基于OPAST算法的特征空间波束形成

投影逼近子空间跟踪(PAST)算法是一种非常稳健和有效的子空间跟踪算法,可以实时地求解特征子空间,但跟踪向量误差较大。正交投影逼近子空间跟踪算法(OPAST)对其进行改进,保证每次迭代时特征向量的正交性,且和PAST算法具有相同的线性复杂度。特征空间波束形成(ESB)算法是一种稳健的波束形成算法,针对其运算过程中特征分解运算量较大的问题,文章提出将OPAST算法应用于特征空间波束形成算法。仿真结果表明文章算法可以实现与特征分解相同的效果,但计算复杂度大大降低。     

稳健的单站无源目标跟踪算法研究

无源定位与跟踪系统中面临着可观测性弱、初始误差大的问题,因此寻找一种稳健快速的跟踪算法显得尤为关键。本文在对现有跟踪算法进行分析和比较的基础上,提出一种IUKF(Improved Unscented Kalman Filter)算法,它通过对传统的UKF算法进行修正,改善了对状态滤波值和协方差的估计。与现有算法(如EKF,UKF)相比,新算法不仅适应能力强、稳定性高,而且收敛速度快、跟踪误差小,是一种稳健的无源目标跟踪算法,数值仿真和试验结果表明了算法的正确性和有效性。     

一种空域-极化域联合稳健自适应波束形成算法

为有效提高阵列对来波方向误差和极化参数误差的鲁棒性,提出一种空域-极化域联合稳健自适应波束形成算法,首先在每个干扰信号来波方向-极化角区间上重构干扰噪声协方差矩阵,然后在期望信号来波方向-极化角区间上估计其导向矢量,设计空域-极化域联合稳健波束加权。通过仿真实验可发现,所提算法对由来波方向角度误差和极化参数误差所引起的导向矢量失配具有很好的鲁棒性。     

毫米波移动通信中基于AUKF的波束跟踪算法

针对移动毫米波通信场景中收发波束存在角度偏差时接收信号质量急剧下降的问题,提出一种基于自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波(AUKF)原理的波束跟踪算法.针对低复杂度对于移动场景的适用性,该算法设计了一种有效的波束跟踪方案,在模拟波束形成架构中通过训练一个波束对以跟踪一条电磁波路径来保持有效的毫米波通信.通过引入自适应调节因子,在系统...     

移动卫星通信自适应UKF组合导航姿态估计算法

为解决组合导航姿态估计航向角可观性弱,姿态估计精度低、易发散的问题,提出了一种单基线GPS辅助观测的组合导航姿态估计算法,通过四元数与修正的Rodrigues参数相互切换避免了四元数加权均值计算和协方差奇异问题,确保了四元数的规范化;通过有效利用单基线GPS航向角辅助观测,改善航向角的可观性,提高了三维姿态角的估计性能;通过使用开关自适应UKF算法,提高了算法的适用性和姿态估计的精度。实验结果证明,UKF姿态估计的精度优于EKF,最终三维姿态角的最小均方误差均在0.36°以内,估计误差均在0.5°以内,满足了宽带移动卫星通信的波束指向要求。     

一种基于自适应阵列天线的波束赋形算法

自适应阵列天线中的数字波束赋形(DBF)技术是智能天线数字信号处理部分的核心.提出了一种可用于自适应阵列波束赋形的SMI-LMS算法--由SMI(采样协方差矩阵求逆)算法决定LMS(最小均方)算法的初始权向量.该算法充分结合了SMI算法收敛速度快和LMS算法稳态误差小的优点,能在较强干扰环境下,确保权向量的快速收敛和跟踪速度.与传统的LMS算法相比,SMI-LMS算法具有良好的收敛性能、较快的跟踪速度和较小的输出误差,并可以有效改善自适应方向图的副瓣性能.仿真结果验证了该结论.     

WSNs中基于通用回归神经网络的目标跟踪算法

基于接收信号强度指示(RSSI)的移动目标定位和跟踪常采用三边或角度测量定位技术。尽管该技术简单,易实施,但由于RSSI值与距离间的非线性关系,它们容易导致较大的定位误差。通用回归神经网络(GRNN)能够快速训练稀疏数据集。提出基于GRNN的移动目标跟踪(GMTT)算法,该算法依据GRNN处理RSSI与目标位置间的非线性关系,利用卡尔曼滤波(KF)修正目标位置。仿真实验结果表明,相比于RSSI+KF,GMTT算法可以有效地降低目标定位的根均方误差。     

一种新的基于角度和时差的稳健定位跟踪算法

针对无源定位必须实现快速和稳定无偏定位跟踪的要求,提出了一种新的双站基于角度和时差的稳健定位跟踪算法。该算法将扩维伪线性测量方程的观测误差矩阵协方差阵引入约束条件,通过对未知状态变量含二次约束的伪线性方程进行约束最小二乘(CLS)极小化处理,最终只需要对一对矩阵束进行广义特征分解即可获得目标状态的渐进无偏估计值。仿真结果表明,与扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法及最小二乘(LS)算法相比,本文所提算法定位跟踪性能更稳定,精度更高,估计误差可以接近克拉美罗限（CRLB）。在测量误差较大或者两个观测站测量误差不一致时优势更明显,实用性强。      

