Analysis of technology transfer in CDM projects: An update

The clean development mechanism (CDM) contributes to technology transfer by financing emission reduction projects using technologies not available in the host countries. This paper provides the most comprehensive analysis of technology transfer in the CDM to-date, covering 3296 registered and proposed projects. Roughly 36% of the projects accounting for 59% of the annual emission reductions claim to involve technology transfer. Technology transfer is more common for larger projects and projects with foreign participants. Technology transfer is very heterogeneous across project types and usually involves both knowledge and equipment. As the number of projects increases, technology transfer occurs beyond the individual projects. This is observed for several of the most common project types in China and Brazil with the result that the rate of technology transfer for new projects in those countries has fallen significantly.     

2013年后风电项目的CDM收益可行性分析

《京都议定书》第一承诺期将于2012年12月31日失效,虽然德班会议经过艰难的谈判,最终确认了第二承诺期,但是加拿大于德班会议后第2天便宣布退出《京都议定书》,不再履行强制减排义务。另外,从2013年开始,欧盟(EU-ETs)可能只接受来自最不发达国家或有双边协议国家的CDM项目。上述种种迹象表明,2013年以后中国将面临CDM需求的大幅萎缩。针对中国众多CDM项目可能面临的困境,文章以2013年后中国风电项目CDM收益可行性为例进行深入探讨,希望对正在申请注册CDM项目的中国风电项目有所启示。     

后京都时代中国清洁发展机制项目的风险控制

清洁发展机制项目的开发、建设和运行,不仅受到各类宏观因素的影响,也会因为其申报流程的复杂性和工程项目建设运行的不确定性,而存在着各类风险。在对国内外清洁发展机制市场和政策现状进行分析的基础上,结合多个可再生能源清洁发展机制项目的实际操作经验,同时也结合最新市场动态和政策走向,对后京都时代中国可再生能源清洁发展机制项目在具体开发、建设及运行过程中的风险管理进行探讨,以期推动其能够平稳过渡和发展。     

The economic potential of bagasse cogeneration as CDM projects in Indonesia

Surplus bagasse in Indonesian sugar mills is potential for grid-connected electricity-generating projects under Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) scheme. In addition, it is further perceived to considerably support the efforts to address prevailing crises in domestic sugar industry and power generation sector. This paper aims at analyzing the economic potential of bagasse cogeneration as CDM projects in Indonesia with the main deliverables of total emission reductions per year and Certified Emission Reduction (CER) earnings. The analysis was made by following the applicable methodologies and based on publicly available data from official and other sources on the websites. The results show that with the electricity displacement potential at 260,253 MWh, Indonesia could generate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions as much as 240,774 (large scale) or 198,177 tCO₂ (small scale) per annum from the recently-employed low efficiency cogeneration leading to the earnings of about US$1.36 or 1.12 million, respectively. Out of 6 regional grids where the electricity from the project activities can be grid-connected, the primary emission reductions potentials are encountered in Java-Bali and Southern Sumatera grids. Additionally, various barriers in technical, institutional, financial, and other aspects have been identified as the justifications to pass the additionality test.     

中国水泥行业CDM项目发展现状及对策

本文介绍了清洁发展机制（CDM）的背景和其合格性要求,以及中国水泥行业的CDM项目发展现状。分析了水泥行业CDM项目中存在的一些问题;并就水泥行业开展CDM项目的重点领域进行了阐述。     

我国煤矿区煤层气CDM项目的开发现状与潜力

中国是煤炭生产大国,在生产煤炭的同时,也排放出大量的煤矿瓦斯,煤层气的回收与利用是我国开展清洁发展机制(CDM)的三个优先领域之一。在我国开展此领域的减排项目潜力巨大。在煤矿区实施减排项目,不仅可以保护环境,还可保证煤矿安全,提供清洁的能源。本文简要介绍了清洁发展机制的概念和国内外管理机制,详细说明了我国开展煤矿区开展CDM项目的最新进展以及今后的项目潜力,最后提出煤矿区开展CDM项目的政策和管理建议。     

我国垃圾发电CDM项目开发现状及问题

分析总结我国垃圾发电CDM项目开发现状及特点。探讨金融危机对其产生的影响,以及CDM审批程序和相关机构及参与方等方面存在的问题,得出结论并提出建议。     

规模化肉牛场CDM项目碳减排及经济效益估算

以山西省一规模肉牛场沼气工程为案例,利用《气候变化框架公约》清洁发展机制理事会批准的方法学(AMS-III.D和AMS-I.D)对肉牛场粪污沼气工程进行分析,评估了以沼气发电替代煤电的潜力、温室气体减排的潜力以及项目的额外性。评价结果表明,在实施先进的厌氧消化工艺后,肉牛场现存的开放式厌氧塘系统每年可减排85.4%的CO2e,即减排7542.1tCO2e;项目有很好的额外性,通过获得额外的减排收入,使案例项目的内部收益率由7.9%上升到12%,克服了项目存在的融资障碍,提高了肉牛场建设大型沼气工程的积极性。     

