Tissue distribution of perfluorinated surfactants in common guillemot (Uria aalge) from the Baltic Sea

Perfluorinated alkyl surfactants (PFAS) were investigated in tissues and organs of the common guillemot (Uria aalge) from the Baltic Sea. Concentrations of 11 perfluorinated carboxylates, four perfluorinated sulfonates, and perfluorooctane sulfonamide were determined in egg, liver, kidney, and muscle of adult guillemot, as well as in liver from chicks, all sampled in 1989. Additionally, whole herring homogenates from 2005 were analyzed, herring comprising a large part of guillemot's diet. Quantifiable concentrations of PFAS were found in all samples. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was predominant, followed by perfluorotridecanoate (PFTriDA) and perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA). The median concentration of PFOS was highest in eggs (325 ng/g wet weight (w wt)) followed by chick liver (309 ng/g w wt), kidney (127 ng/g w wt), adult liver (121 ng/g w wt), and muscle (14 ng/g w wt). Comparatively low levels of PFOS were found in herring, leaving a blurred picture of uptake routes. PFAS concentrations in livers of male and female guillemots did not differ significantly. Some PFAS showed higher concentrations in eggs than in female livers. The ratio of levels in egg/female liver, indicating mother-to-egg transfer capacity, increased with increasing PFAS chain length. PFOS showed a higher tendency for transfer than carboxylates of carbon chain lengths C9-C13.     

Murre eggs (Uria aalge and Uria lomvia) as indicators of mercury contamination in the Alaskan marine environment

Sixty common murre (Uria aalge) and 27 thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) eggs collected by the Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project (STAMP) in 1999-2001 from two Gulf of Alaska and three Bering Sea nesting colonies were analyzed for total mercury (Hg) using isotope dilution cold vapor inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Hg concentrations (wet mass) ranged from 0.011 microg/g to 0.357 microg/g (relative standard deviation = 76%), while conspecifics from the same colonies and years had an average relative standard deviation of 33%. Hg levels in eggs from the Gulf of Alaska (0.166 microg/g +/- 0.011 microg/g) were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than in the Bering Sea (0.047 microg/g +/- 0.004 microg/g). Within the Bering Sea, Hg was significantly higher (p = 0.0007) in eggs from Little Diomede Island near the arctic than at the two more southern colonies. Although thick-billed and common murres are ecologicallysimilar,there were significant species differences in egg Hg concentrations within each region (p < 0.0001). In the Bering Sea, eggs from thick-billed murres had higher Hg concentrations than eggs from common murres, while in the Gulf of Alaska, common murre eggs had higher concentrations than those of thick-billed murres. A separate one-way analysis of variance on the only time-trend data currently available for a colony (St. Lazaria Island in the Gulf of Alaska) found significantly lower Hg concentrations in common murre eggs collected in 2001 compared to 1999 (p = 0.017). Results from this study indicate that murre eggs may be effective monitoring units for detecting geographic, species, and temporal patterns of Hg contamination in marine food webs. The relatively small intracolony variation in egg Hg levels and the ability to consistently obtain adequate sample sizes both within and among colonies over a large geographic range means that monitoring efforts using murre eggs will have suitable statistical power for detecting environmental patterns of Hg contamination. The potential influences of trophic effects, physical transport patterns, and biogeochemical processes on these monitoring efforts are discussed, and future plans to investigate the sources of the observed variability are presented.     

Time trends and transplacental transfer of perfluorinated compounds in melon-headed whales stranded along the Japanese coast in 1982, 2001/2002, and 2006

As a result of the phase-out of production of perfluorooctanesulfonyl-based compounds by a major producer, concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in marine mammals from North American and European coastal waters have been declining since the early 2000s. Nevertheless, temporal trends in perfluorochemical (PFC) concentrations in marine mammals from Asian coastal waters have not been examined. In this study, PFCs were determined in livers of melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) collected along the coast of Japan, from three mass strandings that occurred during the past 25 years. Concentrations of nine PFCs were determined in livers of 48 melon-headed whales that were collected during strandings in 1982, 2001/2002, and 2006. In addition, concentrations in liver tissues obtained from two pregnant females and their fetuses were compared for determination of transplacental transfer rates of PFCs during gestation. PFOS and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) were the predominant PFCs found in livers of melon-headed whales collected in 1982 (n = 22). PFOS, PFOSA, perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoate (PFDoDA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) were found in whales collected in 2001/2002 (n = 21) and in 2006 (n = 5). Concentrations of PFOS and PFOSA were approximately 10-fold higher in 2001/2002 than in 1982. Whereas concentrations of PFOSA then declined by 2-fold from 2001/ 2002 to 2006, concentrations of PFOS and perfluorocarboxylates did not decline after 2001/2002. Conversely, concentrations of PFNA and PFDA increased significantly from 2001/2002 to 2006. The proportion of perfluoroalkylsulfonates in total PFC concentrations decreased from 75% in 1982 to 51% in 2006. Conversely, the contribution of perfluorocarboxylates to total PFC concentrations increased from 25% in 1982 to 49% in 2006. PFUnDA was the major perfluorocarboxylate found in whale livers collected after 2000. Analysis of paired samples of mother-fetus demonstrated that the transplacental transfer rates of PFCs were higher than those for PCBs and PBDEs.     