MIMO雷达稳健的发射波束形成算法

针对发射导向矢量存在未知误差的问题,该文提出了一种MIMO雷达稳健的发射波束形成算法(Robust Transmitting Beamforming, RTB)。该算法在稳健的接收波束形成算法的基础上,以最大化最差情况输出信干噪比为优化准则,对发射导向矢量误差做稳健的发射波束形成。RTB算法属于对角加载方法。仿真结果表明,相比于已有算法,RTB算法的稳健性更好、计算复杂度更低、收敛速度更快。     

一种基于角度和时差信息的改进型滤波算法

联合角度（DOA）信息和时差（TDOA）信息对运动目标进行多站无源定位实质上是一种非线性估计问题。文章基于DOA和TDOA信息，提出了二种多站对三维空间目标进行定位跟踪的修正增益扩展卡尔曼滤波（MGEKF）算法，文中分别推导了角度观测方程和时差观测方程的修正增益函数。计算机仿真表明该算法的定位精度和稳健性能均要高于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法。     

一种基于误差相关函数的改进变步长LMS算法

最小均方算法的收敛速度和稳态误差之间存在矛盾,为此人们提出了各种变步长LMS算法,其中E-LMS算法是将步长与瞬时误差平方相关联,R-LMS算法是将步长与误差的相关函数相关联。E-LMS算法的抗噪性能较差,在低信噪比条件下性能明显变差,R-LMS算法对突变系统的跟踪能力较差。为此文中给出了一种改进的,基于误差相关函数的VSS-LMS算法,该方法利用E-LMS算法的控制步长策略提高算法的跟踪能力。计算机仿真结果显示,该算法能够同时满足抗噪和跟踪两种要求。     

A DS-CDMA tracking mode receiver with joint channel/delayestimation and MMSE detection

A tracking mode receiver for asynchronous direct-sequence CDMA is presented based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF). The EKF jointly estimates the delays and multipath coefficients of the received CDMA waveform, and provides a modified minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimate of the user data (MMSE-EKF). In order to obtain a practical algorithm, each user signal is tracked individually, with the remaining users modeled as colored Gaussian noise. However, the EKFs are coupled through the multiple access interference (MAI) covariance estimates. In order to obtain meaningful performance measures, approximate worst-case undesired user delays that minimize the desired user SNR and delay estimation Cramer-Rao bound are obtained. It is shown that such worst-case delays can be efficiently computed using the alternating maximization (A-M) algorithm. The resulting bit error rate (BER) performance of the MMSE-EKF tracking receiver is evaluated through a combination of simulation and analysis. The mean-time to lose lock (MTTLL) for a genie-aided EKF delay estimator is also obtained using the A-M computed delays     

Regularized Zero‐Forcing Beam Design under Time‐Varying Channels

In this paper, an efficient beam tracking algorithm for a regularized zero‐forcing (RZF) approach in slowly fading multiple‐input and single‐output (MISO) broadcast channels is considered. By modifying an RZF equation, an RZF beam tracking algorithm is proposed using matrix perturbation theory. The proposed algorithm utilizes both beams from the previous time step and channel difference (between the previous and current time steps) to calculate the RZF beams. The tracking performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed in terms of the mean square error (MSE) between a tracking approach and an exact recomputing approach, and in terms of the additional MSE caused by the beam tracking error at the receiver. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm has almost the same performance as the exact recomputing approach in terms of the sum rate.     

Analysis of a satellite antenna tracking loop driven by BPSK modulated signals

The subject of this paper is an antenna tracking system used to maintain an antenna on board a geosynchronous (GEO) satellite, pointed towards a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite. The tracking system uses the BPSK modulated signals transmitted from the LEO satellite. The signal is received by an electronically switched antenna beam. A suitable processing of the received signal level then generates an error voltage which drives a tracking loop. The measurement of the received signal level is implemented by a power detector. Analysis of the antenna tracking algorithm is carried out and the performance is given in terms of linearized mean-square tracking error. The mean-square tracking error is related to the antenna beam parameters, to the closed loop bandwidth and to the statistics of the power measurement process. In particular, it is shown that a key parameter for the tracking loop performance is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the power detector output, which is inversely proportional to the variance of the pointing error, and a theory has been developed to find an accurate expression for the SNR. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tracking properties of a gradient-based second-order adaptive IIRnotch filter with constrained poles and zeros

Gradient-type adaptive IIR notch filters have many attractive merits for various real-life applications since they require a small number of computations and yet demonstrate practical performance. However, it is generally quite difficult to assess their performance analytically. Their tracking properties, in particular, have not yet been investigated. In this paper, the tracking performance of a plain gradient (PG) algorithm is analyzed in detail for a second-order adaptive IIR notch filter with constrained poles and zeros, which takes a linear chirp signal as its input. First, two sets of difference equations for the frequency tracking error and mean square error (MSE) are established in the sense of convergence in the mean and convergence in the mean square, respectively. Closed-form expressions for the asymptotic tracking error and MSE are then derived from these difference equations. An optimum step-size parameter for the algorithm is also evaluated based on the minimization of the asymptotic tracking error or the tracking MSE. It is discovered that the asymptotic tracking error may be driven to zero for a positive chirp rate by selecting a proper step size, which is an interesting property for a real-valued adaptive filtering algorithm. Extensive simulations are performed to support the analytical findings     

