1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢表面纳米化及力学性能

借助X射线衍射仪、透射电镜对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在超音速微粒轰击(SFPB)形变热处理过程中的纳米晶组织演化进行表征。研究结果表明,通过SFPB处理,1Cr18Ni9Ti钢表面获得了纳米组织,晶粒尺寸随着距表面距离的增加而增大,直至与基体粗晶相同;经SFPB处理30min后,表面晶粒尺寸趋于稳定,形成平均晶粒尺寸约16nm的随机取向的等轴状纳米晶。随着SFPB时间的增加,显微硬度显著增大,而试样的抗拉强度和屈服强度先升后降,延伸率降低;表面纳米化后拉伸试样断口为韧窝-微孔聚集型断裂,韧窝形成微孔,微孔相连而产生断裂。     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢表面纳米化组织及其热稳定性对低温渗氮行为的影响

采用超音速微粒轰击技术(SFPB)对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢试样进行了表面纳米化处理,并对SFPB处理后的试样进行热处理和低温气体渗氮处理,分析讨论了表面纳米化组织及其热稳定性对低温渗氮行为的影响.结果表明:经SFPB处理后,试样表层形成厚约250 μm的变形区,表面组织为纳米晶,平均晶粒尺寸为15 nm,其变形机制以孪生为主,变形同时表面发生了马氏体相变,表面硬度明显提高.对SFPB处理的试样经450 ℃热处理后,纳米晶未发生明显粗化,马氏体量减少很小,硬度保持稳定,因而具有良好的热稳定性.晶粒细化、马氏体相变及其良好的热稳定性有利于实现低温快速渗氮,使渗层厚度明显增加,表层硬度得到进一步提高,硬度分布梯度也得到了改善.     

TC17钛合金表面自纳米化及拉伸试样断口形貌

TC17钛合金经超音速微粒轰击(SFPB)在表面形成一层纳米级别的细小晶粒。研究表明,纳米层厚度随SFPB时间的延长而增大,纳米晶粒尺寸随SFPB时间的延长而减小,30min后表层纳米晶粒尺寸可达16.3nm,且晶粒取向处于随机分布。随着SFPB时间的延长,延伸率有所下降,抗拉强度和屈服强度均有所提升,三者都是开始变化剧烈,随后变化缓和。表面纳米化后,试样断口为延性断裂中的韧窝-微孔聚集型断裂,韧窝形成微孔,然后微孔形成裂纹直至断裂。     

超音速微粒轰击0Cr18Ni9钢表面纳米化的研究

采用超音速微粒轰击（SFPB）技术对0Cr18Ni9钢进行表面纳米化;利用金相显微镜（OM）、X-射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）研究表层的组织结构变化,并进行了显微硬度测试分析。结果表明,经SFPB处理后,形成了约30μm厚的纳米层,样品表层发生应变诱导马氏体相变;孪晶形变是0Cr18Ni9钢表面纳米化过程的主要变形方式;表面纳米化是品粒细化与马氏体相变共同作用的结果,与基体相比,SFPB处理后材料的表层硬度显著提高。     

超音速微粒轰击0Crl8Ni9钢表面纳米化的研究

采用超音速微粒轰击(SFPB)技术对0Cr18Ni9钢进行表面纳米化;利用金相显微镜(OM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)研究表层的组织结构变化,并进行了显微硬度测试分析.结果表明,经SFPB处理后,形成了约30 μm厚的纳米层.样品表层发生应变诱导马氏体相变;孪晶形变是0Cr18Ni9钢表面纳米化过程的主要变形方式;表面纳米化是晶粒细化与马氏体相变共同作用的结果,与基体相比,SFPB处理后材料的表层硬度显著提高.     

双相区轧制对铁素体/马氏体双相钢组织性能的影响

采用双相区(α+γ)轧制及双相区短时保温处理相结合的方式,制备了一种高强高韧性低碳低合金铁素体/马氏体双相钢,并采用SEM、室温拉伸试验和维氏硬度检测等手段研究了不同轧制工艺对铁素体/马氏体双相钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明:相对于普通的连续轧制工艺,等温轧制和道次之间短时保温处理相结合的工艺对铁素体/马氏体双相钢的相比例、形貌和尺寸有重要影响。等温轧制及短时保温处理的双相钢的组织明显细化,马氏体相比例增加,组织均匀性显著改善,屈服强度提升了34%,达到1229 MPa,屈强比高达0.78,断口为韧性断口特征,呈细小韧窝状,具有良好的综合力学性能。     