Multivariate data analyses of chlorinated and brominated contaminants and biological characteristics in adult guillemot (Uria aalge) from the Baltic Sea

Adult guillemot (Uria aalge) birds, 10 females and 10 males, drowned in trawl nets near Stora Karls? in the Baltic Sea, were collected in 2000. Several of the animals' biological characteristics were recorded. The birds' pectoral muscles were individually analyzed for their concentrations of organochlorines (OCs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes, trans-nonachlor, hexachlorobenzene, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The dominating contaminant was p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) with a geometric mean concentration of 12 900 ng/g lipid weight (lw). The concentration of sigmaPBDE (80 ng/g lw) was similar to that of HBCD (65 ng/g lw). The total concentration of all OCs was approximately 150 times higher than that of all BFRs. For the statistical evaluation of the data, we used multivariate analysistechniques such as principal components analysis, partial least-squares (PLS) regression, and PLS discriminant analyses. No differences between the two sexes were found, either in contaminant concentrations or in biological characteristics. We found that some biological characteristics covaried with the concentrations of several OCs and BFRs, e.g., a negative correlation between liver weight and concentration of contaminants. The concentrations of most OCs but not of BFRs showed a decrease with increasing lipid content. Further, a PLS model with OCs as X and BFRs as Y showed that the contaminants formed two groups, each with distinctive correlation patterns. The PLS model could be used to predict with varying accuracy the concentration of BFRs in the individual muscles from their concentration of OCs.     

中国食物与营养发展纲要(2001-2010年)

从新世纪开始,我国人民生活在总体达到小康水平的基础上继续改善,向全面建设小康社会迈进。今后十年,将是我国居民食物结构迅速变化和营养水平不断提高的重要时期。加快食物发展,改善食物结构,提高全民营养水平,增进人民身体健康,是国民整体素质提高的迫切需要,也是我国社会主义现代化建设的重大任务。为指导我国食物与营养持续、协调发展,特制定本纲要。 一、食物与营养发展的基本状况 （一）我国食物与营养发展的成就。 《九十年代中国食物结构改革与发展纲要》颁布以来,我国国民经济持续发展,农业和农村经济发展进入了新阶段…     

中国啤酒制造业发展概览(2001-2002年度)

据国家统计局公布的数据显示:我国啤酒产量在连续9年名列世界第二后,2002年以2386.83万吨超过了美国的2200多万吨的产量,位居世界第一.2003年国内啤酒消费量达到2500万吨,成为世界上最大的啤酒消费市场.     

Concentration and dry deposition of mercury species in arid south central New Mexico (2001-2002)

This research was initiated to characterize atmospheric deposition of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), particulate mercury (HgP; <2.5 microm), and gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) in the arid lands of south central New Mexico. Two methods were field-tested to estimate dry deposition of three mercury species. A manual speciation sampling train consisting of a KCl-coated denuder, 2.5 microm quartz fiber filters, and gold-coated quartz traps and an ion-exchange membrane (as a passive surrogate surface) were deployed concurrently over 24-h intervals for an entire year. The mean 24-h atmospheric concentration for RGM was 6.8 pg m(-3) with an estimated deposition of 0.10 ng m(-2) h(-1). The estimated deposition of mercury to the passive surrogate surface was much greater (4.0 ng m(-2) h(-1)) but demonstrated a diurnal pattern with elevated deposition from late afternoon to late evening (1400-2200; 8.0 ng m(-2) h(-1)) and lowest deposition during the night just prior to sunrise (2200-0600; 1.7 ng m(-2) h(-1)). The mean 24-h atmospheric concentrations for HgP and Hg0 were 1.52 pg m(-3) and 1.59 ng m(-3), respectively. Diurnal patterns were observed for RGM with atmospheric levels lowest during the night prior to sunrise (3.8 pg m(-3)) and greater during the afternoon and early evening (8.9 pg m(-3)). Discernible diurnal patterns were not observed for either HgP or Hg0. The total dry deposition of Hg was 5.9 microg m-2 year-' with the contribution from the three species as follows: RGM (0.88 microg m(-2) year(-1)), HgP (0.025 microg m(-2) year(-1)), and Hg0 (5.0 microg m(-2) year(-1)). The annual wet deposition for total mercury throughout the same collection duration was 4.2 microg m(-2) year (-1), resulting in an estimated total deposition of 10.1 microg m(-2) year(-1) for Hg. On one sampling date, enhanced HgP (12 pg m(-3)) was observed due to emissions from a wildfire approximately 250 km to the east.     

