粉末挤压流变学研究(一)——螺杆挤压输运流变过程探讨

详细分析了螺杆挤压过程中粉末／粘结剂混和料的相转变过程,即在挤压过程中实现喂料由固体变为熔体的熔融过程。采用实验观察总结基础上优化出的简化几何模型,建立了一种称为拖曳迁移过程的熔融机理。通过对这种喂料由固相到熔体的相转变过程的机理分析,推导出了极具代表性的单螺杆挤压机内喂料挤压输运的流变学基本方程——固体床分布函数Ｘ（Ｚ）的数学表达式。本文采用的简化几何模型再求解复杂物理问题的方法及其结果,对粉末挤压技术的研究和挤压工艺参数的制定具有指导意义和重要参考价值。     

小规格TiNiNb管材的反向挤压成形工艺参数

针对44 mm×10.5 mm小规格Ti Ni Nb管材反挤压成形试验的工艺参数确定和模具设计问题,采用有限元热力耦合数值模拟和单因素轮换法,分析在满足制件成形质量(挤出温度低于共晶熔点)的前提下,挤压力与凹模模角和定径带长度、凹模和挤压筒温度、毛坯初始温度、挤压速度及摩擦因子等工艺参数和模具结构参数之间的关系,确定影响挤压力的主要工艺参数和模具结构参数分别为凹模模角、初始坯料温度、挤压速度和摩擦因子,并给出上述参数的取值范围。通过基于数值模拟的正交试验方法,得到了主要工艺参数和模具结构参数的最佳组合,即在保证润滑效果的前提下,取凹模模角110°、毛坯初始温度为950℃、挤压速度为50 mm/s。利用铅和45号钢毛坯在6.5 MN多向模锻挤压液压机上进行了验证实验。     

5MN多功能金属挤压机结构设计

5MN多功能金属挤压机是为金属挤压与锻造装备技术国家重点实验室设计建造的一台小吨位实验用卧式挤压机。该挤压机适用于多种变形合金和黑色金属的挤压,可完成正向挤压、反向挤压两种工艺模式,实现穿孔挤压（双动挤压）和不穿孔挤压（单动挤压）,具备检测压机在不同工作条件下的力能、位置、速度等参数的实际变化的功能,其挤压工艺和设备结构都具有代表性和先进性。     

2A12合金的无润滑管材挤压工艺实验研究

为了在国产35 MN挤压机上实现2A12合金管材的无润滑挤压,减少废品的产生,通过分析2A12合金的材料性能及国产35 MN挤压机的结构特点,对挤压机的穿孔针系统结构进行改造,并在该挤压机上进行了2A12合金的无润滑管材挤压实验.实验结果表明,在合理控制挤压速度、挤压温度、铸锭加热温度等工艺参数的条件下,可以实现2A12合金的无润滑管材挤压;挤压产品的内表面质量好,偏心度得到很大改善.     

国外铝挤压技术及其装备的进展

介绍了国外挤压机在工艺、机械、液压和自动控制方面的技术发展,着重叙述等温挤压、高速挤压、挤压工艺参数优化和反向挤压等先进技术以及为实现等温挤压和高速挤压所采取的铸锭梯温加热、挤压减速控制、模具冷却等措施。对先进挤压机的结构、计算机控制系统等作了简要介绍。     

大口径厚壁无缝管的挤压过程力学理论分析

热挤压是制备大口径厚壁管的一种精密方法,挤压力是选择挤压设备和校核挤压机部件强度的依据;因此,求解计算精度高的挤压力计算公式在生产中尤其重要。在极坐标系下建立管材挤压变形的计算模型,采用主应力法理论分析厚壁管的挤压变形过程及计算公式。该公式能够同时反映挤压力与挤压比、挤压角、高度的关系,为厚壁管实际生产中的参数选择提供理论依据。     

TC4钛合金Y型材热挤压成形工艺优化及组织演变

采用控制单一变量法设计型材挤压试验,通过DEFORM-3D有限元软件模拟分析不同挤压模角、挤压温度和挤压速度对热挤压成形过程中金属流动、等效应力、等效应变及最大挤压力的影响。模拟结果表明,当选择挤压模角45°、挤压温度1050℃和挤压速度120mm·s^-1时,TC4钛合金Y型材挤压变形过程中的挤压力最小且产品表面质量最好。基于模拟结果,对钛合金Y型材进行挤压工艺试验并观察挤出产品的金相组织。试验结果表明,在挤压模角、温度和速度选择合理的情况下,可以挤出表面、平直度、尺寸等合格质量的TC4钛合金Y型材且挤压后微观组织得到了细化。     

