热处理对选区激光熔化17-4PH不锈钢力学性能的影响

对选区激光熔化成形的17-4PH不锈钢分别进行真空热处理、热等静压高压淬火处理和组合热处理(热等静压固溶后快淬和马弗炉时效后水冷),在1040℃固溶处理2 h和在480℃时效4 h,观察其显微组织并研究了热处理对其力学性能的影响。结果表明,17-4PH不锈钢由回火马氏体和淬火马氏体组成,热处理后沉淀相弥散分布于晶粒内部,其颗粒尺寸为100~150 nm。真空热处理使合金内部孔隙的尺寸减小到3~7 μm,而热等静压使内部孔隙几乎完全闭合,使钢的密度基本上达到理论值。真空热处理+水淬使沉积态17-4PH不锈钢的抗拉强度和硬度都显著提高(分别提高到1300 MPa和448.5HV);热等静压在提高沉积态17-4PH不锈钢抗拉强度的同时使其延伸率显著提高到22.4%。断口分析结果表明,沉积态和热等静压样品的断口形貌为典型的韧性断裂,热等静压样品的韧窝更深、尺寸更大。真空热处理和组合热处理样品的断口形貌具有部分脆性断裂的特征且出现裂纹,与沉积态相比塑性略有降低。     

热处理工艺对高成型性0.1%C-3%Mn中锰钢组织和性能的影响

研究了0.1%C-3%Mn中锰钢的热膨胀模拟相变行为和一步法与二步法ART处理对其显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,二步法ART处理比一步法可产生更多的残留奥氏体,可显著改善钢的成型性能。将实验钢的热轧态试样在740℃预处理后再在660℃~680℃进行ART处理能产生12%~14%的残留奥氏体,使钢的总延伸率高于35%,均匀延伸率高于20%。热处理制度为740℃×0.5 h+670℃×1.0 h的试样具有最佳的综合性能,其屈服强度为470 MPa,抗拉强度为680 MPa,总延伸率为40.7%,均匀延伸率高达25%,冲击吸收功为163 J。     

Microstructure and mechanical behavior of laser aided additive manufactured low carbon interstitial Fe49.5Mn30Co10Cr10C0.5 multicomponent alloy

Laser aided additive manufacturing(LAAM)was used to fabricate bulk Fe49.5Mn30Co10Cr10C0.5 interstitial multicomponent alloy using pre-alloyed powder.The room temperature yield strength(σy),ultimate tensile strength(σUTS)and elongation(εUST)were 645 MPa,917 MPa and 27.0％respectively.The as-built sample consisted of equiaxed and dendritic cellular structures formed by elemental segregation.These cellular structures together with oxide particle inclusions were deemed to strengthen the material.The other contributing components include dislocation strengthening,friction stress and grain bound-ary strengthening.The high εUTS was attributed to dislocation motion and activation of both twinning and transformation-induced plasticity(TWIP and TRIP).Tensile tests performed at-40℃and-130℃demonstrated superior tensile strength of 1041 MPa and 1267 MPa respectively.However,almost no twinning was observed in the fractured sample tested at-40℃and-130℃.Instead,higher fraction of strain-induced hexagonal close-packed(HCP)ε phase transformation of 21.2％were observed for fractured sample tested at-40℃,compared with 6.3％in fractured room temperature sample.     

Precipitation behavior of high-Nb containing modified HR3C heat-resistant steels during isothermal aging

The effect of Cr content on microstructural stability of the modified high-Nb content HR3C austenitic heat-resistant steel has been investigated during thermal aging at 700°C. It was observed that the σ phase precipitated in the 23.5Cr–18Ni–1.7Nb–0.04C–0.1N (wt.%) steel after aging treatment. However, the σ phase was not observed throughout the aging up to 5000?h as the Cr content was reduced from 23.5 to 21.5?wt-%. Experimental results showed that the yield strength of steel with 23.5?wt-% Cr at room temperature increased from 261 to 492?MPa after aging for 5000?h. The strengthening is closely related to the precipitation of σ phase at early stage of aging (500–2000?h). The influence of alloying elements on the formation of σ phase is discussed.     