Concentration profile of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions in some processed meat and meat products

This study investigates the concentration profiles of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions in selected processed meats, in order to evaluate their dietary and health implications. Smoked, grilled and boiled meat products were bought from different locations in Cape Town and Cape Town environs. PAHs were extracted from each meat sample according to standard methods. The concentrations of benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkP), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1, 2, 3-cd]pyrene (IP), and benzo[g, h, i]perylene(BghiP) in the processed meat extracts were determined using a gas chromatograph coupled with flame ionization detector. Total PAH concentrations in smoked, grilled and boiled chicken fillets, pork, and beef stripes were ranged 2.79, 0.99, 2.33 μg/kg; 19.11, 11.17, 15.04 μg/kg; and 14.84, 9.29, 7.20 μg/kg respectively. There were significant differences (p > 0.05) in the concentration levels of PAHs detected in different types, with the highest levels observed in smoked pork meat. The concentration of BkP, BaP, IP and BghiP detected in the various meat samples were below the EU and WHO dietary exposure limit.     

Rhizosphere gradients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dissipation in two industrial soils and the impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza

Phytoremediation of organic pollutants depends on plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, but the extent and intensity of such rhizosphere effects are likely to decrease with increasing distance from the root surface. We conducted a time-course pot experiment to measure dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the rhizosphere of clover and ryegrass grown together on two industrially polluted soils (containing 0.4 and 2 g kg(-1) of 12 PAHs). The impact of the fungal root symbiosis arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on PAH degradation was also assessed, as these fungi have previously improved plant establishment on PAH-polluted soils and enhanced PAH degradation in spiked soil. The two soils behaved differently with respect to the time-course of PAH dissipation. The less polluted and more highly organic soil showed low initial PAH dissipation rates, with small positive effects of plants after 13 weeks. At the final harvest (26 weeks), the amounts of PAHs extracted from nonplanted pots were higher than the initial concentrations. In parallel planted pots, PAH concentrations decreased as a function of proximity to roots. The most polluted soil showed higher initial PAH dissipation (25% during 13 weeks), but at the final harvest PAH concentrations had increased to values between the initial concentration and those at 13 weeks. An effect of root proximity was observed for the last harvest only. The presence of mycorrhiza generally enhanced plant growth and favored growth of clover at the expense of ryegrass. Mycorrhiza enhanced PAH dissipation when plant effects were observed.     

Effect of fuel and kiln type on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in smoked shrimp,a Beninese food condiment

Smoked shrimp is a food condiment widely used in Beninese local cooking practices. A previous study revealed that this product is highly contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The present study explored possibilities to reduce PAH levels in shrimp smoked using cottage industry smoking techniques with barrel and chorkor kilns, by replacing wood by charcoal from Acacia auriculiformis and Mangifera indica, as fuels. Results showed that only shrimp smoked using acacia charcoal in a chorkor kiln had PAH levels (benzo[a]pyrene = 5 µg kg^?1 and sum of benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene and benzo[b]fluoranthene = 28 µg kg^?1) in accordance with a European standard of 5 and 30 µg kg^?1, respectively, and suitable physicochemical characteristics for good storage (moisture content = 11.9% ± 1.5%; water activity = 0.46 ± 0.03). However, further investigations still needs to be done to reduce the duration of product contact with combustion gasses in order to reduce the PAH content of smoked shrimp to safer levels, largely below standards.     

