Plastic Solar Cells

Recent developments in conjugated‐polymer‐based photovoltaic elements are reviewed. The photophysics of such photoactive devices is based on the photo‐induced charge transfer from donor‐type semiconducting conjugated polymers to acceptor‐type conjugated polymers or acceptor molecules such as Buckminsterfullerene, C₆₀. This photo‐induced charge transfer is reversible, ultrafast (within 100 fs) with a quantum efficiency approaching unity, and the charge‐separated state is metastable (up to milliseconds at 80 K). Being similar to the first steps in natural photosynthesis, this photo‐induced electron transfer leads to a number of potentially interesting applications, which include sensitization of the photoconductivity and photovoltaic phenomena. Examples of photovoltaic architectures are presented and their potential in terrestrial solar energy conversion discussed. Recent progress in the realization of improved photovoltaic elements with 3 % power conversion efficiency is reported.     

An Efficient Triple-Tandem Polymer Solar Cell

We present an efficient triple-tandem polymer solar cell with identical poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-phenyl-(6, 6)C₆₁ (PCBM) bulk heterojunction as the active layers and highly transparent Al (1 nm)/ MoO₃ (15 nm) as the intermediate layer. This intermediate layer is structurally smooth as characterized by atomic force microscopy. Although identical organic active layers are used to construct such triple-tandem cell, a tripled open-circuit voltage of 1.73 V and power conversion efficiency of 2.03% are obtained under simulated solar irradiation of 100 mW/cm² (AM1.5), demonstrating a viable technique for fabricating triple-tandem polymer cell with the intermediate layer of Al/MoO₃.     

星载臭氧垂直探测仪地外太阳紫外光谱测量

介绍了国内外星载太阳紫外光谱辐射计的研究进展,对我国自行研制的星载臭氧垂直探测仪的结构和功能进行了简介。它是一种小型化、高精度的紫外-真空紫外光谱辐射计,可在轨测量获得160～400nm地外太阳绝对光谱。给出了星载臭氧垂直探测仪实测的地外太阳紫外光谱并对其精度进行了分析。误差分析表明,160～250nm地外太阳绝对光谱的测量不确定度为±6.4%;250～400nm为±5.2%。将臭氧垂直探测仪在轨观测结果与国际同类仪器进行了比对,一致性优于±5%。     

太阳能电池及其设备

以太阳能电池为代表的光伏产业是朝阳产业,目前它处在历史上最大爆炸式的成长期。2007年全球光伏产业市场212亿美元,2012年增长至709亿美元,2007～2012年年均复合增长率27.31%。目前太阳能电池处于以单晶或多晶硅为衬底的第一代产品,正在向以硅体或非晶硅(隐瓷或玻璃)为衬底的薄膜太阳能电池(第二代产品)过渡。目前太阳能电池的原材料多晶硅处于供不应求,预计2010年可得到缓得。     

Photovoltaic Characterizations of Crisscrossed-Silicon-Nanorod Solar Cells

A comparative study on photovoltaic characterizations in crisscrossed-silicon-nanorod (CSNR) solar cells with an n-type-CSNR/intrinsic-CSNR/polycrystalline-silicon/p-type-Si(100)-stacked structure was demonstrated by means of the vapor–liquid–solid technique. Results reveal that an improved conversion efficiency of $sim$1.66% and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of $sim$29% at 690 nm were obtained. The CSNR reflectance was lower than 2% for the 200–1100-nm wavelength range. By developing a proper growth time, the CSNR solar cell has a larger EQE. The mechanisms related to excellent light trapping and a larger EQE were mainly due to the CSNR microstructure.      

Solar Thermoelectric Generator for Micropower Applications

Solar thermoelectric generators (STG) using cheap parabolic concentrators with high-ZT modules can be a cost-effective alternative to solar photovoltaics for micropower generation. A thermodynamic analysis is presented for predicting the thermal-to-electrical conversion efficiency for the generator. With solar concentration of 66× suns, a system efficiency of 3% was measured for a commercial Bi₂Te₃ module with output power of 1.8 W. Using novel thermoelectric materials such as n-type ErAs:(InGaAs)_1−x (InAlAs) _x and p-type (AgSbTe) _x (PbSnTe)_1−x , a conversion efficiency of 5.6% can be achieved for a STG at 120× suns.     

LED太阳模拟器的研究

设计了一种新型太阳模拟器.该太阳模拟器是采用不同波长的LED复合成太阳光源来实现太阳光模拟的.使用软件对其进行了原理上的仿真并进行了验证性实验.实验表明该设计方案可行的.该LED太阳模拟器具有全光谱模拟太阳的功能,将打破现在普遍用的气体光源来模拟太阳的局部光谱的功能障碍,与同类系统相比,其优点是成本低、易于实现.     

