赢利能力不同的跨国公司技术转让策略的演化博弈分析

为研究跨国公司能否将其先进的技术转让给我国企业,尤其是赢利能力强与赢利能力相对弱的两种跨国公司,究竟哪一种更愿意转让技术的问题,运用演化博弈论分析了两种跨国公司转让技术策略选择的动态演化过程。结果表明,对于都只是准备进入而尚未进入我国的跨国公司而言,技术转让成本低的跨国公司更愿意转让技术;对于已经进入我国设厂的跨国公司来说,则是赢利能力相对弱的跨国公司更愿意转让技术给我国企业。     

三峡工程推动我国水电设备制造的技术进步

三峡工程安装26台700 MW水电机组，是世界最大的水电站，左岸14台机组利用出口信贷国际招标采购，招标文件要求外商和中国有资格的制造厂商联合设计，合作制造，并向中国制造厂商转让技术，中国制造厂商分交份额的比例不低于总价的25%，后2台机组以中国制造厂商为主。Alstom中标8台与哈尔滨电机厂合作，VGS中标6台与东方电机厂合作，合同执行顺利。哈尔滨电机厂与东方电机厂在近20年针对三峡等大型水电机组开展科技攻关的基础上，消化吸收引进技术，效果良好，进行相应技术改造，自主开发设计制造大型水电机组。三峡工程右岸12台机组立足于国内制造，为我国大型水电站建设提供优质、先进、可靠的机组奠定了基础。     

A public research institute that created and led a large industrial group in Japan

The importance of domestic technology transfer from the public sector (universities and public research institutes) to industry is increasing in the era of science–driven innovation. One of the purposes of a triple helix of evolving university-government–industry relations is how to make use of universities and public research institutes for industrial development. This paper first discusses the means of domestic technology transfer and points out that spinning off companies is one ultimate way to transfer technology, after discussing the relation between a triple helix and technology transfer. Then, this paper presents a unique case of a public research institute before the end of World War II in Japan. This research institute established 63 companies, such as Ricoh and Okamoto. At the same time the institute excelled in science as well. The first two Nobel Prize Laureates of Japan were researchers of this research institute. The paper discusses the management of this institute and its group companies and enabling environment surrounding the institute and its group companies at that time. At the end, the paper draws some lessons for public research institutes and their spin-off companies today.     

Technology transfer,outsourcing, capability and performance: A comparison of foreign and local firms in Ghana

Owing to intense competition in today's business environment, organisations that aspire to excel in their respective sectors need to develop the appropriate capabilities in order to gain and sustain a competitive edge. Outsourcing and technology transfer provide firms with the platform for developing capability to achieve superior performance in the marketplace. However, in the setting of a developing economy, the relative effects of outsourcing and technology transfer on corporate performance among foreign and local companies when investigated together in an amalgamated model is yet to be examined empirically. To obtain a deeper understanding, two pathways through which outsourcing and technology transfer enhance corporate performance of companies in Ghana are presented. Results of this research indicate differences in the extent to which outsourcing and technology transfer influence capability and subsequently affect corporate performance. Limitations of this study as well as implications of the findings for managers and researchers are ultimately highlighted.     

Knowledge sharing in collaborative supply chains: twin effects of trust and power

Knowledge sharing has been recognised as a key enhancer of supply-chain performance. However, the sharing of knowledge may not take place easily and automatically among the supply-chain partners. This paper attempts to shed some light on the mechanisms underpinning knowledge sharing in supply chains. In particular, we focus on knowledge sharing in a dyadic buyer–supplier relationship. We posit that trust and power are two important antecedents of two types of knowledge sharing between a buyer and supplier, namely technical exchange and technology transfer. To build our research model, a large-scale mail survey was conducted from a contact list of 800 companies provided by the Singapore Logistics Association. The results of the structural equation modelling suggest that trust has significant effects on technical exchange and technology transfer. Further, power also affects technical exchange and technology transfer significantly, though the impacts appear to be weaker than trust. The theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.     

