UTILIZATION OF OPIUM POPPY WASTES AS A FUEL SOURCE

Abstract

Air dried and ground opium poppy stalks suspended in water containing sodium carbonate catalysts have been completely converted into liquid fuels and water-solubles chemicals at 573 °K in a 0.1 liter autoclave. Extractives and oil properties obtained from stalks and poppy seed were studied. Major compenents of the oil were linoleic acid (60.2 %) and oleic acid (22.3 %). Alcohol-benzene extractives of the stalks were 28.8 % while ether solubility was 7.5 %.     

超高酸原油中环烷酸类型及分布规律研究

通过对国内某原油进行实沸点切割和环烷酸分离,采用电位滴定仪、红外光谱仪及质谱仪等研究原油、馏分油中环烷酸分布及类型.研究结果表明:原油酸值为13.18 mg(KOH)/g,属于超高酸原油,其环烷酸主要集中为400～425℃,425～450℃和>450℃馏分,分别占原油总酸质量的4.68％,5.34％和54.44％;超高...     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils from unconventional sources

The levels of 4 compounds from the group of light PAHs listed by the US EPA and 15 PAHs listed by the EU Scientific Committee on Food were determined in selected unconventional oils. PAHs determination was performed by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescent and diode array detectors (HPLC-FLD/DAD). Similar quality profiles of PAHs, with light PAHs being predominant, were stated. Total content of 19 PAHs varied from 23.41 (poppy seed oil) to 234.30 μg/kg (pumpkin seed oil). In most analyzed products, from the group of 15 PAHs benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene were detected. Benzo[a]pyrene was detected in amaranth, pumpkin, sesame, blackseed and borage oil, whereas in pumpkin seed oil its concentration was about 8 times higher than the maximum tolerable limit (2 μg/kg) stated in Commission Regulation (EU) No. 835/2011. The sum of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and chrysene, for which the maximum tolerable limit has been set in Commission Regulation (EU) No. 835/2011 at the level of 10 μg/kg, were found in the range from 0.00 (linseed oil) to 35.03 μg/kg (pumpkin seed oil).     

聚醚酰胺的合成及其对原油流动性的影响

以聚醚酰胺和脂肪酸为原料合成了系列脂肪酸聚醚酰胺降凝剂,利用FTIR、黏度测试、界面张力测试等方法考察了降凝剂对不同原油流动性的影响.实验结果表明,该系列降凝剂具有较好的表面活性和界面活性.随碳数的增加,饱和脂肪酸聚醚酰胺降凝剂降低表面张力的能力增强.加入0.3％(w)和0.9％(w)的棕榈酸聚醚酰胺降凝剂时,风城原油...     

植物脂肪酸甲酯清洁柴油的研究

以菜子油油脚为原料制取植物脂肪酸甲酯,考察了该脂肪酸甲酯作为柴油替代燃料在性能方面与柴油的差别;研究了作为柴油添加组分,其加人量对油品性能的影响。结果表明,植物脂肪酸甲酯直接作为柴油使用,其部分物性数据与0号柴油标准指标之间存在一定的差距;作为柴油添加组分,在混合油物性数据满足0号柴油标准指标的前提下,其在0号商品柴油中的最大加人量(体积分数)可达50％。     

Evaluation of the antiradical and antioxidant potential of grape extracts

Grape seed and bagasse extract obtained from Narince grape cultivar using different solvent mixtures were assayed for their antioxidant properties. Total phenolic contents of the extracts were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activities of the extracts at different concentrations were evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and phosphomolybdenum methods. Also the extracts, as natural antioxidants, were assayed during eight weeks storage of refined poppy oil at 70 °C. For this reason peroxide value was used as a criterion to assess the antioxidant activity of grape extracts.The grape seed extracts showed strong antioxidant activity, by measuring their capacity to scavenge DPPH and hydrogen peroxide; to reduce Mo(VI) to Mo (V) and to decrease in the rate of peroxide formation, when compared to bagasse extract. Antioxidant activities of the extracts increased when the extract concentration increased.     

水杨酸作用下微波辐射稠油破乳脱水的研究

以含水质量分数为50%的大庆稠油为原料,在水杨酸作用下对其进行微波辐射脱水,考察了水杨酸加入量(占稠油的质量分数)和微波辐射压力、时间、功率等条件对稠油脱水率的影响。结果表明,水杨酸作为特殊的催化剂可增强稠油乳状液对微波的吸收功能,对脱水具有明显的促进作用;在水杨酸加入量为5%,微波辐射功率为450 W,辐射压力为0.4 MPa,辐射时间为10 min的优化条件下,稠油脱水率达94.3%。     