钛合金TC4表面纳米化及其热稳定性

利用超音速微粒轰击技术(supersonic fine particles bombarding,SFPB)对钛合金TC4进行了表面纳米化处理,并对SFPB处理后的试样进行不同温度2 h退火处理。借助X射线衍射、显微硬度计、透射电子显微镜和差热分析对纳米化及热处理后的试样进行了组织和性能表征,研究钛合金表面纳米化机理及其热稳定性。结果表明:经过SFPB处理后的试样在表层形成了纳米结构层,随着处理时间的延长,变形层厚度不断增加,晶粒尺寸逐步细化,当SFPB处理30 min后晶粒尺寸趋于稳定,在表层形成了晶粒尺寸约为15 nm具有随机取向的纳米等轴晶。纳米化后的试样在750℃退火时,纳米晶未发生明显粗化,因而具有很好的热稳定性。     

超声冲击处理S30408不锈钢的微观组织演变与电化学性能

通过超声冲击处理(UIT)方法在S30408奥氏体不锈钢表面构筑梯度纳米结构,通过XRD、硬度测试、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电化学测试等方法研究了超声冲击时间对试验钢表层纳米微观结构和耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,超声冲击处理后在材料表层产生了一定深度的硬化层,同时引入了残余压应力,且残余压应力和硬度均随着超声冲击时间的增加而增加,在超声冲击时间为300 s时分别达到最大值740.12 MPa和82.22 HRB。超声冲击处理后试样表层观察到呈梯度变化的微观结构,可分为纳米层、剧烈塑性变形层和基体。超声冲击使表层晶粒得到细化,并引发了马氏体转变,超声冲击时间为300 s时的晶粒尺寸最小,马氏体转变量最大,分别为14.82 nm和39.80%。超声冲击处理对S30408不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响是晶粒尺寸、残余应力、马氏体相变含量、表面缺陷等因素共同作用的结果,超声冲击时间为180 s时试样的耐蚀性最好,自腐蚀电流密度为1.22 μA/cm²。     

40Cr钢表面纳米化组织与性能的研究

采用超音速微粒轰击技术(SFPB)对40Cr调质钢进行表面纳米晶结构层的制备,利用TEM、XRD、GX-71型金相显微镜和TUKON2100显微/维氏硬度计等对表面纳米层的组织结构、硬度以及耐磨性进行了分析研究.结果表明:经过SFPB表面处理后,40Cr调质钢表面晶粒细化,形成了随机取向的铁素体和渗碳体纳米晶粒构成,晶粒尺寸达到10nm,纳米层厚度为40μm.纳米晶粒尺寸随着距表面距离的增加而增大,纳米化主要是位错运动的结果.经SFPB处理后,表层的显微硬度提高到526HV,且随着深度的增加,硬度迅速降低,表面的耐磨性也明显提高.     

马氏体的分布对双相钢微观变形行为和力学性能的影响

通过工艺设计,对工业20钢进行了分级淬火(SQ)和临界区退火(IA)热处理,获得了马氏体体积分数相近、但马氏体分别呈离散分布和连续分布的2种双相钢.对它们的拉伸/冲击力学性能进行了表征;应用数字图像相关(DIC)方法获得双相钢的微观应变分布,并结合表面微裂纹分析,揭示了2种双相钢的不同变形断裂机制.SQ双相钢展现出较低的强度,但具有更好的塑性与冲击韧性,这源于铁素体较大变形松弛了马氏体在变形中产生的应力集中;而IA双相钢中铁素体变形受到周围马氏体的阻碍,铁素体相对小的变形不能有效松弛变形马氏体的应力,使裂纹优先在马氏体中产生,因而IA双相钢具有高强度和低塑性.     