CDM potential for rural transition in China case study: Options in Yinzhou district,Zhejiang province

This paper aims to examine the potential of the clean development mechanism (CDM) to address energy- related issues during the rural transition process in China, using a case study of quickly urbanizing and industrializing Yinzhou district in coastal Zhejiang province. Yinzhou's per capita GDP reached US$ 3100 in 2002, three times China's average, and is targeted to achieve $10,000 in 2020.     

论CDM对中国风电发展的影响

风力发电是我国可再生能源发展的重要领域,也是我国清洁发展机制(CDM)项目开发的重点领域。2009年底,我国成为世界第二风电大国,已注册风电CDM项目的数量和总装机容量均居世界首位。文章从经济、信息和技术3方面分析了CDM对中国风电发展的影响,并将其和风电促进政策的影响进行对比分析,认为CDM对中国风电发展有促进作用,但不是主要影响因素,且机制建设有待完善。     

Promotion of energy conservation in developing countries through the combination of ESCO and CDM: A case study of introducing distributed energy resources into Chinese urban areas

The implementation of an energy service company (ESCO) project in developing countries may result not only in reduced energy cost but also in considerable environmental benefits, including the reduction of CO₂ emissions, which can be assessed in an economic manner under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) scheme. In this way, the economic and environmental benefits of energy conservation activities can be enjoyed by both the investor and the end-user, which can reduce the investment risk and realize a rational profit allocation. This study presents a numerical analysis of the introduction of distributed energy resources (DER) into a Chinese urban area. An optimization model is developed to determine the energy system combination under the constraints on the electrical and thermal balances and equipment availability. According to the simulation results, the introduction of DER systems possesses considerable potential to reduce CO₂ emissions, especially when considering that the economic profit of the CO₂ credit will increase the incentive to adopt DER systems to an even greater extent. Furthermore, by sharing the energy cost savings with the investors under an ESCO framework, the investment risk can be further reduced, and the conditions required for the project to qualify for CDM can be relaxed.     

对联合国EB理事会拒绝和撤销中国CDM项目注册原因的研究和思考——关于有效电量问题的研究

随着清洁发展机制(CDM)在中国的广泛深入开展,在申报项目的咨询、审核和注册过程中,也开始出现各种各样有关论证方面的问题。截至EB第53次会议前,联合国EB理事会共拒绝和撤销中国CDM项目38个,其中水电类项目15个,很多涉及到有效电量的论证问题。将7个被拒绝和撤销的项目与7个成功注册的项目进行对比分析可以看出,项目注册失败是因发电量和有效供电量差异问题所致,该问题是由PDD文件的编写引发的;DOE对有效电量的论证方向和某些认识及结论是错误的;EB原则上不愿也不会为人为的低效率(水电)项目埋单。进一步研究表明,DOE和项目业主方面引述行业标准SL16—95修订版对有效电量问题进行证明是错误和无效的。在回答关于装机容量问题时,应说明是按照最大发电量来设计的,而有效供电量是考虑有效电量等因素后计算的。当前必须正视CDM项目咨询和认证机构的自身能力建设问题,提高咨询和认证的整体水平。EB理事会在制定相关发展战略和策略时,应当更多地考虑符合未来发展方向的战略以及如何最大限度地利用社会有限的自然资源和经济资源。     

Trends in renewable energy strategy development and the role of CDM in Bangladesh

This article analyses and discusses trends in renewable energy strategy development in Bangladesh and the prospective role of the clean development mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol. Use of renewables for electricity generation results in less greenhouse gas emissions compared with fossil fuel energy systems and often offers additional synergistic benefits. Despite the large potential for development of renewable energy sources in Bangladesh, currently their contribution to electricity generation remains insignificant. Existing policies and programs on renewable energy in Bangladesh are reviewed in relation to the specific requirements needed for CDM. A number of barriers are identified that impede the implementation of the CDM mechanism. Overall, it is recommended that more appropriate energy strategies, including a new national renewable energy strategy, need to be formulated and implemented and more suitable institutional settings need to be provided to promote energy sustainability for Bangladesh. Also, the suggestion is made that incorporation of objectives for CDM promotion in the new national renewable energy strategy to tie in with Bangladesh's CDM strategy should assist in advancement of renewables.     

