不同水深海上风力机塔架地震动力响应研究

开发了风力机地震仿真平台SAF(Seismic Analysis Framework),以DTU 10 MW海上风力机为研究对象,建立其地震激励下的动力仿真模型,分析4种水深(20～50 m)时20组不同强度地震、额定风速湍流风与波浪流联合作用下风力机塔架动力响应。研究表明:地震作用对横向塔顶位移及横向平面内的塔基弯矩影响较大,来流方向塔顶位移及来流平面内的塔基弯矩主要受湍流风影响;在存在地震激励时,塔架不同高度处位移、剪切力及弯矩响应均大于湍流风与波浪流作用时;地震强度较弱时,不同水深处风力机塔顶位移与弯矩差距较小,但塔基弯矩随着水深的增大而增大;地震强度较大时,水深对风力机塔顶位移与塔基弯矩影响很大,相同地震强度的响应深水大于浅水。     

湍流风与浮冰联合作用下近海风力机动力学响应

以NREL 5 MW近海风力机为研究对象,基于Kaimal平稳随机风速谱模型建立风力机全域湍流风,同时采用Matlock模型计算动态冰力,模拟风力机所受冰激振动,研究在风-冰联合环境载荷作用下近海风力机动力学响应。结果表明:冰激振动极大地加剧塔顶各向振动;频域上,冰激振动影响主要集中于塔架1阶固有频率和叶片1阶摆振频率,且相应峰值与冰厚呈正相关关系;受冰激振动作用,塔架各向剪切力明显增加,且塔顶和塔基附近增幅大于塔身中部。     

大型风力机地震动力响应研究

为研究地震载荷与风载荷联合作用下的大型风力机结构动力学响应,本文研究分别以Wind PACT 1.5 MW和NREL 5 MW风力机为研究对象,采用EI Centro 6.9级地震为输入激励,通过改进版的开源软件FAST(风电载荷仿真软件)计算风力机在正常运行、紧急停机和一直停机3种运行方式下的塔顶振动和塔架结构荷载情况,结果表明:地震载荷极大加剧了塔顶振动,机舱加速度峰值增大2倍以上。紧急停机操作可减小塔尖位移,一定程度上可以保护风力机结构安全。地震载荷主要增大了塔架一阶固有频率及其二倍频的振动。6.9级地震与额定风载荷联合作用下,NREL 5MW风力机塔基弯矩设计需求为159 MN·m,略大于极限风载荷作用。说明地震常发地区,塔架结构强度设计必须考虑地震载荷作用。     

基于TMD的海上漂浮式风力机稳定性研究

海上漂浮式风力机的稳定性研究已逐渐成为风电研究的重点与热点。以NREL(国家可再生能源实验室)5 MW风力机及ITI Barge平台为研究对象,建立海上漂浮式风力机整机模型,通过配置TMD(调谐质量阻尼器),研究其对环境载荷作用下的海上漂浮式风力机稳定性的控制效果。结果表明:TMD对漂浮式风力机塔架和平台的运动响应有明显的抑制效果,在TMD控制下,漂浮式风力机塔顶左右位移最大值降低近50%,稳定性提高38%;对漂浮式风力机平台的横摇及横荡运动控制效果较明显,平台横荡稳定性提高18%,横摇稳定性提高41%。     

大型风力机地震动力学响应及稳定性控制研究

为保障极端复杂环境下风力机塔架的结构安全,以NREL 5 MW风力机为研究对象,基于开源软件FAST预留数据接口开发地震载荷计算模块,研究气动阻尼和地震对风力机结构响应的影响,并在机舱和基础平台安装调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD),对塔架的振动进行控制。结果表明:塔顶响应主要受地震载荷影响,气动载荷对其影响较小,且气动阻尼在一定程度上可以抑制塔架的动力响应,风-震耦合效应不可忽略;地震诱导塔架振动,安装TMD可有效减缓塔架振动和降低塔架弯矩,保证风力机的结构安全和运行稳定。TMD与结构质量比u=0.01,阻尼系数ξ=0.1时,减振控制效果最佳。     