Effect of Heat-Treatment Schedule on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cold-Rolled Dual-Phase Steels

Low-carbon(0.08 wt% C) steel has been subjected to three different heat treatments to obtain dual-phase steels with different microstructures. An understanding of structure–property was established through tensile tests, in conjunction with scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results show that the steel after intermediate quenching(IQ) consisting of fine and fibrous martensite exhibited the intermediate strength, highest elongation and the best comprehensive performance of mechanical properties, whereas the steel subjected to intercritical annealing(IA) produced a network martensite along ferrite grain boundaries, having the lowest strength and intermediate elongation. Besides, step quenching(SQ) resulted in a coarse and blocky ferrite–martensite microstructure showing the worst mechanical properties of the three different heat-treatment conditions. The strain-hardening behavior was studied through the modified Crussard–Jaoul model, indicating two stages of strain-hardening behavior for all three samples. The highest magnitude of strainhardening ability was obtained by IQ annealing routes. The analysis of the fractured surface revealed that ferrite/martensite interfaces are the most susceptible for microvoid nucleation. However, martensite microcracks were also observed in SQ sample, and the microvoids are nucleated within the ferrite grain in IA sample as well. The variations in strength,elongation, strain-hardening behavior and fracture mechanism of the steel with different heat-treatment schedules were further discussed in relation to the microstructural features.     

Comparing Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Intercritically Annealed and Quenched-Tempered 1.7Ni–1.5Cu–0.5Mo–0.2C Powder Metallurgy Steels

The aim of this study was to compare the influence of intercritical quenching (IQ), step quenching (SQ) and quenching plus tempering (QT) heat treatments on the microstructure and tensile properties of 1.7Ni–1.5Cu–0.5Mo–0.2C pre-alloyed powder metallurgy (P/M) steels. In the microstructures of the IQ and SQ specimens partial martensite having Ni-rich phases formed up in the soft ferritic matrix. It was observed that unlike Mo, a Cu alloying element dissolved homogeneously in the specimens. The martensite volume fraction (MVF) in the SQ specimens was higher than that in the IQ specimens. It was found that macrohardness, yield and tensile strengths increased, whereas microhardness of ferrite and elongation decreased with increasing MVF. However, with this increase, microhardness values of martensite phases decreased in the IQ specimen, while they increased in SQ specimens. It was observed that the yield, tensile, and elongation values of the QT specimens were lower than those of all intercritically annealed specimens having the same hardness values.     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢表面纳米化及其热稳定性研究

对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢进行表面超音速微粒轰击处理,使表面获得纳米晶粒,并且晶粒尺寸沿厚度方向逐渐增大呈梯度组织。将处理后的样品进行不同加热温度和保温时间的热处理,研究其组织结构和硬度的变化。结果表明:当加热温度低于500℃时,表层晶粒尺寸未发生明显变化,只是在表面纳米晶层及其相邻的亚微晶层上发生马氏体相变,对应的硬度沿深度分布也未见明显的改变;当加热温度高于500℃时,表层组织发生回复与再结晶,导致硬度明显下降。与加热温度相比,保温时间对组织和硬度的影响不大。     

Effect of Quenching Process on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Fe-0.9Mn-0.5Cr-2.4Ni-0.5Mo-C Steel

To develop an appropriate quenching process to produce Fe-0.9Mn-0.5Cr-2.4Ni-0.5Mo-C steel, the microstructures and mechanical properties of this steel were investigated under the direct quenching and tempering (DQT) and the direct quenching, reheated quenching and tempering (DQQT) heat treatment processes. The microstructure of the DQQT specimen was basically tempered sorbite with spherical precipitates, while quite a bit of tempered martensite was in the DQT specimen with dispersive nanoscaled precipitates. The yield strengths of the DQT and DQQT specimens were 1154 and 955 MPa, respectively. The yield strength of the DQT specimen was higher than that of the DQQT specimen because of its finer grain size, higher density of dislocations and dispersed precipitates. The DQQT specimen had spherical precipitates, which hindered the propagation of the crack. Moreover, the high-angle grain boundaries in the DQQT specimen took a higher proportion. Therefore, the Charpy impact values of DQT and DQQT specimens at ? 60 °C were 38 and 75 J, respectively. Consequently, the mechanical properties of the Fe-0.9Mn-0.5Cr-2.4Ni-0.5Mo-C steel, which met the standard of 1000 MPa grade steel plate for hydropower station, were acquired by the DQQT process.     