Effects of solution treatment temperature on grain growth and mechanical properties of high strength 18%Ni cobalt free maraging steel

Abstract

The effects of solution treatment (ST) temperature (1073–1473 K) on the prior austenite grain size, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a 2000 MPa grade 18%Ni Co free maraging steel have been investigated. The results show that prior austenite grain size normally increases with increase of ST temperature. Strength and ductility in the solution treated condition are independent of both ST temperature and prior austenite grain size due to constant martensite lath spacing and dislocation tangles. In the solution treated + aged condition, the relationship between yield strength and prior austenite grain size follows the Hall- Petch equation, and ductility improves until the ST temperature used is >1373 K. Accordingly, the fracture mode transforms from intergranular to transgranular at a critical prior austenite grain size of ~ 150 μ m, because of severe segregation of Ni₃(Mo,Ti) and reverted austenite at prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite lath boundaries. The variation of Charpy V notch impact energy with increase of ST temperature in both the solution treated and solution treated + aged conditions is similar to that of the tensile ductility. The fracture toughness K_IC, however, increases with increase of ST temperature. No thermal embrittlement resulted from the Ti(C,N,S) inclusion segregation at prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite lath boundaries in the high temperature solution treatment.     

航空紧固件用Ti-5553合金的组织和性能

采用扫描电镜和透射电子显微镜研究不同热处理制度对Ti-5553高强钛合金显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:在(α+β)两相区进行固溶处理时,随着固溶温度的升高,Ti-5553合金组织中的初生α相含量逐渐减少,β相的尺寸和体积分数均增加,合金强度逐渐降低。时效后β基体发生转变,晶界和晶内析出大量次生α相。次生α相的尺寸对力学性能产生重要影响,随着时效温度的升高,次生α相逐渐粗化,导致抗拉强度逐渐下降。1240MPa级航空紧固件用Ti-5553的固溶温度应选择Tβ以下,使组织中留有足够的β相,从而时效时在β相中有大量次生α相析出,获得需要的高强度。同时,保留一定含量的初生α相,以便获得良好的塑韧性。经810~820℃,1.5h,水淬+510℃,10h,空冷热处理后,合金可以获得较好的综合性能,抗拉强度达1500MPa,伸长率达14.8%,断面收缩率为38.6%。固溶和时效态的拉伸断口均存在大量韧窝,材料具有良好的塑韧性。     

热处理温度对新型马氏体时效不锈钢微观组织和性能的影响

针对一种以Al作为主要强化元素的新型马氏体时效不锈钢,通过力学性能测试、光学显微镜观察和透射电子显微分析方法,研究不同的热处理温度对实验钢力学性能和微观组织的影响。结果表明:该实验钢的抗拉强度最高可达1876MPa,屈服强度可达1762MPa,具有良好的强韧性配合。固溶处理后形成了具有高密度位错的细小板条马氏体组织,在时效过程中,马氏体基体上弥散析出的NiAl相使其强度得到大幅度的提升。随着时效温度的提高,NiAl析出相颗粒逐渐长大粗化,从而使强度在到达峰值后迅速下降,出现了过时效现象。实验钢经过820℃固溶+(-70℃)冷处理+540℃时效处理后可获得良好的综合力学性能。     

Ti-22Al-23Nb-1Mo-1Zr合金环锻件组织演变及力学行为EI北大核心CSCD

以五元系Ti_(2)AlNb合金Ti-22Al-23Nb-1Mo-1Zr(原子分数/%)环锻件为研究对象,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和力学性能检测设备,研究合金在不同固溶温度(850,880,900℃)+750℃时效处理工艺下的组织演变、拉伸性能及断裂行为。结果表明:固溶处理后,随固溶温度的增加,细片层O相易固溶于B2相基体中,粗片层O相逐渐粗化,O相体积分数下降;后经时效处理后,有少量细片层O相从B2相基体中析出,粗片层O相进一步粗化,O相体积分数趋于一致;合金强度随固溶温度增加呈下降趋势,而塑性呈上升趋势;拉伸断口形貌为典型解理和韧窝混合断裂的准解理特征,纵向断口存在微裂纹、滑移特征以及沿拉伸方向伸长的弯曲片层O相;位错在B2/O相界塞积,片层O相尺寸细小,能够有效减小位错滑移距离,使得合金强化作用较强。     

