The evolution of hard coal trade in the Atlantic market

This article analyses the evolution of hard coal trade in West-Europe, known as the Atlantic market, from the 1980s to the end of 2002. It investigates the development of trade pattern, nature of contracts, price setting, supply–demand and the future of trade.     

英国最新电力市场改革法案解读及对中国的启示

2013年12月,英国能源与气候变化部（DECC）正式发布了新一轮电力市场改革法案.该法案以确保获得可靠、清洁和经济的能源为目标,提出了到2030年的低碳路径展望.法案指出,英国政府将投巨资全力扶植低碳电力发展,其中核电、可再生能源和碳捕捉与封存技术的普及将成为重点工作.该法案围绕电力市场改革方案提出了两个关键内容：差价合约和容量市场,并制定了一系列的配套措施.同时,还公布了英国的容量市场可靠性标准的缺电小时数为3h/a.本文回顾了英国电力市场改革历程,解读了差价合约和容量市场的运作模式,并进一步分析了英国的电力市场改革对我国的启示.     

Investigating price clustering in the oil futures market

Price clustering can be a source of market inefficiency. It follows that searching for price clustering in markets have gone beyond share prices into real estate, interest rate, and exchange rate markets. In this paper, we extend this line of research to oil futures markets. In particular, we consider five different forms of oil futures contracts and test for evidence of price clustering. Our results reveal strong presence of price clustering in the oil futures market. This finding implies that price clustering can potentially be a source of oil market inefficiency, which can influence trading strategies.     

后一题是这样的:下列5个正方体图

能得出l⊥面MNP的图形的序号是________。(写出所有符合要求的图形序号)0中学教研(数学)20-21G634.6H130;43;HH130_43;何建松00030004001218-19在问题的探究中引发创新思维谢树光浙江温州第二高级中学 325000 1 数学解题中的创新思维创新的涵义可分镣终端销售市场,建立科学合理的现代石油市场。在放开石油价格的同时,应该建立宏观调控机制,真正掌握市场管理和调控权,制定市场规则,形成合理有序的竞争格局。     

影响我国石油市场供需的主要因素

近几年来,国际原油市场走势大起大落,对全球经济的稳定增长十分不利,同时也大大增加了相关行业的经营风险和压力。本文认为,中国目前石油市场体系和机制的严重不完善,将在一定时期内影响其自身的发育与发展。建议应尽快着手放松石油市场准入管制,放开石油终端销售市场,建立科学合理的现代石油市场。在放开石油价格的同时,应该建立宏观调控机制,真正掌握市场管理和调控权,制定市场规则,形成合理有序的竞争格局。     

2012年欧盟碳市场评述

欧盟碳排放贸易体系(EU ETS)自2005年至今已运行了8年。在体系不断成熟的同时,也面临着一系列问题。本文总结了EU ETS2012年度的运行情况,回顾了年度主要政策,对存在的主要问题和经验进行了分析与总结,并为我国推进碳排放交易工作提出相关建议。     

The development of natural gas supply costs to Europe,the United States and Japan in a globalizing gas market—Model-based analysis until 2030

Quickly declining natural gas reserves in some parts of the world, increasing demand in today's major gas consuming regions, the emergence of new demand centres and the globalization of natural gas markets caused by the rising importance of liquefied natural gas (LNG) are changing global gas supply structures and will continue to do so over the next decades. Applying a global gas market model, we produce a forecast for global gas supply to 2030 and determine the supplier-specific long-run average costs of gas supplied to three major consuming regions. Results for the three regions are compared and analysed with a focus on costs, supply diversification and the different roles of LNG. We find that while European and Japanese external gas supply will be less diversified in international comparison, gas can be supplied at relatively low costs due to the regions’ favourable locations in geographic proximity to large gas producers. The US market's supply structure on the other hand will significantly change from its current situation. The growing dependency on LNG imports from around the world will lead to significantly higher supply costs but will also increase diversification as gas will originate from an increasing number of LNG exporting countries.     

10月份煤炭市场供需形势综述

通过对我国10月份煤炭产量的分析,表明我国煤炭市场需求增势强劲,价格呈现了持续攀升的良好势头,同时指出受市场供需及其他因素的影响,近期煤炭价格还会上涨,煤炭供应和销售问题仍应引起有关方面重视。     

我国煤炭市场分析及价格走势预测

本文首先对2005年煤炭市场的供需形势和运行态势进行了回顾,其次对影响2005年煤炭市场的主要因素进行了分析,认为由于有利的因素占主导地位,2006年的煤炭市场供需平衡,市场将继续呈现产销两旺,预计全年煤炭价格基本稳定。     

On the evaluation of market power and market dominance—The Nordic electricity market

This paper studies different concentration and dominance measures using structural indexes used to initially screen the competitive situation in a market. The Nordic and Swedish electricity markets are used as the empirical cases. Market concentration issues in the Nordic electricity market in general and in Sweden in particular have been, at least in initial screenings, approached by the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI). This article uses an alternative measure to HHI, which is based on market shares of the two largest firms in the market. The results shows that only the Swedish wholesale market has a firm that can be regarded as dominant, but only during very short periods. The results from a hypothetical merger between the second and third largest company in the Swedish wholesale market shows that when the dominant position of the largest firm is reduced, by increasing the size of the second largest firm, the threshold value indicates that competition actually will increase (contradicting to the HHI).     

