢酵母、解脂假丝酵母、伊萨酵母。本研究为浆水的纯种发酵及其工业化生产奠定了基础。     

盐渍藠头发酵过程中乳酸菌的分离及特性研究

对盐渍藠头发酵过程中不同时期的乳酸菌进行了分离、鉴定及特性研究,从中分离出9种菌株。通过菌落形态、培养特征和生化试验等鉴定表明,这9种菌株分别为植物乳球菌、发酵乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、菊糖芽孢杆菌、乳酸链球菌、肠膜明串珠菌葡聚糖亚种、植物乳杆菌、皱膜假丝酵母、膜醭毕赤氏酵母菌。并观察了发酵过程中各个时期的主导菌相,最后得出短乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌可作为盐渍藠头发酵过程中人工接种的试验菌株。     

西藏灵菇发酵乳中优势菌群的分离鉴定

通过对西藏灵菇菌块的电镜扫描观察和发酵乳液中微生物的分离、纯化及生理生化鉴定,确定了西藏灵菇发酵乳中的优势菌群为乳酸球菌、乳酸杆菌、酵母菌和醋酸菌。其中乳球菌归为5个种属,分别为粪肠球菌、坚强肠球菌、乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种、假肠膜明串珠菌、类肠膜明串珠菌;乳杆菌归为3个种属,分别为短乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌;酵母菌归为4个属,分别为酵母属、酒香酵母属、假丝酵母属、类酵母属;醋酸菌鉴定为恶臭醋杆菌。     

内蒙古传统发酵驼乳中乳酸菌和酵母菌的分离鉴定及其生物多样性分析

采用传统培养方法对4份内蒙古阿拉善盟传统发酵驼乳样品中的乳酸菌和酵母菌进行分离纯化,运用16S rRNA基因序列分析方法进行种属鉴定,同时采用Pac Bio SMRT三代测序技术对样品中的细菌和真菌多样性进行研究。发酵驼乳中共分离到8株乳酸菌和5株酵母菌,乳酸菌包括1株胚芽乳杆菌、2株瑞士乳杆菌、2株嗜热链球菌、2株假肠膜明串珠菌和1株开菲尔基质乳杆菌。酵母菌包括1株马克斯克鲁维酵母、2株酿酒酵母、1株诞沫假丝酵母和1株芽殖酵母。Pac Bio SMRT测序结果显示,硬壁菌门为4份发酵驼乳样品中的优势细菌门,乳杆菌属为优势细菌属,以及瑞士乳杆菌为优势细菌种;子囊菌门为发酵驼乳样品中的优势真菌门,克鲁维酵母菌属为优势真菌属以及马克斯克鲁维酵母为优势真菌种。     

新疆传统发酵乳品中乳酸菌与酵母菌生长的相互影响

对新疆传统发酵乳酪乳清中的优势菌株:马乳酒样乳杆菌、乳酸乳球菌、瑞士乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、东方伊莎酵母菌在驼乳中的生长特性进行了研究。探讨了4株乳酸菌与东方伊莎酵母菌之间的相互作用。结果表明,在发酵过程中东方伊莎酵母菌显著促进马乳酒样乳杆菌和乳酸乳球菌的生长(p0.05),对瑞士乳杆菌的生长促进作用不明显(p0.05)。同时,4株乳酸菌抑制东方伊莎酵母菌的生长(p0.05)。此外,乳酸菌与东方伊莎酵母菌共同接种发酵有利于保持发酵乳冷藏期间活菌数的稳定及缓解乳酸菌的过度产酸。综上所述:乳酸菌与酵母菌之间可能存在相互作用的关系。     

酵母菌与乳酸菌共培养发酵马铃薯渣的研究

选用4株酵母菌和2株乳酸菌固态发酵马铃薯渣,通过测定发酵产物粗蛋白和真蛋白含量变化情况,确定酵母菌与乳酸菌的共生关系,最终筛选生产SCP(单细胞蛋白)的适宜菌种组合。实验结果表明,适宜的菌株配伍为酿酒酵母+白地霉+热带假丝酵母+植物乳杆菌,经过发酵,马铃薯渣粗蛋白含量为35.63%,真蛋白含量为14.05%。     