增塑粉末挤压成形新技术

以硬质合金材质体系为对象，针对目前主要的一类挤压成形设备－真空螺杆挤压机，开发出了一种增塑粉末挤压成形新技术。从理论上系统分析了成形过程的物理本质及粘结剂非等温脱脂机理与动力学，并推导出了一系列流变学材料函数。理论分析与实验相结合，开发出了一种多组元新粘剂设计与制备技术，优化了挤压工艺参数，制备了直径20mm的硬质合金挤压棒。     

挤压速度对铝合金挤压焊合过程中组织与性能的影响

焊合过程是铝合金挤压过程中非常重要的部分,它直接影响挤出型材的质量及生产效率。挤压速度作为挤压工艺中的重要参数,影响挤出型材的表面质量、模具的使用时间和载荷。本文在540℃分别采用四组不同挤压速度对挤铝合金,分析挤出型材焊合质量以及焊合接口组织变化规律。通过有限元模拟分析了挤压速度对挤出型材温度场以及等效应变的影响。结果表明:在金属的焊合阶段,其挤压力最大值由大到小对应挤压速度依次为30、45、60、15mm/min;当挤压速度为15、60 mm/min时,平均晶粒尺寸分别为84.4、65.6μm;挤出型材温度随挤压速度增加而升高,温升达5.4℃。     

SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料中温静液挤压工艺研究

本文介绍了用中温静液挤压法试制铝基复合材料的工艺.基体为LY12,增强剂SiC的含量为10～20%,粒度10～20微米.选用0.6兆牛和2兆牛静液挤压机,用蓖麻油作压力介质,加入适量的石墨以改善润滑.试验得出了合理的挤压温度、挤压比、模角及坯料形状等参数.挤出多种规格的管、棒和线材,进行了性能测定.挤压后性能得到改善,密度提高15%左右,弹性模量提高30%左右,SiC颗粒得到不同程度的破碎,SiC分布趋于均匀,断口韧窝增多,但仍为脆性断口.     

Using contrast material techniques to determine metal flow in screw extrusion of aluminium

Screw extrusion is a new continuous solid state processing method for aluminium. In this process, small pieces of aluminium are continuously inserted into a container wherein a rotating screw pushes the material forward. The material is heated, consolidated and extruded through a die in front of the end of the screw in one single continuous process. Understanding the material flow and the pressure generating mechanism is vital for optimizing screw, container and die designs, thereby increasing capacity, material quality and process stability. Full scale experiments using a prototype extruder were chosen as the means of investigation. In this paper, it is reported on the development of a novel contrast material technique to visualize material flow in the screw channels and the extrusion chamber. Extrusion of Ø 10 mm aluminium profiles was performed using both single and double flight screws. The experimental technique provided a means for evaluating the frictional conditions between the aluminium and the surface of the extruder. Different feeding schemes were used to identify regions of high material flow rate together with dead metal zones in the screw channels and in the extrusion chamber. It is demonstrated how newly fed material interacts with and displaces material already present and how the screw pushes material into the extrusion chamber. The instantaneous extrusion velocity was measured and significant variations were detected for all feed rates. An explanatory model of the extrusion pressure generating mechanism in the extrusion chamber and the screw channel is presented linking the material flow and the consolidation process to the extrusion velocity variations.     

Numerical simulation of flow characteristics in new co-rotating triangle arrayed triple screw extruders

Triangle arrayed triple screw extruder (TATSE) is a new equipment of polymer processing, which is different from traditional single and twin-screw extruder in flow and mixing characteristics. The studies about TATSE are very limited and all have been in the conditions of qualitative analysis due to its complicated geometry. In order to understand the flow rule of polymer melt and optimise the design of TATSE, in this paper, 3D flow of polymer melt in TATSE was simulated by using finite element method (FEM). A special study of flow in particular central region of TATSE was carried out by the analysis of the velocity distribution, pressure distribution and partial residence time distribution (RTD). The extrusion characteristics of TATSE, namely the abilities of pumping capability, distributive mixing, dispersive mixing, power consumption and productivity ratio, were compared with those of twin-screw and four-screw extruder. The results showed that there was circumfluence in central region but no stagnation in it. Although the velocity and pressure gradients were small relatively, the ability of pressure generation for TATSE was not evidently lower. TATSE had better operative abilities and high productivity ratio than intermeshing twin-screw extruder in the capacities of pumping capability and mixing.     