Reduction of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of charcoal smoke during grilling by charcoal preparation using high carbonisation and a preheating step

Charcoal-grilling may lead to contamination of food with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the grilling process. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of charcoal preparation on 16 USEPA priority PAHs in the smoke produced during the grilling process. Firstly, mangrove charcoal was prepared at carbonisation temperatures of 500, 750 and 1000°C. The charcoal were then preheated by burning at 650°C. This preheating step is usually used to prepare hot charcoal for the grilling process in the food industry. In this study, charcoal was preheated at different burning times at 5, 20 min and 5 h, at which time partial and whole charcoal glowed, and charcoal was completely burnt, respectively. Finally, PAHs in the smoke were collected and determined by GC/MS. The result showed that charcoal prepared at a carbonisation temperature of 500°C had higher levels of PAHs released into the smoke. In contrast, charcoal produced at 750 and 1000°C had lower PAHs released for all burning times. In addition, PAHs released for 5, 20 min and 5 h of burning time were about 19.9, 1.2 and 0.7 µg g^?1 dry charcoal for charcoal produced at 500°C, and about 0.9–1.4, 0.8–1.2 and 0.15–0.3 µg g^?1 dry charcoal for charcoal produced at 750 and 1000°C, respectively. Therefore, this research suggests that food grilled using charcoal carbonised at a high temperature of about 750°C presents a lower risk of PAH contamination. In addition, in the preheating step, whole charcoal should fully glow in order to reduce the PAH content in charcoal before grilling.     

The residue behavior of the furazolidone metabolite 3-(4-cyano-2-oxobutylideneamino)-2-oxazolidone in trout

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-method for the determination of furazolidone (FZ) and its open-chain cyano-derivative 3-(4-cyano-2-oxobutylideneamino)-2-oxazolidone (M1) in trout is described. Only during the medication period residues of FZ and M1 were detected in the muscle and liver of the trout, which were treated with food containing FZ over a period of 7 days. After the beginning of the withdrawal period, the concentration of FZ and M1 were found to be under the limits of detection.     

2001年全国造纸工业情况及2002年发展展望

对2001年全国造纸工业主要生产经济指标完成情况，纸浆生产消耗情况、进出口情况，主要产品的生产和消费情况、生产布局、企业产权结构、建设和投资及环境保护等情况进行了概述和分析；对2002年我国纸业发展的内外环境，造纸行业的主要任务和近期需要研究的主要问题进行了分析阐述，并提出政策建议。     

中国食物与营养发展纲要（2001—2010年）制定背景及其主要内容

中国是世界上人口最多的国家，食物安全和居民营养改善，始终是全国乃至全世界共同关注的重大问题。食物与营养发展问题能否很好地得到解决，不但事关人民身体健康、安居乐业，而且关乎国家长治久安和中华民族的繁荣昌盛。一、《纲要》编制的重要意义21世纪前20年是我国食物结构急剧变化和营养水平迅速提高的重要时期，也是引导促进食物结构改善难得的历史机缘，因此制定一部指导中国食物发展与营养改善的纲要是非常必要的。作为一部食物发展和营养改善的纲领性文件，《中国食物与营养发展纲要（2001—2010年）》的编制对优化我国居民食物结…     

Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in food supplements containing botanicals and other ingredients on the Dutch market

Food supplements can contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has defined 16 priority PAH that are both genotoxic and carcinogenic and identified eight priority PAH (PAH8) or four of these (PAH4) as good indicators of the toxicity and occurrence of PAH in food. The current study aimed to determine benzo[a]pyrene and other EFSA priority PAH in different categories of food supplements containing botanicals and other ingredients. From 2003 to 2008, benzo[a]pyrene exceeded the limit of quantification (LOQ) in 553 (44%) of 1258 supplements with a lower-bound mean of 3.37?µg?kg^?1. In 2008 and 2009, benzo[a]pyrene and 12 other EFSA priority PAH were determined in 333 food supplements. Benzo[a]pyrene exceeded the LOQ in 210 (63%) food supplements with a lower-bound mean of 5.26?µg?kg^?1. Lower-bound mean levels for PAH4 and PAH8(-indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) were 33.5 and 40.5?µg?kg^?1, respectively. Supplements containing resveratrol, Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort and propolis showed relatively high PAH4 levels in 2008 and 2009. Before 2008, supplements with these ingredients and also dong quai, green tea or valerian contained relatively high benzo[a]pyrene levels. On average, PAH4 intake resulting from food supplement use will be at the lower end of the range of contributions of main food groups to PAH4 exposure, although individual food supplements can contribute significantly to PAH4 exposure. Regular control of EFSA indicator PAH levels in food supplements may prove a way forward to reduce further the intake of PAH from food.     