乳酸基低共熔溶剂中钼酸铵催化氧化脱硫性能研究

以己内酰胺为氢键受体、乳酸为氢键供体,合成了乳酸基低共熔溶剂,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱和氢核磁共振波谱分析表征确定了己内酰胺和乳酸间的氢键作用。以二苯并噻吩（DBT）与正辛烷混合得到的模拟油（简称DBT模拟油）为原料,以乳酸基低共熔溶剂为萃取剂和助催化剂、过氧化氢（H₂O₂)为氧化剂、钼酸铵为催化剂进行氧化脱硫试验,考察反应温度、n(H₂O₂)/n(DBT)、钼酸铵加入量、剂油体积比及硫化物类型对模拟油脱硫率的影响,确定最佳反应条件：反应温度为70 ℃,反应时间为100 min,n(H₂O₂)/n(DBT)为6∶1,钼酸铵质量浓度为4 g/L,剂油体积比为1∶10。在最佳反应条件下,DBT模拟油、4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩模拟油和苯并噻吩模拟油的脱硫率分别为100%,98%,78%。脱硫反应重复进行5次后,乳酸基低共熔溶剂对DBT模拟油的脱硫率仍可达到95%,具有较好的重复使用性能。     

利用高酸值餐饮废油脂制备生物柴油

以高酸值餐饮废油脂为原料,在酯化反应后再经两步酯交换反应制备生物柴油。在酯化反应中添加吸水剂可降低油脂的酸值,经一次酯化反应即可将油脂的酸值降至2m g/g左右,满足酯交换反应的要求。考察了酯化反应中吸水剂的添加方式、种类及其用量对酯化反应的影响,以及酯交换催化剂的种类及用量对脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)收率和产物组成的影响。实验结果表明,以凹凸棒土为吸水剂(用量为餐饮废油脂中游离脂肪酸质量的3%),且在酯化反应30m in时加入,酯化效果较好;以质量比为1∶1的NaOH和KOH混合物为催化剂进行两步酯交换反应时,催化剂的最佳用量依次为1.00%和0.75%(质量分数,基于油脂的质量),FAME收率最高达到96.33%。     

克拉玛依稠油溶剂脱酸工艺研究

介绍了克拉玛依稠油采用溶剂脱酸工艺原理及工艺流程,考察了脱酸溶剂组成、脱酸温度、剂油质量比、原料流量对脱酸效果的影响。结果表明,利用流通截面积0．12cm^2的实验微反应器,当脱酸溶剂组成为氨：乙醇：水=6：50：40,脱酸温度80℃,原油流量800g／min,剂油质量比0．30时,一次脱酸率可达60％以上,抽出的石油酸纯度达75％以上,石油酸抽出率约占原油的2．3％。     

超声波处理废油脂制取生物柴油的研究

本文采用超声波对废油脂进行预酯化处理可以达到降低酸值减少废油脂中游离脂肪酸含量的目的，其优点是缩短反应时间、提高预酯化的效果，反应条件为频率40KHz，时间1.5h。研究了不同催化剂对酯交换反应的催化效果，采用正交试验确定了酯交换反应制取生物柴油的最佳条件为：处理60g预酯化后的油脂加入30ml甲醇、KOH0.8%（相对于油脂的质量），反应时间90min。     

酯化高酸原油的腐蚀性研究

研究了石油酸酯和酯化高酸原油的热稳定性及腐蚀性规律。结果表明,石油酸酯在高温下会发生一定的分解,但石油酸经酯化后可有效抑制腐蚀,缓蚀率达95%以上;酯化降酸抑制腐蚀的程度与酯化高酸原油中金属羧酸盐含量有关,通过脱除原油中的金属羧酸盐及采用稳定的非均相催化剂,可降低石油酸酯分解反应速率,达到抑制腐蚀的目的。     

疏水性硼酸钙纳米添加剂对菜籽油摩擦学性能的影响

分别使用硬脂酸、油酸、乙二胺四乙酸、聚乙二醇等对硼酸钙进行表面改性,制备了多种具有不同疏水性的纳米硼酸钙润滑油添加剂;进而,通过扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱、摩擦试验等方法系统研究了改性纳米硼酸钙对菜籽油抗磨、减摩性能的影响.结果表明:在各种表面改性纳米硼酸钙中,硬脂酸改性硼酸钙的疏水性最佳,油酸改性硼酸钙的疏水性次之...     

催化酯化地沟油的裂解油制备燃料油

以地沟油为原料,通过高温热裂解得到高酸值85mg（KOH）／g的裂解油,进而通过催化酯化反应降低热裂解油的酸值。讨论了催化剂种类、甲醇用量等因素对酯化率的影响。结果表明,以自制的S2O8^2-／ZrO2固体超强酸作催化剂,甲醇用量（以裂解油质量计）为30％时,酯化效果最好,可以使裂解油酸值降至2mg（KOH）／g。还考察了催化剂的使用寿命,结果表明,催化剂使用到第3次时,酯化率仍可达到84．8％。酯化后裂解油的燃料油性能有所改善。     

B酸离子液体催化棉籽油酯交换制备生物柴油

制备了5种对水稳定性好、带—SO3H官能团的磺酸类B酸离子液体,并以它们作催化剂进行了棉籽油酯交换反应制备生物柴油的研究。实验结果表明,这些磺酸类B酸离子液体的催化活性高,它们的催化活性与含氮官能团的种类和碳链长度有关,其中,吡啶丁烷磺酸硫酸氢盐离子液体的催化活性最高。考察了吡啶丁烷磺酸硫酸氢盐离子液体的用量、醇与油摩尔比、反应温度对酯交换反应的影响及离子液体的稳定性,实验结果表明,在反应温度170℃、n(甲醇)∶n(棉籽油)∶n(离子液体)=12∶1∶0.057、反应时间5h的条件下,产物中脂肪酸甲酯的质量分数可达92.0%,且离子液体的稳定性好,可循环使用。     