调谐质量阻尼器对漂浮式风力机稳定性的影响

以基于ITI Barge平台的NREL 5 MW风力机为研究对象,通过在机舱配置调谐质量阻尼器(TMD),研究在环境载荷作用下TMD对海上漂浮式风力机塔顶位移和平台摇荡特性的稳定性控制效果。结果表明:TMD对漂浮式风力机塔顶前后位移的控制效果不明显,对塔顶侧向位移的控制效果较明显,其最大值降低了66%,稳定性提高了38%;在TMD控制下,漂浮式风力机平台横荡和横摇降幅明显,其最大值分别降低了29%和45%,稳定性分别提高了18%和41%。     

伺服系统对10 MW单桩式近海风力机地震响应影响

为研究伺服系统对10 MW单桩式近海风力机地震动力特性的影响,以DTU 10 MW风力机为原型,建立考虑伺服系统的单桩式近海风力机模型,通过p-y曲线法构建分布式弹簧土-构耦合模型,并基于中国实测地震数据和风力机实际运行环境构建湍流风-波浪-地震伺服系统多物理场计算平台,研究其在不同状态下的动力特性。结果表明：无地震载荷作用时,当平均风速大于额定风速,风力机变桨伺服系统有效缓解了塔顶振动,并减弱了气动载荷对塔基弯矩的影响;地震载荷使风力机塔顶位移明显增加,平均增加71.66%,变桨伺服系统对塔顶位移的作用效果被削弱,使发电机转速发生更剧烈波动;地震及波浪载荷对塔基弯矩的影响很大,风浪震作用较仅湍流风载荷作用下风力机塔基弯矩最大值平均增加131.24%,不能忽略波浪载荷对塔基弯矩的影响。     

基于混沌理论的海上风力机锥体结构抗冰研究

为分析在风载-冰载联合作用下海上风力机塔架动力响应非线性特性,以多体动力学仿真开源软件FAST为平台,建立冰-构耦合模型,通过自编程序开发风力机海冰碰撞模块,计算NREL 5 MW风力机在安装不同锥体角度的锥体结构及未安装锥体时受海冰激励作用下的塔顶振动特性,并基于混沌理论,采用相图法及最大Lyapunov指数法从定性与定量两个角度研究了塔顶振动信号的非线性特征。结果表明:未安装锥体及70°锥体结构时,塔顶振动具有明显的混沌特征,最大Lyapunov指数大于零,表现出非周期性的非平稳特征;随着锥体角度的降低,混沌特性减弱并消失,当锥角为40°与50°时,最大Lyapunov指数小于零,混沌特性消失,该结果与塔顶位移时域分析结果相吻合,表明锥体结构能有效减弱塔顶振动,增加风力机稳定性。     

漂浮式风力机多频调谐质量阻尼器控制及其参数优化设计

以ITI Barge型漂浮式风力机为研究对象,在机舱和塔架中配置参数不同的调谐质量阻尼器(TMD),组成多频调谐质量阻尼器(MTMD)系统。基于多岛遗传算法,对MTMD系统进行参数优化,并比较了无控制、无优化MTMD控制及优化MTMD控制下风力机的稳定性。结果表明:MTMD对塔顶纵向位移和平台横摇角有很好的抑制效果;风力机塔顶纵向位移和平台横摇角均随机舱TMD质量和塔架TMD质量的增大而减小,随TMD阻尼的增大而增大;优化MTMD控制后,风力机稳定性进一步提升,其塔顶纵向位移和平台横摇稳定性分别提升了80.4%和83.8%。     

基于土基-结构耦合作用的风力机塔架地震时频特性分析

为研究不同土质时地震载荷对大型风力机结构动力学响应的影响,基于Wolf方法建立风力机基础平台与土体的耦合模型,通过FAST软件仿真Wind PACT 1.5 MW风力机在不同土质和不同地震强度时塔架的动力学响应。通过分析不同工况下风力机的结构动力学响应,发现地震载荷对塔顶位移和塔基弯矩的影响不可忽略,尤其是塔顶侧向位移和塔基俯仰力矩。在九级设防烈度地震作用下,相比无地震工况,软土、硬黏土和岩土地质风力机塔顶侧向位移分别增大925%、785%和771%。且由于软土阻尼最小,能量耗散小,所以地震后塔架响应降低的速率最慢。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.