PET－PBT共聚酯的结构与结晶性能

用差示扫描量热法（ＤＳＣ）、核磁共振技术（ＮＭＲ）以及红外光谱等方法对经共缩聚而制得的ＰＥＴ－ＰＢＴ共聚酯进行了结构和性能分析。ＰＥＴ－ＰＢＴ共聚酯为嵌段共聚物，两种链段的非晶区是相溶的，只观察到１个玻璃化转变温度Ｔｇ，而它们的晶相是分离的。随着ＰＥＴ－ＰＢＴ共聚酯中ＰＢＴ链段含量提高，共聚结晶熔点不断下降，Ｔｇ也有下降趋势。ＰＢＴ链段的引入增强了ＰＥＴ分子链段的柔顺性，有利于提高ＰＥＴ链段的结晶能力。另一方面，少量ＰＢＴ链段的引入，也破坏了ＰＥＴ分子链的规整性，不利于其结晶。由于这两方面的原因，在低ＰＢＴ链段含量时，ＰＥＴ－ＰＢＴ共聚酯的结晶能力改善并不十分明显。     

PEG分子量对PET-PEG共聚物结晶性能的影响

通过共缩聚反应合成了不同ＰＥＧ分子量的ＰＥＴ－ＰＥＧ共聚物，其中ＰＥＧ含量占７％（相对于ＤＭＴ质量比），以ＤＳＣ、解偏振光法测定了共聚物的结晶性能和结晶速度。结果表明ＰＥＧ的引入能有效地增加分子链柔性，改善结晶性能，尤其ＰＥＧ分子量为４０００时，结晶速度得以大大提高，温度为１１０℃时，ＰＥＴ－ＰＥＧ４０００结晶速度仅１ｍｉｎ，电镜分析表明共聚物中的ＰＥＧ分子量提高有助于分子链的有序性提高，从而加速结晶，但同时也会引起分子链缠结，从Ｘ衍射图谱上，可以看出ＰＥＧ在结晶过程中并不进入ＰＥＴ晶格中，它只起到诱导结晶的作用。     

易水解聚酯的合成及其水解性能研究

采用酯交换-缩合聚合法合成了一种以聚乙二醇(PEG)或三缩四乙二醇(TTEG)为第四单体的易水解聚酯(EHDPET),考察了单体配比对聚合物的结构、热性能、分子量及水解性的影响。结果表明提高第四单体的组分含量可提高易水解聚酯的水解性能;并且水解温度越高,水解溶液浓度越大,其水解速率越快;第四单体为PEG的样品水解性优于第四单体为TTEG的样品。     

三类偶氮聚合物的合成及表征

合成了具有大π共轭体系的偶氮染料单体4-(二羟乙胺基)-4‘-硝基偶氮苯(DR-19),选择不同单体与之反应,通过酯化、氨基甲酸酯化反应合成了偶氮聚酯、偶氮聚氨酯Ⅰ和偶氮聚氨酯Ⅱ三种偶氮聚合物.UV-vis、RF光谱研究发现,聚合物具有很好的光性能,且与之反应的单体对紫外、荧光性能有较大影响;DSC、TGA热性能研究发现,与之反应的单体决定了聚合物的热性能.     

PBT／PCET共混体系的研究

本研究工作表明，以在ＰＥＴ分子链中引入少量柔性链分子如对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、己二酸乙二醇酯等组成的共聚酯（ＰＣＥＴ）与ＰＢＴ共混，相对ＰＢＴ／ＰＥＴ共混体系，ＰＥＴ／ＰＣＥＴ共混体系的结晶度明显提高，即结晶更加完全，且以引入己二酸乙二醇酯效果更好；随共聚酯中ＰＢＴ含量增加，共混体系中ＰＢＴ结晶度一般升高，而ＰＣＥＴ结晶度降低；共混体系即使从熔体以３２０℃／ｍｉｎ快速冷却，其结晶也是完全的。在再升温过     

大分子单体聚合技术及其在高分子材料合成中的应用

大分子单体聚合技术及其在高分子材料合成中的应用岑潭大分子单体（Ｍａｃｒｏｍｅｒ）是指分子链末端带有活性基团，分子量在５０００～１３０００之间的齐聚物。这种齐聚物可以作为进一步聚合的单体。如果把聚合物分子比作建筑物，小分子单体比作砖头，那么大分子单体就...     

用聚合-溶解-析出法制备强疏水性聚酯

以聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)为分子链主要成分,引入第三单体聚羟基氟硅油(FGX),共聚出疏水改性共聚酯(MPET).用1H-NMR、ESCA对MPET进行表征,研究了溶解-析出条件对MPET材料表面形貌、疏水性能及力学性能的影响.结果表明,样品表面结晶析出粒子的形状和疏水效果与溶解时间相关.用溶解-析出法制备的强疏水...     

含二苯并-14-冠-4冠醚环主链型液晶共聚酯的设计与合成

以4,4-′(α,ω-亚烷基二酰氧)二联苯甲酰氯(M1)、顺(反)式-4,4′-双(4-羟基苯基偶氮)二苯并-14-冠-4(M2、M3)和1,10-癸二醇(M4)为单体,通过溶液共缩聚反应,合成了两个系列新的含冠醚环的主链型液晶共聚酯。共聚酯的分子量不高。单体的化学结构通过IR、UV-Vis1、H-NMR和元素分析等方法确证。共聚酯的性质采用[η]、DSC、TG、WAXD和POM等方法进行了研究。发现所有的共聚酯加热到各自的熔融温度以上都能形成液晶态,在液晶态可以观察到向列相的丝状织构或纹影织构。共聚酯的熔融温度(Tm)和各向同性温度(Ti)随共聚酯分子中柔性间隔基的改变呈规律性变化。     

从配位硅出发低温合成脂肪族含硅聚酯及其结构表征

从二氧化硅与乙二醇、氢氧化钾反应生成的高反应活性的五配位硅钾化合物出发,首先以此为原料与2-氯乙醇反应制备双羟基四配位有机硅单体,然后再将其与己二酰氯进行低温溶液缩聚合成脂肪族含硅聚酯。探讨了不同反应条件对聚合物结构和性能的影响,并对合成的聚合物作了红外光谱、热重分析、分子量的测定等结构表征。     

含介晶基团的半刚性共聚酯的合成及其性能研究

通过介晶单体4,4′-双(6-羟己氧基)联苯(BHHBP)分别与对苯二甲酰氯(TPC)及4,4′-(对苯二甲酰氧基)二苯甲酰氯(TOBC)进行高温溶液缩聚反应合成了两种含介晶基团的半刚性共聚酯BHHBP/TPC与BHHBP/TOBC.利用DSC、TG-DTA、偏光显微镜(POM)和X射线衍射等手段对介晶单体BHHBP与共聚酯的相变行为以及共聚酯的热分解动力学及结晶性能进行了研究.结果表明,两共聚酯均为结晶性聚合物,其中BHHBP/TOBC具有向列相液晶相存在;共聚酯BHHBP/TPC与BHHBP/TOBC的热分解反应级数分别为3.6与3.1,反应活化能分别为78.9 kJ/mol与60.2 kJ/mol.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...