新疆酸驼乳中酵母菌的生理生化鉴定及初步应用

分别从新疆南山、水西沟采集的2份酸驼乳中,分离得到酵母菌30株。采用传统形态学、生理生化特性方法对酵母菌进行鉴定,鉴定结果为5株克勒克酵母属Kloeckera,为林德纳克勒克酵母Kloeckera lindner;4株假丝酵母属Candida,为乳酒假丝酵母Candida kefyr;7株克鲁维酵母属Kluyveromyces,为马克斯克鲁维酵母Kluyveromycesmarxianus;9株酵母属Saccharomyces,为酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae;5株酒香酵母属（Brettanomyces）,为异酒香酵母Brettanomyces anomalus。自选分离于酸驼乳中酵母菌菌株S19,通过响应面分析法研究初始糖度、发酵温度、接种量对自选酵母菌菌株酿造哈密瓜果酒品质的影响,得出哈密瓜果酒品质与影响因素间的回归模型,根据模型进行工艺参数优化。结果表明,接种量对哈密瓜果酒品质影响显著。利用自选酵母菌酿造哈密瓜果酒的最佳工艺参数是：初始糖度为12.0%、发酵温度为25.0℃、接种量为1.5%。     

乳酸菌、酵母菌的筛选鉴定及其在米发糕中的应用

为得到适合米发糕发酵的发酵剂,对传统发酵米浆中的乳酸菌和酵母菌进行分离,通过对其菌落、菌株形态特征及生长性能的测定,筛选得到1株乳酸菌和2株酵母菌,分别经16SrDNA和26SrDNA鉴定,确定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、矮小假丝酵母菌(Candida humilis)和酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)。将3株优良发酵菌株复配应用于米发糕中,通过对其发酵所得产品的感官品质及质构特性进行分析,确定出最佳复配菌比。结果表明:当植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和矮小假丝酵母(Candida humilis)的复配体积比为1:3:6时,所得米发糕的感官品质和质构特性最好,且由GC-MS检测到29种挥发性风味物质,其中与市售米发糕和双菌复合发酵得到的米发糕共同检出5种风味物质,分别是苯乙醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醇、十四烷和棕榈酸乙酯,其特有的风味物质有12种,其中9种为酯类物质。该种复合发酵剂发酵得到的米发糕具有较好的品质,有望应用于米发糕的发酵生产。     

Growth characteristics of Candida kefyr and two strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis isolated from Zimbabwean naturally fermented milk.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts constitute part of the microflora in Zimbabwean traditional fermented cows' milk, amasi. The present study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics of Candida kefyr 23, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis C1 and L. lactis subsp. lactis Lc261, previously isolated from amasi, in ultrahigh temperature (UHT)-treated cows' milk. The strains were inoculated into the UHT milk as both single and yeast     

The growth and interaction of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria isolated from Zimbabwean naturally fermented milk in UHT milk.

Nine yeast and four lactic acid bacterial strains, previously isolated from Zimbabwean traditionally fermented milk, were inoculated into ultra-high temperature treated (UHT) milk in both single and yeast-lactic acid bacteria co-culture. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains consisted of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis C1, L. lactis subsp. lactis Lc39, L. lactis subsp. lactis Lc261 and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei Lb11. The yeast strains used were Candida kefyr 23, C. lipolytica 57, C. lusitaniae 63, C. lusitaniae 68, C. tropicalis 78, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 71, S. dairenensis 32, C. colliculosa 41 and Dekkera bruxellensis 43. After 48-h fermentation at 25 degrees C, the samples were analysed for pH, viable yeast and bacterial counts, organic acids, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon dioxide. The Lactococcus strains reduced the pH from about 6.6 to between 4.0 and 4.2, while Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei Lb11 reduced the pH to about 5.4. Most of the yeasts, however, did not affect the final pH of the milk except for C. kefyr 23, which reduced the pH from 6.6 to 5.8. All the Lactococcus strains grew two log cycles during the 48-h fermentation period, while Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei Lb11 grew about one log cycle. S. cerevisiae 71, C. colliculosa 41 and D. bruxellensis 43 showed poor growth in the milk in both single and co-culture. The other species of yeast grew about two log cycles. Candida colliculosa 41, S. dairenensis 32 and D. bruxellensis 43 showed reduced viability when in co-culture with Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei Lb11. The samples in which C. kefyr 23 was used were distinct and characterised by large amounts of acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide and ethanol. However, in the samples where S. dairenensis, C. colliculosa, D. bruxellensis, C. lusitaniae, C. tropicalis, C. lipolytica and S. cerevisiae were used in co-culture, the final pH and metabolite content were mainly determined by the correspondin     

The role of interaction between yeasts and lactic acid bacteria in African fermented milks: a review