基于中心差分的机动辐射源单站被动跟踪算法

针对机动辐射源的单站被动跟踪问题,结合中心差分滤波(central difference filter)方法,该文提出了一种基于中心差分的交互多模型(IMM)机动目标跟踪算法,无需计算基于EKF(Extended Kalman Filter)方法所需的Jacobian矩阵,易于实现。将传统IMM算法中协方差的传递改造为平方根滤波形式,数值稳定性更好。将该算法应用到联合利用径向加速度和角度信息的单站定位系统,与基于EKF的IMM算法和基于UT(Unscented Transformation)的IMM算法仿真比较表明,该文算法和基于UT的IMM算法性能相当,比基于EKF的算法具有更高的跟踪精度。     

机动目标DOA跟踪粒子滤波算法

针对标准粒子滤波算法在机动目标波达方向(direction of arrival, DOA)随时间快速变化导致跟踪精度下降、实时性变差及多目标跟踪误差大等不足的问题,本文提出了一种改进粒子滤波(particle filter, PF)算法。该算法依据阵列信号处理模型和匀速(constant velocity,CV)模型,建立了机动目标跟踪的状态方程和观测方程作为状态空间模型,并在此基础上,借鉴多重信号分类(multiple signal classification,MUSIC)算法谱函数修改了粒子滤波的似然函数,实现了对目标方位的实时动态跟踪。仿真结果表明,与传统子空间类跟踪算法和标准粒子滤波算法相比,本文方法跟踪精度更高,收敛速度更快,抗噪能力及鲁棒性更强,对轨迹交叉的多目标跟踪性能也更优。      

面向目标跟踪的机载组网雷达辐射参数与航迹规划联合优化算法

该文针对机载组网雷达,在单目标跟踪场景下,研究了雷达辐射参数与航迹规划联合优化问题。首先,推导了包含各雷达辐射功率、驻留时间、发射信号高斯脉冲长度和信号带宽等射频辐射参数以及各载机速度、朝向角等平台运动参数的贝叶斯克拉默-拉奥下界(BCRLB)表达式,以此作为表征目标跟踪精度的衡量指标;推导了含有各雷达辐射功率、驻留时间等射频辐射参数以及各载机速度、朝向角等平台运动参数的机载组网雷达被截获概率,以此作为表征机载组网雷达射频隐身性能的衡量指标。在此基础上,建立了面向目标跟踪的机载组网雷达辐射参数与航迹规划联合优化模型,以最小化机载组网雷达的目标估计误差BCRLB为优化目标,以满足给定的系统射频资源、载机机动能力和预先设定的被截获概率阈值为约束条件,对各载机飞行速度、朝向角以及各机载雷达辐射功率、驻留时间、发射信号高斯脉冲长度和信号带宽进行联合优化设计,以提升机载组网雷达的目标跟踪精度。最后,针对上述优化问题,结合粒子群算法,采用5步分解迭代算法进行求解。仿真结果表明,与现有算法相比,所提算法能够在满足一定射频隐身性能要求的条件下,有效提升机载组网雷达的目标跟踪精度。      

高动态多普勒频率估计及其Cramer-Rao界

用泰勒级数展开的形式表示高动态的多普勒频率参数,推导分析了对各阶频率参数估计的最大似然估计器(MLE)及其估计误差的Cramer Rao界;描述了最大似然估计器和扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF) 对各阶频率参数的估计模型;并以均方根估计误差和失锁概率为性能指标,通过对同一模拟的接收机高动态轨迹的跟踪估计,比较了两种不同估计技术的基本性能。     

基于非视距误差直接估计的定位跟踪算法

在蜂窝无线定位中,由于非视距（non-line-of-sight, NLOS）误差是影响定位精度的主要因素之一,所以如何减轻NLOS误差影响成为当前无线定位研究的热点。本文针对NLOS环境下的定位跟踪问题,提出一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波（extended Kalman filter ,EKF)的定位跟踪算法。该算法首先在最小二乘准测下推导出估计测量值中NLOS误差的直接计算公式,然后使用约束加权最小二乘（constrained weighted least squares, CWLS）方法计算出每一个测量值中所含的NLOS误差,最后利用NLOS误差估计值去修正EKF滤波,以便适应NLOS环境下的定位跟踪,并获取高的定位精度。这种方式不依赖于特定的NLOS误差分布,也无需视距（line-of-sight, LOS）和非视距识别。数值结果表明该算法相比较于经典EKF算法和基于NLOS迭代的EKF算法可以快速有效地抑制定位误差,并且可以在极为恶劣的NLOS环境下满足FCC的定位要求。另外,复杂性实验表明该算法可适用于实时跟踪。