2004年我国煤炭市场分析

本文在对2003年煤炭市场的供需形势和运行态势回顾的基础上,对2004年煤炭市场进行了分析预测,认为由于有利的因素占主导地位,2004年的煤炭市场供需仍将偏紧,市场将继续呈现产销两旺形式,全年煤炭价格稳中走高。     

Modeling generation expansion in the context of a security of supply mechanism based on long-term auctions. Application to the Colombian case

In an attempt to provide electricity generation investors with appropriate economic incentives so as to maintain quality of supply at socially optimal levels, a growing number of electricity market regulators have opted for implementing a security of supply mechanism based on long-term auctions.     

西北区域自备电厂情况调查分析

西北区域企业自备电厂发展迅速,在保证电力供应、促进地方经济发展、吸引投资等方面发挥了重要作用。同时自备电厂立项建设和运行管理失序,也对电力行业健康发展造成较大的负面影响。在对西北区域自备电厂基本情况进行分析的基础上,指出其目前在运营中存在的问题,并给出了改进建议。     

电力体制改革对电力市场的影响

电力体制改革对我国来讲是一个前所未有的很大的系统工程,在推进这项工程的过程中,已经并将继续出现一些新问题。本文根据中国的电源结构、电网架构、资源分布不均以及相关软件环境和体制机制建设的实际,指出了因体制改革随之而来的市场问题,提出了如何正确建立新型电力市场,促进电力建设的方法。     

Evaluation of the effects of the operation strategy of a steam power plant on the residual life of its devices

In the deregulated market scenario wider power generation flexibility with respect to the past is needed; on the other hand, frequent changes of the operating conditions may reduce the life of the most critical components, such as steam heaters or turbine blades. Fatigue failures produced by cyclic thermal and/or mechanical stresses will be considered in this work. The estimation is based on creep and fatigue failure models and is applied at the component level. In particular, in this paper evaluation of the impact of thermo-mechanical fatigue in the superheater pipes of an actual coal power plant will be carried out to estimate its residual life. Then, this evaluation at the device level will be translated into plant level assessment.     

A win–win marginal rent analysis for operator and consumer under battery leasing mode in China electric vehicle market

Recently battery leasing has been introduced into the market by automobile manufacturers and power suppliers due to its potential to reduce the purchase cost of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the profit prospect of battery leasing is still uncertain. This paper takes the views of both the operators and consumers and calculates the ‘win–win’ marginal rent, which not only ensures the profitability of operators, but also allows consumers a lower expenditure than using Internal combustion engine vehicles (ICVs) and EVs with embedded batteries. Battery cost, vehicle weight, gasoline and electricity price, and the discount rate have impacts on the rent. Battery cost plays a dominant role and a battery cost >5 ¥/W h fails to enable the survival of battery leasing to all types of EVs. Battery leasing would be more competitive when focusing on heavier EVs. At least one of the three thresholds is required for the existence of rent pricing range for a 1000 kg EV: gasoline retail price >6 ¥/L, electricity price <0.6 ¥/kW h, or the discount rate <7%. Typically, the feasible battery rent range is 0.34–0.38 ¥/W h/year for a 1000 kg EV under the present battery cost 2 ¥/W h and China current gasoline and electricity prices.     

Economic impacts of hydrogen as an energy carrier in European countries

The two objectives of this paper are to identify possible sectoral shifts and employment effects due to the application of hydrogen in the energy system for selected European countries till 2030. This is based on assumptions about the market penetration of hydrogen as an energy carrier, an analysis of the competitiveness of EU countries in this technology field and input–output model calculations.     

Long-term uncertainty evaluation of pool electricity markets

Pool electricity markets are cleared under the strong assumption of having a perfectly known future; in real life, this is anything but true. The inability to predict the random parameters of the supply and the demand function introduces risk into the market clearing process. Therefore, the main interest is to minimize such risk by means of a trade-off of the mean and the variance of the social cost function. This paper considers random variations on the levels and on the slopes of the quadratic supply and demand functions. Correlation is considered between the corresponding coefficients of the supply and demand curves. By means of the mean–variance Markowitz theory, the risk introduced by these random variations is analyzed. A comprehensive analysis on the effects that the mean–variance Markowitz theory has on the nodal spot prices and on the point-elasticities of the supply and demand curves is made. The non-linear optimization model presented in this paper is validated through a three-, a six-, and a 21-node system.     

信息融合技术在电力系统故障检测中的应用探讨

采用定量研究和定性分析相结合的方法,结合“七五”至“九五”期间有关历史资料,分析了我国石油形势的基本特点,发掘其近几年发展的基本规律,并通过对未来一段时期我国市场基本走势及我国石油的形势的预测指出,“十五”期间乃至以后相当长的一段时间,我国石油缺口及进口依存度将会继续扩大,由此得出结论我国石油市场供需进口依存度应保持在适度范围,否则国家经济安全将面临重大危险;同时还指出了由于石油市场波动会对我国经济造成一系列影响,政府应该给予高度重视。