氰霜唑及其代谢物4-氯-5-(4-甲苯基)-1H-咪唑-2-腈在苦瓜中的残留消解动态及膳食安全性评价

[目的]研究旨在优化苦瓜中氰霜唑(Cyazofamid)及其代谢物CCIM的QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱残留分析方法;同时结合苦瓜的田间残留消解动态试验,对膳食摄入风险进行评价。[方法]苦瓜样品采用含1%乙酸的乙腈溶液提取,LC-MS/MS进行检测,通过基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。通过在黑龙江、河北、河南、重庆、浙江和广东6地进行了100 g/L氰霜唑悬浮剂在苦瓜上残留的田间试验,研究了氰霜唑在苦瓜中的消解动态,对苦瓜中氰霜唑可能产生的膳食摄入风险安全进行评价。[结果]试验结果表明：1)氰霜唑在0.005-1.0 mg/L、CCIM在0.001-1.0 mg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9987;在0.010、0.10、0.50 mg/kg 3个浓度下,苦瓜中氰霜唑及CCIM的回收率为80.0%～100.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.05%～12.1%。检出限(LOD)为0.364-0.654 μg/kg,方法定量限(LOQ)为添加的最低浓度0.010 mg/kg。2)田间试验结果表明：氰霜唑在苦瓜中消解符合一级反应动力学方程,半衰期为3.0～4.9 d,属易降解农药;使用100 g/L氰霜唑悬浮剂,施药剂量105-157.5 g a.i./hm2,分别施药2、3次,苦瓜中氰霜唑总的最终残留量最大值为6.54 mg/kg。3)膳食摄入风险评估结果表明：氰霜唑的风险概率为每人每日摄入总量的1.0%。[结论]在苦瓜生长期间按照推荐剂量合理使用氰霜唑对消费者的膳食健康风险极低,对消费者健康是安全的。     

The growth on different stored legume species affects the profiles of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)

Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) is a widespread pest of stored products from Fabaceae family. The evolution of this species is associated with common bean domestication and the ability to invade other hosts in storages. To analyze the role of diverse nutrition in the ability of insects to shift to another host species we tested the effects of nutrition history on composition of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), the compounds that have various ecological and reproductive functions in insects. The study was performed on A. obtectus laboratory populations which were bred for 51 generations either on common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris (L.), or on chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.), a novel and less suitable species for larval development. To obtain conclusions about short-term nutritional effects, we tested whether exposure of seed weevils to alternative hosts for just one generation might influence CHC composition. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses were performed and compounds' relative abundances were computed from the corresponding GC-FID peak areas. A total of 21 compounds were identified, among which 38% showed significant abundance differences between selection regimes and for 33% of compounds short-term developmental effects were revealed. All except three compounds showed significant differences between genders. We hypothesized that long-term changes in quantitative levels of specific CHC compounds were the results of diverse selection pressures on weevils' metabolic pathways induced by chemically divergent hosts. However, long-term adaptations to host species did not influence the ability of A. obtectus to quickly respond to chemical specificities of novel hosts (i.e., short-term effects were significant) which could be one of the major reasons for the great expansiveness of this species. Differences in relative CHCs abundances between sexes implied their roles in chemical communication and mate recognition systems.     

全面建设小康社会与实施《中国食物与营养发展纲要(2001-2010年)》

具有深远历史意义的中共十六大确立了“全面建设小康社会”的宏伟目标,这既是全党的伟大意志,又是全民的殷切期望。实施“全面建设小康社会”的纲领,与实施《中国食物与营养发展纲要(2001-2010年)》(以下简称((纲要》)息息相关。 面对“全面建设小康社会”的宏伟蓝图,每一个中     

Contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phenolic substances in Frankfurter-type sausages depending on smoking conditions using glow smoke

The contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phenolic substances in Frankfurter-type sausages were investigated depending on hot smoking conditions (glow smoke). For the 24 smoking experiments (performed in duplicates) three different smoke densities and ventilator velocities as well as wood chips with five different moisture contents were tested. During the smoking process, concentrations of O₂, CO₂ and CO, humidity and temperature in the smoking chamber as well as smoke generation temperature were determined. The chemical analysis included the contents of the 15 + 1 EU priority PAH and the phenolic substances guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, syringol, eugenol and trans-isoeugenol. The smoking conditions had a significant influence on smoke generation temperature, organoleptic properties and the formation of PAH and phenolic substances. The PAH contents increased with smoke density and ventilator velocity. No correlation between the contents of PAH and phenols was observed.