分级固溶处理对8Cr4Mo4V钢的微观组织和硬度的影响

对8Cr4Mo4V航空轴承钢进行分级固溶处理,即在1000~1060℃的初级固溶处理和在1080~1100℃的二级固溶处理,并观察和测试其组织和硬度,研究了分级固溶温度的影响。结果表明,随着初级固溶温度的提高(二级固溶处理为1080℃×10 min),钢中未溶碳化物的体积分数从4.37%逐渐降低到3.43%,但是晶粒没有明显长大。随着二级固溶温度的提高(初级固溶处理为1060℃×30 min),未溶碳化物的体积分数从3.51%逐渐降低到2.84%,平均晶粒尺寸显著增大。当初级固溶温度较低或二级固溶温度较高时,8Cr4Mo4V钢的回火硬度较高。为了使8Cr4Mo4V钢具有高硬度同时避免晶粒粗化,初级固溶温度宜为1020~1050℃,二级固溶温度宜为1080~1090℃。对这种钢进行1020℃×20 min+1090℃×10 min固溶处理后,其平均晶粒尺寸为12.1 μm,回火硬度为63.8 HRC,冲击吸收功为15.28 J,室温抗拉强度为2664.3 MPa。     

2.47 GPa grade ultra-strong 15Co-12Ni secondary hardening steel with superior ductility and fracture toughness

This study investigated the effect of multi-step heat treatment on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of thick 15 Co-12 Ni secondary hardening steel. As-quenched sample was found to have elongated prior austenite grain(PAG) and coarse lenticular martensitic structure. On the other hand, heat-treated sample was observed to have fine lenticular martensitic structure due to fine PAG size and a lot of nano-sized carbides. Also, after heat treatment, nano-scale reverted austenite film was formed at the martensite interfaces. The heat-treated sample showed 2.47 GPa superior tensile strength and superior elongation of about 12 %. The high strength was mainly due to fine block size and high number density of nano-sized carbides. The average value of plane strain fracture toughness(KIC) was 29.3 MPa m1/2, which indicated a good fracture toughness even with the high tensile strength. The tensile fracture surface was observed to have ductile fracture mode(cup-and-cone) and the formation of about ~1 μm ultra-fine dimples. In addition to this, nano-sized carbides were observed within the dimples.The findings suggested that the nano-sized carbide had a positive effect not only on the strength but also on the ductility of the alloy. The fractured surface after toughness test, also showed ductile fracture mode with a lot of dimples. Based on the above results, correlation among microstructural evolution,deformation and fracture mechanisms along the heat-treatment was also discussed.     

Thermal stability of additively manufactured austenitic 304L ODS alloy

Thermal stability and high-temperature mechanical properties of a 304L austenitic oxide dispersion strengthened(ODS)alloy manufactured via laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)are examined in this work.Additively manufactured 304LODS alloy samples were aged at temperatures of 1000,1100,and 1200℃for 100h in an argon atmosphere.Microstructure characterization of LPBF 304L ODS alloy before and after the thermal stability experiments revealed that despite the annihilation of dislocations,induced cellular substructure by the LPBF process was partially retained in the ODS alloy even after aging at 1200℃.The size of Y-Si-O nanoparticles after aging at 1200℃increased from 25 to 50 nm.EBSD analysis revealed that nanoparticles retained the microstructure of LPBF 304L ODS and hindered recrystallization and further grain growth.At 600℃and 800℃,the yield stress of the 290 and 145 MPa were measured,respectively,which are substantially higher than 113 MPa,and 68 MPa for 304L at the same temperatures.Furthermore,the creep properties of LPBF 304L ODS alloy were evaluated at a temperature of 700℃under three applied stresses of 70,85,and 100 MPa yielding a stress exponent(n)of～7.7;the minimum creep rate at 100 MPa was found to be about two orders of magnitude lower than found in the literature for wrought 304L stainless steel.     