淬火介质对42CrMo钢棒淬火组织及硬度影响的数值模拟及试验验证

基于有限元计算分析了直径为ø40 mm的42CrMo钢圆棒试样分别使用淬火油和PAG水基液淬火后试样不同位置的组织、硬度以及淬火过程中的温度变化,采用硬度检测和显微组织分析对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明,当使用淬火油淬火时,试样表面由奥氏体向马氏体和贝氏体转变,心部由奥氏体向贝氏体转变;当使用PAG水基液淬火时,试样表层几乎转变成马氏体,心部转变成马氏体和贝氏体;试样经淬火油和PAG水基液淬火后,表面硬度分别为58和55 HRC,均由表面至心部硬度逐渐降低,但使用PAG水基液淬火后试样的心部硬度比用淬火油的高5 HRC,约为50 HRC。     

热处理对国外P92钢显微组织及晶粒度的影响

对国外P92钢进行不同温度(1040、1060、1080 ℃)淬火和1060 ℃淬火+不同温度(740、760、780 ℃)、不同时间(1、3、5、7 h)的回火热处理,研究热处理参数对其显微组织、晶粒度及硬度的影响。结果表明,经淬火后P92钢组织为板条状马氏体+残留奥氏体,随淬火温度的升高,马氏体组织板条逐渐变粗大,平均晶粒度由9级增大至7级。P92钢经1060 ℃淬火后,随着回火温度的升高和回火时间的延长,P92钢硬度逐渐降低,回火马氏体板条逐渐合并并向回火索氏体过渡,且回火过程中碳化物在晶界和晶内析出并不断长大。     

间隙尺寸对结构钢感应加热淬火淬硬层深度的影响

研究了45、40Cr钢感应加热水冷处理后的组织。感应加热频率为15 kHz,功率、工件相对移动速度分别为40 kW、5~11 mm/s和70 kW、6.5~11 mm/s,感应圈与工件之间的间隙尺寸分别为1.5 mm、3 mm。试验结果表明,淬火试样表面至心部由马氏体、马氏体＋铁素体、马氏体＋铁素体＋珠光体组成,中心为珠光体＋铁素体原始组织。40Cr钢试样与感应圈之间的间隙尺寸由3 mm减小到1.5 mm时,淬硬层深度的增加幅度为：宏观测定法为47%,金相测定法为49%;而45钢试样宏观测定法为45%,金相测定法为46%。     

合金元素Mn、Cr对SWRCH45K钢组织和性能的影响

研究了Mn、Cr含量对SWRCH45K钢组织和性能的影响。试验钢的淬火温度为860 ℃,分别进行油冷和水冷,同时利用模拟软件对淬火后硬度进行模拟计算。试验结果表明,Mn、Cr含量提高导致试验钢的抗拉强度有所增加;油冷试验钢组织均为铁素体+屈氏体,心部组织中铁素体比例略高;水冷试验钢近表面处组织为马氏体+少量的屈氏体,心部组织中屈氏体随Mn、Cr含量增加而减少。油冷试验钢硬度沿直径方向上的变化较小,0.70%Mn-0.04%Cr试验钢硬度在22~24 HRC之间,且明显低于其它试验钢;水冷试验钢近表面处硬度差异较小,心部硬度下降明显。试验结果与模拟结果对比表明,试验钢近表面处硬度值与模拟结果具有较好相符性。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Low Alloyed MnB Cast Steel

The microstructure and mechanical properties of a low alloyed MnB cast steel designed for coupler castings of trucks were studied. The results show that the microstructure of the MnB cast steel after water quenching is lath martensite and a small amount of massive islands in the matrix of lath martensite. The average size of the martensite packets is about 10 μm in length. Carbides precipitated dispersively at the tempering temperature of 450 °C. The carbides are slender and fibrous, of which the microstructure was θ-phase (Fe, Mn)₃C characterized by TEM. The MnB cast steel has good hardenability and tempering stability. Excellent combination of strength, ductility and low-temperature toughness were obtained after water-quenching and 450 °C tempering: Rm = 960-1040 MPa, ReL = 880-900 MPa, A = 19-21%, Z = 56-58%. Especially, the impact energy of the Charpy V-Notch (CVN) specimens reached 70-88 J at −40 °C. The fracture mechanism is transcrystalline fracture both for ambient temperature uniaxial tensile test specimens and for CVN impact test specimens broken at −40 °C, where the whole surfaces were manifested as voids and dimples.     

晶粒度对40Cr钢淬火组织的影响

使用热模拟试验机对40Cr钢进行830、890、950℃正火试验,得到晶粒度不同的铁素体和珠光体组织,再将正火后的试样加热至850℃保温10 min后,以不同的冷却速度淬火,对比晶粒度不同的试样淬火后的组织和硬度变化。结果表明:随着淬火前晶粒尺寸的增大,40Cr钢淬火后的马氏体组织含量增加,贝氏体的含量减少,硬度增大;淬火前40Cr钢的晶粒尺寸越大,淬透性越好。