Yeasts are present in indigenous African fermented milks in numbers up to log 8 cfu g(-1), together with a varied lactic acid bacteria (LAB) flora, and therefore potentially contribute to product characteristics. However, interaction between yeasts and LAB in these products has received little notice. In studies of indigenous fermented milk in Zimbabwe and Uganda, many samples contained more than one species of yeast, but Saccharomyces cerevisiae was most commonly isolated. Other frequent isolates were other species of Saccharomyces and several species of Candida. Most yeast isolates were lactose-negative but usually galactose-positive. Some strains assimilated lactate and citrate. The growth in milk of strains of yeasts and LAB, isolated from naturally soured milk in Zimbabwe, and their interaction when selected pairs of strains were grown together has been studied. Interactions were shown by the significantly different amounts of certain metabolites produced, such as acetaldehyde and malty aldehydes, when co-cultures were compared to pure cultures. Preliminary sensory acceptance tests did not show, however, that milks made from a co-culture with Candida kefyr and LAB were preferable to the pure LAB culture. Further work is still needed to elucidate the reactions that may be taking place in fermented milk between varying LAB and yeast populations. The potential for use as starter cultures depends on various aspects, including the final product being prepared. The role of other microorganisms in naturally fermented milk also needs to be studied.     

Proteinase and phospholipase activities and development at different temperatures of yeasts isolated from bovine milk

The presence of yeasts in milk may cause physical and chemical changes limiting the durability and compromising the quality of the product. Moreover, milk and dairy products contaminated by yeasts may be a potential means of transmission of these microorganisms to man and animals causing several kinds of infections. This study aimed to determine whether different species of yeasts isolated from bovine raw milk had the ability to develop at 37°C and/or under refrigeration temperature. Proteinase and phospholipase activities resulting from these yeasts were also monitored at different temperatures. Five genera of yeasts (Aureobasidium sp., Candida spp., Geotrichum spp., Trichosporon spp. and Rhodotorula spp.) isolated from bovine raw milk samples were evaluated. All strains showed one or a combination of characteristics: growth at 37°C (99·09% of the strains), psychrotrophic behaviour (50·9%), proteinase production (16·81% of the strains at 37°C and 4·09% under refrigeration) and phospholipase production (36·36% of the isolates at 37°C and 10·9% under refrigeration), and all these factors may compromise the quality of the product. Proteinase production was similar for strains incubated at 37°C (16·81% of the isolates) and room temperature (17·27%) but there was less amount of phospholipase-producing strains at room temperature (15·45% of the isolates were positive) when compared with incubation at 37°C (36·36%). Enzymes production at 37°C by yeasts isolated from milk confirmed their pathogenic potential. The refrigeration temperature was found to be most efficient to inhibit enzymes production and consequently ensure better quality of milk. The viability of yeasts and the activity of their enzymes at different temperatures are worrying because this can compromise the quality of dairy products at all stages of production and/or storage, and represent a risk to the consumer.     

Significance of yeasts in the fermentation of maize for ogi production

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida krusei, C. tropicalis, Geotrichum candidum, G. fermentans and Rhodotorula graminis were isolated during the fermentation of maize for ogi production. All the isolates except Geotrichum fermentans and Rhodotorula graminis were able to degrade phytate. All the yeasts strains exhibited lipase and esterase activities. Only S. cerevisiae (2.60%) and C. krusei (7.41%) exhibited amylase activities. Candida sp. produced wider zone of inhibition than the other yeasts strains tested during lipase activity while S. cerevisiae strains produced significantly wider zone of clearing as compared to the other yeasts for esterase activities. The study of inter-relationships between Lactobacillus plantarum and yeasts (C. krusei and S. cerevisiae) showed that the growth of the yeast strains were enhanced during fermentation by the presence of the lactic acid bacteria, but the growth of the L. plantarum strain was significantly enhanced especially by the C. krusei.     