多齿差摆线齿轮泵基本参数的优化设计

多齿差摆线齿轮泵基本参数的选择要满足各种限制条件。本文以单位体积排量最大作为目标函数，以啮合角、重合度及齿廓不产生重迭干涉等为约束条件，建立了多齿差摆线齿轮泵的优化设计数学模型，并对两种常用齿数组的多齿差摆线齿轮泵基本参数进行了优化设计。所得结果可以和不同的齿数与中心距进行组合应用，得到不同流量的产品系列。。     

槽深变化对矩形槽劈挤成形的影响研究

为初步阐明劈挤成形的一些基本规律,借助数值模拟和物理模拟方法,研究了劈分角为60°、劈刃倾角为30°的尖头劈楔,劈挤宽度为10mm、槽深范围为5～15mm的矩形槽变形过程。结果表明:槽深较小时,其变化对塌角量影响较小;槽深较大时,随着槽深增加,塌角量增加较多。起始段长度及槽口隆起最大高度均与槽深增大基本呈线性关系。槽深较小时,随着槽深增大,槽口隆起影响宽度增大较多;槽深较大时,槽深增大,槽口隆起影响宽度增大量逐步减小。槽深的改变,对槽底深度方向的影响也会增加。     

扁挤压筒设计

采用扁挤压筒挤压大型宽幅薄壁型材是一种非常有效的方法，它可以实现用高比压挤压大挤压系数，大宽厚比的薄壁宽幅型材。由于扁挤压筒需要在高温、高压、高摩擦等十分恶劣的条件下工作，应力状态十分复杂，而且局部拉应力很大，因此很容易在危险断面产生破裂。为了改进扁挤压筒设计，提高内套强度，通过在扁挤压筒优化扁孔参数基础上对不同比压、不同过盈量的扁挤压筒进行了分析，获得了各种不同情况下扁挤压筒等效应力数值，并给出优化扁挤压筒几何参数及结构。     

Study on the melting performance of single screw extruder with grooved melting zone and barr screw

A novel melting mechanism for single screw extruder with grooved melting zone and barr screw was established. The whole solid-plug, which came from the grooved feed zone, was ruptured and melted mainly by continuously changing the volume of the screw channels and the barrel grooves in the grooved melting zone. A new single screw extruder platform with hydraulic-clamshell type barrels was constructed to investigate the melting performance of different combinations of barrels and screws. The melting model was verified by experiments. Compared with conventional single screw extruder, the melting started earlier and the melting length was shorter in the single screw extruder with grooved melting zone. The melting efficiency was improved by the grooved melting zone and the melting stability was improved by the barr screw. The dimensionless analysis of energy indicates that the heat convection and viscous dissipation are the main melting heat sources for the single screw extruder with grooved melting zone.     

劈楔立棱面倾角对燕尾槽槽口张开的影响研究

介绍了燕尾槽的劈挤成形及劈楔,并针对燕尾槽成形过程中出现的槽口张开现象,在楔头主要几何参数中,固定劈分角为60°,从+30°～-30°范围内取4种劈刃倾角,进行数值模拟试验。结果表明:劈楔立棱面倾角决定了槽断面成形顺序,正值立棱面倾角是造成槽口张开的主要因素,该结果也得到了物理模拟试验验证;为保障劈楔强度,建议立棱面倾角取0°,制造误差应向负方向偏离。     

FE analysis of extrusion defect and optimization of metal flow in porthole die for complex hollow aluminium profile

To solve the defects of bottom concave appearing in the extrusion experiments of complex hollow aluminium profiles, a 3D finite element model for simulating steady-state porthole die extrusion process was established based on HyperXtrude software using Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) algorithm. The velocity distribution on the cross-section of the extrudate at the die exit and pressure distribution at different heights in the welding chamber were quantitatively analyzed. To obtain an uniformity of metal flow velocity at the die exit, the porthole die structure was optimized by adding baffle plates. After optimization, maximum displacement in the Y direction at the bottom of profile decreases from 1.1 to 0.15 mm, and the concave defects are remarkably improved. The research method provides an effective guidance for improving extrusion defects and optimizing the metal flow of complex hollow aluminium profiles during porthole die extrusion.     

Novel processing method for metallic materials

The feasibility of a new process that integrates all thermal and mechanical operations involved in the production of wrought metal strips was examined. The process involves continuous extrusion on a screw type extruder. A Pb-2.0% Sb alloy was used as a model material. Continuous strips of metal could be produced when back leakage of the melt was limited. For this, the clearance between screw and extruder barrel had to be kept small and the viscosity of the partially solidified alloy had to be kept high by limiting the rotational speed and by maintaining an experimentally determined temperature profile along the extruder barrel. Intense shearing of the material resulted in rapid homogenization and in dynamic recrystallization of the metallic matrix.     

大吨位卧式双动正向钢挤压机设备及工艺优化

热挤压工艺是生产不锈钢、高温合金及其它高合金钢管材和异型材的重要方法.大吨位卧式双动正向钢挤压机是指带独立立式穿(扩)孔系统的卧式正挤压机,最大挤压力在40 MN以上,挤压速度较大,挤压品种主要为钢.本文介绍了大吨位卧式双动正向钢挤压机国内外应用现状,重点讨论了其设计及使用过程中普遍存在的问题,包括设备、工艺、工模具及润滑问题,并提出了优化措施.