关于建立我国清洁发展机制(CDM)项目运行管理机制的几点建议(一)

我国是温室气体减排潜力较大的发展中国家之一,开展CDM(清洁发展机制)合作的市场前景广阔,为主要的发达国家所看好。在这种形势下,除了进一步开展对CDM的方法学、体制、影响及对策的研究,加强能力建设外,做好市场和技术准备,把握住CDM的国际合作机会,促进我国的可持续发展则更为重要。因此,本文在研究全球层面上CDM的运作程序和CDM项目管理与执行机构建设的基础上,提出了建立我国CDM项目运行管理机制的基本原则,并为建立CDM项目运行管理机制的基本架构,确定不同层面CDM运行管理机构的相互关系,CDM项目运行管理机构的职能和不同层面CDM管理机构的运作机制等提出了具体建议。     

All CO2 is equal in the atmosphere—A comment on CDM GHG accounting standards for methane recovery and oxidation projects

Greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting with respect to two categories of methane recovery and oxidation activities (coal bed or coal mine methane recovery and landfill gas (LFG) recovery) within the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is analysed. It is found that baseline methodologies approved by the CDM Executive Board apply systematically inconsistent assumptions concerning the global warming impact of carbon dioxide emissions from the oxidation of methane. One important implication of the results is that applying the baseline methodologies approved for project activities involving LFG recovery will lead to overestimation of the net GHG abatement effect of such CDM project activities.     

The economics of the CDM levy: Revenue potential,tax incidence and distortionary effects

A levy on the Clean Development Mechanism and other carbon trading schemes is a potential source of finance for climate change adaptation. An adaptation levy of 2% is currently imposed on all CDM transactions which could raise around $500 million between now and 2012. This paper analyses the scope for raising further adaptation finance from the CDM, the economic costs (deadweight loss) of such a measure and the incidence of the levy, that is, the economic burden the levy would impose on the buyers and sellers of credits. We find that a levy of 2% could raise up to $2 billion a year in 2020 if there are no restrictions on demand. This could rise to $10 billion for a 10% tax. Restrictions on credit demand (called supplementarity limits, the requirement that most emission abatement should happen domestically) curtail trade volumes and consequently tax revenues. They also alter the economic impact of the CDM levy. Without supplementarity restrictions sellers (developing countries) bear two-thirds of the cost of the tax. If there are supplementarity limits they can pass on the tax burden to buyers (developed countries) more or less in full. Without supplementarity restrictions the distortionary effect of the levy (its deadweight loss) rises sharply with the tax rate. With them the deadweight loss is close to zero.     

我国风电CDM项目发展现状及潜力分析

风电项目是清洁发展机制(CDM)项目开发的重点,在CDM市场中占有很大的比例.文章阐述了清洁发展机制的概念,介绍了我国风电CDM项目开发的现状,提出了促进风电CDM项目开发的建议.目前,我国官方受理的风电CDM项目的CO2减排量(CERs)已达到657万t/a.按照国家规划目标,预测到2012年风电CDM项目的CERs潜力可达到3 600～5 000万t.     

浙江省规模化养殖场CDM项目开发研究

用简化方法学AMS．Ⅲ．D对浙江省规模化养殖场沼气工程进行温室气体减排分析。结果表明,项目每年可减排温室气体1387tCO2当量,可有效缩短投资回收期。     

Analysis of energy-efficiency opportunities for the cement industry in Shandong Province,China: A case study of 16 cement plants

In this study, 16 cement plants with New Suspension Preheater and pre-calciner (NSP) kiln were surveyed. Plant energy use was compared to both domestic (Chinese) and international best practice using the Benchmarking and Energy Saving Tool for Cement (BEST-Cement). This benchmarking exercise indicated an average technical potential primary energy savings of 12% would be possible if the surveyed plants operated at domestic best practice levels in terms of energy use per ton of cement produced. Average technical potential primary energy savings of 23% would be realized if the plants operated at international best practice levels. Then, using the bottom-up Electricity Conservation Supply Curve (ECSC) model, the cost-effective electricity efficiency potential for the 16 studied cement plants in 2008 is estimated to be 373 gigawatt-hours (GWh), and total technical electricity-saving potential is 915 GWh, which accounts for 16 and 40% of total electricity use in the studied plants in 2008, respectively. The Fuel Conservation Supply Curve (FCSC) model shows the total technical fuel efficiency potential equal to 7949 terajoules (TJ), accounting for 8% of total fuel used in the studied cement plants in 2008. All the fuel efficiency potential is shown to be cost effective.