Antimicrobial properties of lactic acid bacteria and yeast-LAB cultures isolated from traditional fermented milk against pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis strains

The survival and growth of Escherichia coli 3339 and Salmonella enteritidis 949575 isolated from human clinical samples, in milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast strains previously isolated from Zimbabwean naturally fermented milk (NFM) was studied. The LAB starter cultures used were Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis C1 alone (C1) or in combination with Candida kefyr 23 (C1/23), L. lactis subsp. lactis Lc261 alone (LC261) or in combination with C. kefyr 23 (Lc261/23). The growth of the same pathogens in milk fermented with a commercial DL culture (CH-N 22) and spontaneously fermented raw milk was also monitored. The C1 and C1/23 cultures significantly (P<0.05) inhibited the growth of both pathogens. When inoculated at the beginning of the fermentation, both E. coli 3339 and S. enteritidis 949575 counts were significantly (P<0.05) reduced by about two log cycles in C1 and C1/23 cultured milk. However, in naturally fermented milk and the DL cultured milk, both E. coli 3339 and S. enteritidis 949575 grew and reached high populations of about 9 and 8.8 log cfu ml(-1), respectively, after 18 h. When E. coli 3339 was inoculated into previously fermented milk, the viable counts were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the presence of C1 and C1/23 from 7 log cfu ml(-1) to 3 log cfu ml(-1) after 48 h. S. enteritidis 949575 could not be recovered from these cultures after 48 h. The addition of the yeast did not enhance or diminish the inhibitory capacity of the LAB cultures. The pathogens survived in high numbers when inoculated into pre-fermented NFM and the commercial DL- (CH-N 22) cultured milk. The C1 strain, therefore, offered the best protection against the pathogens. Its inhibitory effect was mainly related to fast acid production.     

新疆喀什地区维吾尔族群体不同哺乳期母乳中乳杆菌的种群多样性

采用改良的MRS培养基进行菌株分离,多重聚合酶链式反应指纹图谱去重与16S rRNA同源性分析鉴定相结合,并通过MEGA V5.0建树对新疆喀什地区维吾尔族群体不同哺乳期母乳中乳杆菌的组成及变化进行研究。从45?个母乳样品中共分离出229?株乳酸菌,分别隶属于乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）和链球菌属（Streptococcus）,其中96.1%的菌株隶属Lactobacillus spp.,分别为短乳杆菌（L. brevis）75?株、发酵乳杆菌（L. fermentum）82 株、口乳杆菌（L. ori）37?株、阴道乳杆菌（L. vaginalis）4?株和加氏乳杆菌（L. gasseri）22?株。其中L. vaginalis是比较罕见的菌种。新疆喀什地区维吾尔族群体母乳中乳杆菌种群组成丰富,不同哺乳期母乳中乳杆菌变化趋势明显;成熟乳样品中分离的乳杆菌种群结构相对初乳和晚乳的要复杂,其中5?d～5?个月哺乳期的母乳中乳杆菌种群结构最为复杂,为母乳中益生菌资源的开发提供依据。     

Identification of lactic acid bacteria in traditional fermented yak milk and evaluation of their application in fermented milk products

In this study, 53 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Xueo, a traditional fermented yak milk in the western Sichuan Plateau of China, were identified and their use in fermented milk was evaluated. All gram-positive and catalase-negative strains were divided into 6 groups at the level of 87% similarity using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. These groups were identified as 6 species using 16S rDNA sequence analysis and atpA gene analysis. The dominant LAB strains in Xueo were Enterococcus durans, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus paracasei, accounting for 45.3, 22.6, and 17.0% of isolates, respectively. Milk fermented with most of the representative strains was high in quality, exhibiting relatively high viscosity, moderate acidity, good sensory quality, and high counts of viable LAB. Fermented milk of E. durans SCA16 and L. fermentum SCA52 achieved the highest scores for overall sensory quality. Most strains displayed antimicrobial activity against at least 1 of 9 spoilage microorganisms. Lactic acid was the main factor inhibiting the growth of spoilage bacteria, and H(2)O(2) was also inhibitory to some extent. Excluding the influence of acid and H(2)O(2), strains SCA52 (L. fermentum) and SCA7 (Lactobacillus plantarum) were antagonistic against some of the indicators, suggesting that the 2 strains may produce a bacteriocin-like substance. Therefore, the development of superior strains isolated from Xueo to ferment milk with similar flavor and texture to Xueo is expected.     

Evaluation of the possible use of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus strains in dairy products

In the study, the ability of two potentially probiotic strains Lactobacillus plantarum 14 and Lactobacillus fermentum 4a to milk fermentation and the possibility to use them in yogurt production were investigated. The strains did not acidify milk during 24 h and 72 h fermentation at 37C, but grew well and remained at the level of 10⁸ colony-forming units (CFU)/mL during 21 days of cold storage. Their application to yogurt production along with commercial starter culture consisted on L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus allowed to obtain products with typical sensory properties, pH values and numbers of potentially probiotic bacteria at desired level 10⁷ CFU/mL.