X100级管线钢的组织和强韧性

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和EBSD等方法研究了X100管线钢热连轧钢带的微观组织、析出物、晶粒尺寸等对X100管线钢强韧性的影响。结果表明,通过合理的成分设计和TMCP工艺得到的X100管线钢的平均有效晶粒尺寸约为2.38μm,晶内含有大量位错和亚结构;显微组织由粒状贝氏体、板条贝氏体和M/A岛组成,组织中粒状贝氏体含量较多,板条贝氏体含量较少,M/A岛尺寸较小,弥散分布;细小的第二相能有效钉扎位错的移动,产生沉淀强化效果;实验钢的抗拉强度高于970 MPa,屈服强度高于800 MPa,-40℃以上的Charpy冲击功大于250 J,韧脆转变温度在-40℃与-60℃之间。     

HP40Nb钢热浸镀Al-Si高温氧化行为及组织研究

为提高高温抗氧化性能,对HP40Nb钢进行了热浸镀Al-10%(质量分数)Si,并进行不同温度扩散处理,研究了不同扩散处理试样在1000℃条件下的高温氧化行为,通过SEM,EDS和XRD分析了经不同扩散处理后的渗层在高温氧化过程中的组织结构变化.结果表明:经800℃/4h扩散处理,渗层由内层(NiAl+ Cr3 Si)...     

热处理工艺对连铸10CrNi3MoV钢性能的影响

针对高温热成型及正常调质处理后连铸10CrNi3MoV钢性能恶化这一问题,研究了循环/亚温淬火热处理工艺,进行了力学性能测试、显微组织观察及晶粒度评定.结果表明,采用亚温淬火( 835℃×2h+ 820℃×2h)+高温回火(630℃×3h)热处理工艺,可有效细化连铸10CrNi3MoV钢的晶粒,显著改善其低温韧性,使其...     

时效态Fe-Mn-Al-C钢的性能和变形机制

采用OM、SEM、XRD、EBSD以及TEM等手段分析时效温度对Fe-30Mn-9Al-0.9C-0.45Mo钢中奥氏体的晶粒尺寸和力学性能的影响.结果 表明:时效处理对Fe-30Mn-9Al-0.9C-0.45Mo钢的组织和性能有较大的影响.在450℃时效的实验钢其抗拉强度为863 MPa、断后伸长率为56.1％、强...     

压蒸条件下钢渣的碳化过程

将钢渣压制成一定形状的试块,分别在60℃、90℃及120℃下采用CO_2对试块进行了碳化处理。对碳化后试块的质量、体积、抗压强度的变化进行了测试。采用X射线能谱仪(XRD)、热重-差热分析仪(TG-DSC)分析了碳化过程中的物相变化。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了碳化后产物的微观形貌。研究结果表明,在60℃、90℃、120℃碳化温度下碳化7d后,试块的质量分别增加15.30%、17.48%、23.84%;试块的体积分别增加5.9%、6.5%、11.44%;试块的抗压强度分别达到32.87 MPa、39.62 MPa、42.38 MPa。钢渣碳化后产物主要为CaCO_3。从碳化后试块的力学强度和节能两方面综合考虑,碳化的最佳温度为90℃。     

An Inverse Approach for Extracting Elastic-plastic Properties of Thin Films from Small Scale Sharp Indentation

An inverse method for extracting the elastic-plastic properties of metallic thin films from instrumented sharp indentation has been proposed in terms of dimensional analysis and finite element modeling.A wide range of materials with different elastic modulus,yield strength,and strain-hardening exponent were examined.Similar to the Nix-Gao model for the depth dependence of hardness H,(H/H0)2=1+h*Hh,the relationship between elastic modulus E and indentation depth h can be expressed as(E/E0)4=1+h*Eh.By combining these two formulas,we find that there is a relationship between yield stress σ y and indentation depth h:σy = σy0·(1+h*Hh)f(n)·(1+h*Eh)[0.25-0.54f(n)],where σ y0 is the yield strength associated with the strainhardening exponent n,the true hardness H0 and the true elastic modulus E0.f(n)= 1/2(1-n) is constant,which is only related to n,and h*H and h*E are characteristic lengths for hardness and elastic modulus.The results obtained from inverse analysis show that the elastic-plastic properties of thin films can be uniquely extracted from the solution of this relationship when the indentation size effect has to be taken into account.     