The design process and the ‘crisis’ in the UK information technology industry

The competitive position of UK information technology (IT) manufacturers in the expanding markets for IT equipment is declining. A recent report published by the National Economic Development Council (NEDC)¹ describes the situation facing the UK IT industry as one of ‘crisis’.This paper reports some of the findings of an investigation, conducted by the Design Innovation Group at the Open University, into the role of design in the competitiveness of manufacturers of IT equipment. The approach to design and development of four UK companies is examined in detail. It is argued that the supplier's lack of attention to design for user needs contributes to the ‘crisis’ situation expressed by the NEDC.     

Additive layered manufacturing: sectors of industrial application shown through case studies

In modern industry, mass production has migrated to third world countries. To be competitive, European companies are forced to rapidly switch towards manufacturing of short series of customised products with added value. In European industry, a great effort has been made in order to customise products and give them an added value by developing new fabrication technologies. Additive layered manufacturing (ALM), also known as rapid manufacturing (RM), is a powerful tool that offers the necessary competitiveness to European companies. ALM comprises the use of layer-by-layer manufacturing in order to build a part by addition of material. Fabrication is performed directly from the 3D CAD model, which is sliced into layers that are printed one upon the other. Also known as free form fabrication, additive fabrication ‘unlocks’ design potential since part design obeys functionality, pushing the limits of manufacturability. In this paper, the authors review ALM technologies and the state-of-the-art of ALM applications in tooling, biomedicine and lightweight structures for the automotive and aerospace sectors. The authors present their experience in industrial application of additive fabrication through various industrial technology transfer projects made to transfer ALM technology to SMEs. Various case studies are presented and the achieved benefits of ALM are shown.     

The adoption of application-specific IC technology by the UKmanufacturing base

In spite of continued marketing by semiconductor companies, distributors and design houses, the uptake of application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technology in the UK continues to lag behind that of its leading competitor nations. The reasons for this slow uptake are reviewed with reference to a number of surveys performed by the author and others. The author proposes a model for technology transfer that would be likely to increase the level of adoption and reviews the UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) `Microelectronics in Business' initiative in this light     

石化企业信息技术的应用与对策

介绍了国外石化企业信息技术应用概况,着重介绍了先进控制及优化技术的主要功能和技术要点,针对国内石化企业的差距提出了发展对策。     

Taxonomy of information technology strategy and its impact on the performance of third-party logistics (3PL) in China

This paper develops a taxonomy of information technology strategies used by third-party logistics (3PL) firms in China based on a cluster analysis of survey data from 105 of these 3PL firms. The information technology strategies have been classified into three major groups: supportive, technological, and aligned. The paper also investigates the effect of information technology strategies on information technology advantage, competitive advantage, and financial performance. The results of the study indicate that efforts to improve information technology systems can only be effective if the information technology improvements are properly aligned with a company's overall strategy. It is found that companies that attempt to improve their information technology systems without the proper alignment of information technology with the company's overall strategy can achieve information technology advantages relative to their competitors, but not competitive advantages or improved financial performance. This study is the first attempt to develop an information technology strategy taxonomy for 3PL companies in China. It provides valuable guidance and insights for managers in the development of information technology strategies in 3PL companies.     

基于AR技术的现代品牌包装创新设计研究

目的研究基于AR技术的产品包装设计优势及设计方式。方法通过分析最新国外AR技术包装设计案例,研究数字媒体语境下现代品牌包装如何进一步和新媒体结合,提升品牌传播力度、增强品牌吸引力。结论通过列举出的方式方法,可以得出应用AR技术的包装设计,不仅可以更加有效大量传递产品信息,而且还可以增加消费者和品牌互动的时间长度,同时也可以加强品牌形象在消费者认知成面上的记忆度。将AR技术在国内外的各类领域中的运用进行了列举和分析,同时结合自身的AR实际项目,将AR技术在当代包装设计领域中的设计方式进行了阐述,意在探讨AR技术下品牌包装设计的新方法。     