A Solar Transistor and Photoferroelectric Memory

This study presents a new self‐powered electronic transistor concept “the solar transistor.” The transistor effect is enabled by the functional integration of a ferroelectric‐oxide thin film and an organic bulk heterojunction. The organic heterojunction efficiently harvests photon energy and splits photogenerated excitons into free electron and holes, and the ferroelectric film acts as a switchable electron transport layer with tuneable conduction band offsets that depend on its polarization state. This results in the device photoconductivity modulation. All this (i.e., carrier extraction and poling) is achieved with only two sandwiched electrodes and therefore, with the role of the gating electrode being taken by light. The two‐terminal solar‐powered phototransistor (or solaristor) thus has the added advantages of a compact photodiode architecture in addition to the nonvolatile functionality of a ferroelectric memory that is written by voltage and nondestructively read by light.     

金属Cr阻挡层对柔性不锈钢衬底Cu(In,Ga)Se2太阳电池性能的影响

研究了Cr扩散阻挡层对柔性不锈钢衬底Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2(CIGS)太阳电池性能的影响.XRD和SEM分析表明,Cr阻挡层能够部分阻挡Fe等杂质从不锈钢衬底热扩散进入CIGS吸收层中,同时可以显著降低CIGS吸收层的粗糙度,提高薄膜结晶质量.从衬底扩散进入吸收层中的Fe元素以FeInSe2的形式存在,并形成FeCu等深能级缺陷,钝化了器件的性能.相同工艺条件下,在玻璃、不锈钢以及不锈钢/Cr阻挡层上所制备电池的(有效面积0.87cm2)转换效率分别为10.7%,7.95%和8.58%,不锈钢衬底电池效率的提高归因于Cr阻挡层的作用.     

太阳电池最大功率点跟踪研究

根据太阳电池的特性,设计了一种基于“二次插值法”的太阳能电池最大功率跟踪器,并对设计的MPPT控制器进行了测试。实验结果表明它有较好的跟踪性能。     

Event Report. Brain Sport: The 1996 World Solar Challenge Solar Car Race Across Australia

In November 1996, a field of 46 solar cars left Darwin bound for Adelaide, some 3000 km to the south. The first car to complete the course, the Honda Dream, set a new race record, maintaining an average speed of 89.9 km per hour (56 mph) over the 4 days. This report describes the highlights of the race and discusses the solar cell and array technology used by the leading cars. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

染料敏化纳米晶TiO2太阳能电池

介绍了染料敏化纳米晶TiO2太阳能电池的结构,工作原理,技术指标以及TiO2纳米膜的制备方法.阐述了敏化纳米晶太阳能电池相比于硅太阳电池的低成本及优于其它光电化学电池的关键技术.讨论了影响NPC电池总的光电转换效率的因素,并对有机染料和无机染料光敏化剂的选择及染料的敏化问题进行了论述,在此基础上提出了将其商业化的一些值得深入研究和需要解决的问题.     

Solar cells with mesh-structured emitter

The mesh-structured emitter solar cell (MESC) is introduced as a novel solar cell processing scheme. By the formation of inverted pyramids or microgrooves on a wafer with a homogeneous heavy phosphorus diffusion, a mesh of highly conducting emitter lines is formed. Using this technique, the lateral conductivity of the emitter can be increased, keeping the emitter dark saturation current at a low level. The high phosphorus surface concentration results in a low contact resistance even for screen-printed contacts. Thus, this technique is ideal for solar cells with screen-printed contacts, because the finger spacing of the front contact can be extended, resulting in smaller shadowing losses. Also the processing scheme of high-efficiency solar cells can be simplified, because the formation of the surface texturization and the locally deep diffused emitter can be combined in one step. The first cells with a mesh-structured emitter, evaporated front contacts and local ohmic rear contacts have shown efficien ies up to 21.1%. Lifetime test structures have been used to determine a low dark saturation current of 58 fA cm⁻² for the mesh-structured emitter, although the structure is not yet optimized.     

有机薄膜太阳电池的研究进展

有机薄膜太阳电池作为一种新型光伏电池,近年来得到了迅猛发展。其制备工艺简单、价格低廉、柔性、质轻,为人类解决能源问题提供了一种崭新的途径。文章综述了近年来有机薄膜太阳电池的发展状况,结合有机薄膜太阳电池的发展历史,分析了单异质结、体异质结和叠层三种典型结构器件的工作原理和研究成果,探讨了各种器件结构的优缺点,并对有机薄膜太阳电池的发展趋势作了展望。     

Solar activity and its forecast

An essential problem for solar activity forecasting is understanding the physical basis of solar activity phenomena. During the last decade, interest shifted from a global evaluation of the active centers to a detailed study of their microscopic magnetic components. This allows for the possibility of an identification of the flare sites but we do not understand the physical process of the triggering itself. The X-ray data give us some evidence that during a flare the particles were accelerated in two distinct phases. Obviously other processes of particle acceleration are at work on the sun: transient perturbations of the chromosphere linked to type-III bursts are thought to be connected to an acceleration of subrelativistic electrons which may or may not trigger an optical flare. High time resolution data show that many events are so complex that in the future they will have to be taken into account. Since forecasting centers need a worldwide network, they cooperate through the International Ursigram and World Day Service (IUWDS) : They agree on a permanent program of data exchanges and daily-forecasts and on temporary projects. Several such projects are briefly reported in order to illustrate the variety of the requests that a warning center has to fulfill.     