变质细化和热处理对挤压铸造成形A356铝合金构件性能的影响

用Al-10Sr变质剂和Al-5Ti-B细化剂处理A356铝合金熔体,并结合挤压铸造和T6热处理工艺,研究变质细化与热处理对A356铝合金挤压铸造件的组织和性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着Al-10Sr变质剂加入量的增加,共晶Si的形貌由片状和长杆状变为颗粒状和蠕虫状,α-Al的晶粒尺寸先减少后增大。当Al-10Sr的加入量(质量分数)为0.3%时,挤压铸造成形件的最优抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为221.3 MPa、104.5 MPa和10.3%。Al-10Sr变质能提高形核率、细化α-Al晶粒尺寸和改变共晶硅形貌,使铸造件的力学性能提高。随着A-5Ti-B的增加,晶粒尺寸先降后增,力学性能先增后降。Al-5Ti-B的加入量为0.6%时,最优抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为215.6 MPa、106.6 MPa和9.0%。T6热处理(固溶540℃/4 h+时效190℃/4 h)使屈服强度和抗拉强度显著提高和延伸率降低。经过0.6% 的Al-5Ti-B细化处理,T6处理挤压铸造件的最优的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为297.5 MPa、239.3 MPa和8.0%。共晶硅的球化和细化、成形件成分的均匀化以及Mg₂Si强化相在基体中弥散析出,是热处理后构件力学性能提高的主要原因。     

纯铁及结构钢快速气体渗氮工艺及机理研究

研究了纯铁及38CrMoAlA钢分别在500℃、0~0.4MPa压力和510℃、0~0.5MPa压力条件下的氨气渗氮行为。提高渗氮压力可显著加速气体渗氮动力学过程,纯铁在500℃和0.4 MPa下气体渗氮处理5h后渗氮层厚度(1160μm)可同比达到常规渗氮层厚度(205μm)的5倍以上,而38CrMoAlA钢经510℃和0.5 MPa压力下渗氮5h后的渗氮层厚度(400μm)几乎与常规渗氮50h所得硬化层厚度(440μm)相当。同时,纯铁及38CrMoAlA钢渗氮层中ε-Fe2-3N与γ′-Fe4N的相比例、氮势及表层硬度均随压力的提高呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势。提出了一种合金结构钢表面高强高韧渗氮层快速复合制备工艺(增压渗氮+冷轧)。与一段式常规渗氮及增压渗氮工艺相比,复合工艺处理表层硬度及韧性均较优良,尤其高剪切应力磨损条件下复合处理表层的耐磨性能最优,在20~600℃热循环处理10~300次条件下复合处理表层的耐热疲劳性能最佳。研究了42CrMo钢在既定的渗氮周期内(6h)以NH3为介质,530℃及不同压力循环次数条件下的气体渗氮行为。在渗氮温度和总时间相同条件下,循环压力气体渗氮样品化合物层随压力循环次数的增加逐渐减薄,渗氮层整体厚度随压力循环次数的增加逐渐增加,同时渗氮表层韧性随压力循环次数的增加逐渐增强。     

High strength-superplasticity combination of ultrafine-grained ferritic steel:The significant role of nanoscale carbides

There is currently a gap in our understanding of mechanisms that contribute to high strength and high plasticity in high strength UFG ferritic steel with nano-size Fe3C carbides in situations that involve com-bination of various strain rates and high temperature.In this regard,we describe the mechanistic basis of obtaining high strength-high plasticity combination in an ultrafine-grained(UFG)(～500±30 nm)ferritic steel with nano-size carbides,which sustained large plastic deformation,exceeding 100％elon-gation at a temperature significantly below 0.5 of the absolute melting point(Tm).To address the missing gap in our knowledge,we conducted a series of experiments involving combination of strain rate and temperature effects in conjunction with electron microscopy and atom probe tomography(APT).Strain rate studies were carried out at strain rates in the range of 0.0017-0.17 s-1 and at different temperatures from 25℃to 600℃.Dynamic recrystallization occurred at 600℃,resulting in a significant decrease in yield and tensile strength.Nevertheless,the UFG ferritic steels had an advantage in tensile strength(σUTS)and elongation-to-failure(εf)at 600℃,especially at strain rate of 0.0017 s-1,with high σUTS of 510 MPa and excellent low temperature(＜0.42Tm)superplasticity(εf=110％).These mechanical properties are significantly superior compared to similar type of steels at identical temperature.A mechanistic under-standing of mechanical behavior of UFG ferritic steels is presented by combining the effect of strain rate,temperature,and nano-size carbides.