State-of-the-art survey on digital twin implementations

Digital twin (DT) has garnered attention in both industry and academia. With advances in big data and internet of things (IoTs) technologies, the infrastructure for DT implementation is becoming more readily available. As an emerging technology, there are both potential and challenges. DT is a promising methodology to leverage the modern data explosion to aid engineers, managers, healthcare experts and politicians in managing production lines, patient health and smart cities by providing a comprehensive and high fidelity monitoring, prognostics and diagnostics tools. New research and surveys into the topic are published regularly, as interest in this technology is high although there is a lack of standardization to the definition of a DT. Due to the large amount of information present in a DT system and the dual cyber and physical nature of a DT, augmented reality (AR) is a suitable technology for data visualization and interaction with DTs. This paper seeks to classify different types of DT implementations that have been reported, highlights some researches that have used AR as data visualization tool in DT, and examines the more recent approaches to solve outstanding challenges in DT and the integration of DT and AR.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-021-00375-w     

随机需求下鲜活农产品RFID技术投资决策研究

考虑一个零售商和一个生产商组成的单周期两级鲜活农产品供应链,采用RFID技术可以明显改善鲜活农产品的新鲜度和实体损耗;讨论了消费者需求随机的情况下RFID标签成本对供应链上下游企业利润的影响;分析了RFID技术使用前后集中型和分散型供应链模型中各方的最优期望利润、订货量等问题;计算出两类模型中RFID技术标签成本的临界值。结果表明,集中型和分散型供应链模型,零售商和生产商可承担的RFID技术标签成本临界值相同;RFID技术对新鲜度和实体损耗改善越明显,企业投资的意愿越强。     

基于TRIZ技术理论的智能手机设计演进研究

目的针对智能手机设计方案创新点不足和创新者面临窘境等问题,按照技术进化路线,总结手机各子系统进化情况,给出技术进化驱动的智能手机设计方案模型。方法通过剖析手机技术产生、发展的深层次原因和技术进化规律,归纳了智能手机产品进化史,阐述了智能手机在拍照效果、解锁方式、屏幕显示、交互方式和音质音效等方面的进化过程,并揭示了技术集成增加系统功能、增加自动化减少人工参与、子系统非均衡发展、增强系统的可控性及提高理想度等多条进化路线的应用情况。结论根据智能手机目前在各条进化路线上所处的位置,并以用户潜在需求为评价标准,给出了智能手机的可选的创新设想设计方案。该研究将为手机企业寻找产品创新突破方向提供一种可供借鉴的解决方案。     

Development of robust finite elements for general purpose structural analysis

The finite element method emerged out of the old work and energy methods and matrix structural analysis to become a numerical procedure to solve practical stress analysis problems in solid and structural mechanics. With the impetus given by the rapid development of computer technology, it became the most overwhelmingly popular analysis and design computational tool for a very wide spectrum of engineering science, e.g. fluid mechanics, heat transfer and electro-magnetics. Today, there are very powerful general-purpose software codes that make analyses and design tasks that were once considered to be intractable, routinely simple. Many of these are closely held proprietary codes owned and used in-house by large engineering firms or sold or licensed and supported by specialist companies. (Recent estimates indicate that the market for these codes has reached a turnover of a billion dollars and that industries and institutions spend several tens of billions of dollars in running such codes.) These codes are rarely given out in source code. In order to have an in-house code that could be continuously up-graded and enhanced, NAL initiated some work to develop a medium-sized general purpose code (about 20,000 lines of FORTRAN code) for the analysis of laminated composite structures (FEPACS - finite element package for analysis of composite structures), recognising the importance that laminated composites were assuming in aerospace structural technology. Several key elements commonly found in general purpose packages (GPP) used by the aerospace, automobile and mechanical engineering industries were identified. These were re-designed incorporating anisotropic composite capabilities and validated. Many hurdles were faced during this task and required an examination of the basic issues at a paradigmatic level. Concepts such as consistency and variational correctness were introduced and studied critically. These guidelines played a critical role in developing robust versions of the elements and are briefly covered in this review. The paradigms also helped to identify procedures to performa priori error estimates for the quality of approximation and this allowed the elements being developed to be critically validated. The article concludes with a summary of what has been achieved and also suggests areas where the concepts can be applied fruitfully in the study of the displacement type finite element method.     