羧酸系列集油剂的水面集油性能

研究了十二烷酸、十四烷酸、十六烷酸和十八烷酸在淡水中的集油能力。结果表明，这4种羧酸在淡水表面的表面膜压随其分子中碳数的增加而增大。其中后两者的表面膜压高达45～50mN／m，显著高于各类油膜膜压，满足集油剂对表面活性物质膜压的要求。4种脂肪羧酸在淡水中使柴油油膜的收缩率在1min时达到最大值，分别为80．0％、81．8％、83．8％和88．2％。它们的己醇、正庚醇、正辛醇、仲辛醇溶液的集油持续性，总体上随羧酸分子碳数增加而增大。其中十六烷酸和十八烷酸集油能力非常接近，它们的正庚醇、正辛醇和仲辛醇溶液使柴油膜面积收缩率在120h后仍保持在66．0％～70．2％。该类集油剂毒性低，易为生物降解，有实际应用前景。     

Chemical constituents,antifungal and antioxidative potential of Foeniculum vulgare volatile oil and its acetone extract

GC and GC–MS analysis of Foeniculum vulgare volatile oil showed the presence of 35 components containing 96.4% of the total amount. The major component was trans-anethole (70.1%). The analysis of its acetone extract showed the presence of nine components accounting for 68.9% of the total amount. Linoleic acid (54.9%), palmitic acid (5.4%) and oleic acid (5.4%) were found as major components in extract. The antifungal and antioxidative potentials were also carried out by different techniques. In inverted petriplate method, the volatile oil showed complete zone inhibition against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium moniliforme at 6 μL dose. It was found to be effective for A. niger even at 4 μL dose. Moreover, using food poison technique, the volatile oil and extract both showed good to moderate zone of inhibition. The antioxidant value was evaluated by measuring peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values for linseed oil at fixed time intervals. Both, the volatile oil and extract showed strong antioxidant activity in comparison with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In addition, their inhibitory action in linoleic acid system was studied by monitoring peroxide accumulation in emulsion during incubation through ferric thiocyanate method. The results were well correlated with the above results.     

ZrO2多晶泡沫陶瓷催化剂管式反应器催化合成生物柴油

以泡沫陶瓷研究方法和制备技术合成ZrO2多晶泡沫陶瓷催化剂,利用XRD、SEM、Py-IR和BET等手段对其晶体结构进行表征。研究了ZrO2多晶泡沫陶瓷催化剂管式反应器催化光皮树油和甲醇制备生物柴油的工艺,对影响酯交换活性的反应温度、反应压力和醇油摩尔比三个因素进行考察,并采用响应面法优化了条件,结果发现,该反应的最适反应温度、反应压力、醇油摩尔比分别为 290 ℃、10 MPa、4:1,此条件下产物中脂肪酸甲酯含量为98.38%。ZrO2多晶泡沫陶瓷催化剂管式反应器催化水分含量7.1%,酸值130.697 mgKOH/g的原料油,产物中脂肪酸甲酯含量仍能达到93%和97.67%。未更换催化剂的条件下连续反应10批次（每批次使用12小时）,仍能保持产物中脂肪酸甲酯含量为97%,可见ZrO2多晶泡沫陶瓷催化剂是一种耐酸、耐水,高效、稳定的固体催化剂。     

无苯溶剂-等量电位滴定法测定油品中碱性氮化物含量

以乙酸-丙酸混合物(二者体积比为1∶3)为高氯酸滴定剂溶剂,石油醚-乙酸混合物(二者体积比为1∶1)为样品溶剂,同时采用两步溶解方式,运用等量电位滴定法测定油品中的碱性氮化物含量。结果表明,新溶剂配方的0.02 mol/L高氯酸滴定液,在凝固点下降同时,标定终点清晰,稳定性良好;以原油为基体,蜡油为标准物,通过回收率实验进行了方法准确度测定,回收率为98.6%~103.0%,表明该方法的准确度高;无论是浅色油品还是深色油品,最大相对标准偏差为1.83%,实际样品的5次测定结果的最大差值仅为允许差值(SH/T 0162标准规定的重复性指标)的25%~100%。     

缓速酸种类及乳化酸应用研究进展

简要介绍了缓速酸种类及作用机理,缓速酸包括自生酸、稠化酸、泡沫酸、活性酸及乳化酸。重点介绍了乳化酸作用机理、改造地层特点及应用研究进展,即利用乳化酸的缓速性及其黏度,降低酸岩反应速率和酸液滤失速率,使酸液进入地层深部,增加酸液穿透距离,改善油层渗透率,达到提高油井产量的目的。用缓速酸对油田酸化施工,结果表明,乳化酸的缓速率是空白酸的4—6倍,施工成功率达100％,有效率达80％以上,油气增产效果显著。