低质量Si材料制备太阳电池

通过对比不同硼-磷(B-P)补偿程度的低成本、高杂质含量硅材料制备的太阳电池的性能,发现在含B和其它杂质含量都比较高的Si材料中通过掺入P补偿过多的B可以提高低质量Si片的电阻率、增加少数载流子寿命从而提高电池效率同时还能够减少电池性能的衰减.利用低质量Si材料(B含量2*10-6wt)制作出了效率达到14%左右的大面...     

Integrating Low-Cost Earth-Abundant Co-Catalysts with Encapsulated Perovskite Solar Cells for Efficient and Stable Overall Solar Water Splitting

Metal halide perovskite solar cells have an appropriate bandgap (1.5–1.6 eV), and thus output voltage (>1 V), to directly drive solar water splitting. Despite significant progress, their moisture sensitivity still hampers their application for integrated monolithic devices. Furthermore, the prevalence of the use of noble metals as co-catalysts for existing perovskite-based devices undermines their use for low-cost H₂ production. Here, a monolithic architecture for stable perovskite-based devices with earth-abundant co-catalysts is reported, demonstrating an unassisted overall solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 8.54%. The device layout consists of two monolithically encapsulated perovskite (FA_0.80MA_0.15Cs_0.05PbI_2.55Br_0.45) solar cells with low-cost earth-abundant CoP and FeNi(OH)_x co-catalysts as the photocathode and photoanode, respectively. The CoP-based photocathode demonstrates more than 17 h of continuous operation, with a photocurrent density of 12.4 mA cm⁻² at 0 V and an onset potential as positive as ≈1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The FeNi(OH)_x-based photoanode achieves a photocurrent of 11 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V versus RHE for more than 13 h continuous operation. These excellent stability and performance demonstrate the potential for monolithic integration of perovskite solar cells and low-cost earth-abundant co-catalysts for efficient direct solar H₂ production.     

带有本征薄层的异质结太阳能电池

带有本征薄层的异质结(HIT)太阳能电池制备工艺温度低、转换效率高、高温特性好,是低价高效电池的一种。根据相关文献,遵循HIT电池发展的过程,从原理、结构、制备工艺等角度对其进行了深入分析,指出PECVD技术在制备HIT电池中存在的问题,并对HWCVD法制备高效HIT电池的前景进行了探讨,同时分析了a-Si:H/Si界面钝化、双面异质结结构、表面织构及栅线的优化设计等技术手段对制备高效HIT电池的重要性。     

A Review of Perovskites Solar Cell Stability

In this review, the factors influencing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is emphasized. The PCE of PSCs has remarkably increased from 3.8% to 23.7%, but on the other hand, poor stability is one of the main facets that creates a huge barrier in the commercialization of PSCs. Herein, a concise overview of the current efforts to enhance the stability of PSCs is provided; moreover, the degradation causes and mechanisms are summarized. The strategies to improve device stability are portrayed in terms of structural effects, a photoactive layer, hole‐ and electron‐transporting layers, electrode materials, and device encapsulation. Last but not least, the economic feasibility of PSCs is also vividly discussed.     

Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Heterojunction Solar Cell

In this study, solar cells were fabricated by spin-coating polyaniline (PANI) base (EB) over an n-type Si substrate. The final heterojunction’s device structure was Al/n-type Si/EB/Au. The electrical properties of the resultant device were investigated by measuring the current density–voltage (J–V), capacitance–voltage (C–V), and impedance characteristics in the dark and under illumination. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were used as solvents for EB. The effects of these solvents on the photovoltaic cell parameters were investigated, and the open-circuit voltage (V _oc), short-circuit current density (J _sc), fill factor (FF), and energy conversion efficiency (η) were determined. It was found that heterojunctions fabricated using EB dissolved in NMP, DMF, and THF produced J _sc of 10 mA/cm², 5.123 mA/cm², and 2.78 mA/cm², respectively. Rollover and crossover phenomena in the J–V curves under illumination were explained based on the back-contact barrier and surface recombination of electrons at the back contact. The linearity of Mott–Schottky plots indicated the formation of a heterojunction between EB and n-type Si, and the slope of 1/C ² versus voltage changed under illumination. The high values of shunt resistance were decreased under illumination, indicating that the efficiency of this type of heterojunction solar cell was limited by shunt resistance and the narrow absorption range of the solar spectrum by EB.