对中国印企在技术蜕变中发展的审视

在当今印刷技术快速蜕变的背景下,阐述了印刷企业在企业建设和发展过程中的技术选择、技术运用与创新、可持续发展等方面的思考、再认识。通过对包装印刷企业如何技术创新求发展的本质剖析,揭示了印企发展的方向。对印企如何又好又快地发展,从科学发展观的角度进行了战略研究和探讨,明确提出了企业如何在各类技术蜕变中把握机遇的建设性观点。     

特大型LNG储罐等壳体结构抗爆研究综述

随着我国液化天然气（LNG）的需求量与进口量逐年增加,沿海地区许多城市已陆续开始采用特大型LNG接收站接收、储存和供应天然气。液化天然气储罐类设施属于生命线工程,其安全性至关重要,一旦承受非常规荷载如武器袭击或飞行物撞击等,灾难性的后果不堪设想。然而目前特大型LNG储罐的结构设计基本由国外公司承担,有关其在爆炸荷载和冲击荷载作用下性能的分析资料尚不完善。针对这一问题,首先回顾了常规爆炸冲击荷载的研究方法;然后总结了国内外对于与特大型LNG储罐相类似的结构——核反应堆安全壳的抗爆研究成果,以期对特大型LNG储罐的抗爆研究提供一定的参考;最后结合目前国内外对储罐类结构的抗爆设计和研究现状,提出了目前相关研究存在的问题和发展趋势,期望能对我国特大型LNG储罐的安全性研究和国产化设计提供参考。     

Legislative environment and others factors that inhibit transfer of Mexican publicly funded research into commercial ventures

In this work we explored some factors that limit technology transfer in the process of innovation from different research institutions in Mexico. We found that one of the main inhibitors for technology transfer is the conflict of interest provision in the Federal Law of Administrative Responsibilities of Public Servants. Since most research and development activities are carried out in public institutions, and funding is mainly derived from Federal and State government programs, scientists are considered public servants in the eyes of the Law. Therefore, according to current norms scientists can incur in conflict of interest for technology transfer and commercialization of their research. From the information gathered from this study, we proposed an amendment to the above mentioned Law to eliminate potential conflict of interest, which derives from the participation of scientists from Mexican publicly funded institutions in the creation of spin-off companies, and hence, to incentivize entrepreneurship, technology transfer and innovation to effectively commercialize the products of publicly funded research. We also discovered other inhibitors of technology transfer that are discussed in this paper.     

基于熵模型的大型建筑企业组织结构研究

分析了组织结构对企业管理的重要意义以及组织结构设计与信息传递的关系,基于国内外大型建筑企业组织结构的对比,发现国内外大型建筑企业组织结构的共性与差异。提出运用信息熵模型从时效和质量两个方面评价组织结构的有序度,为考查组织信息传递有效性提供了定量方法,据此对日本鹿岛建设集团和中国铁建股份有限公司进行了评价。     

基于Agent建模的BIM技术扩散机理研究

基于技术创新理论,利用Agent建模方法研究建筑信息模型(BIM)在建筑企业间的扩散机理。以复杂网络为建模载体,基于阈值模型构建建筑企业决策模型,分析用户偏好、社交网络结构和BIM技术成熟度对企业BIM技术采纳行为的影响。构建一个基于Agent的BIM技术扩散仿真模型,并利用NetLogo软件开发仿真平台,依据仿真结果预测BIM技术扩散趋势,提炼驱动BIM技术扩散的关键因素,最终提出促进BIM技术扩散的政策建议。研究结果表明,社会网络拓扑结构对BIM技术扩散起着重要作用;重连概率能够显著增加BIM技术扩散深度,但是对扩散速度的影响呈现复杂动态性;在同一网络结构下,节点间的相互作用对驱动BIM技术扩散具有一定的稳定性;平均度能在一定程度上缩小网络结构差异;提高初始采纳者比例能够促进创新“起飞”,缩短扩散周期,加快扩散速度,但是对稳定扩散深度影响不大。