Nutritional and sensory properties of dry fermented sausages enriched with n-3 PUFAs

Enrichment of dry fermented sausages with n − 3 fatty acids through a partial substitution of pork backfat by deodorised fish oil resulted in improved nutritional properties with regard to conventional sausages, without affecting sensory properties and oxidation status. The developed products supplied 0.64 g EPA/100 g and 0.46 g DHA/100 g product, and showed PUFA + MUFA/SFA ratio of 1.76 and n − 6/n − 3 ratio of 2.97. No signs of oxidation were found in any type of sausages, control and modified. None of the dienals and trienals reported as secondary lipid oxidation products and typical for fish oil were detected in the modified sausages. Instrumental colour differences were detected, however, without relevance in the sensory analysis. The sensory evaluation panel did not find differences in general acceptability. The modified dry fermented sausages can be considered a technologically viable functional food.     

Lipid oxidation in n-3 fatty acid enriched Dutch style fermented sausages

Dutch style fermented sausages were manufactured with a substitution of 10%, 15% and 20% of pork backfat by flaxseed oil and canola oil, pre-emulsified with soy protein isolate. The 15% and 20% substitution were also reached by adding encapsulated flaxseed oil and encapsulated fish oil and by adding flaxseed oil, pre-emulsified with sodium caseinate, respectively. The products were sliced, packaged in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere and stored in the dark for 12 weeks at 7°C. No differences were detected in moisture, protein and fat content between control and modified sausages, with the exception of the formulation with sodium caseinate. The PUFA/SFA ratio increased from 0.30 in the control to 0.42-0.48 in the sausages with canola oil and to 0.49-0.71 in the sausages with flaxseed oil. The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased from 11.20 in the control to 6.94-5.12 in the sausages with canola oil and to 1.93-1.05 in the sausages with flaxseed oil. The addition of canola oil and encapsulated flaxseed oil resulted in a comparable shelf life as the control in terms of lipid oxidation. In the samples with addition of pre-emulsified flaxseed oil, especially with sodium caseinate, lipid oxidation clearly increased during storage. Physical and sensory analysis showed that the sausages with encapsulated fish oil and flaxseed oil resembled the control most.     

Consumer acceptance of regular and reduced-sugar yogurt enriched with different types of dietary fiber

Reduction of energy in foods by eliminating sugar, combined with an increase in fiber, frequently results in products with sensory characteristics that cannot be compared with standard counterparts. This study analyzed the response of young educated consumers (n = 704) on standard or reduced-sugar vanilla yogurt enriched with inulin or with inulin combined with a grain mixture, a milled mixture of flakes, or a combination of grains and milled flakes. On a nine-point hedonic scale, mean acceptance was 6.4 and 6.8 for yogurt with 112 g kg^?1 and 160 g kg^?1 sugar, respectively. It was concluded from acceptance data and from results obtained by just-about-right rating that adapting the flavoring concentration might be an appropriate tool to mask sugar reduction. In yogurt with visible fiber, it is mainly the size of incorporated fiber that should be considered in product optimization. In these products, sugar content significantly affects acceptance.     

Production of soy yogurt enriched with glyceollins

Soy milk was prepared from regular soybean (M1), soybean germinated for 3 days at 25°C (M2), and soybean germinated under fungal infection (M3). Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus ATCC 22959 was used as the elicitor for glyceollin production. Each soy milk was fermented with Streptococcus infantarius 12 and Weissella sp. 4 (1:5, v/v) for 12 h at 37°C. Significant induction of glyceollins was confirmed only in M3 soy milk and glyceollins maintained stably during 12 h fermentation period. The concentration of glyceollins in M3 yogurt was 2,400.4±83 and 2,525.2±158 μg/g dry matter (d.m.) at 0 and 12 h, respectively. The amount of daidzein was significantly higher in M3 yogurt (635.1±21) than that of M1 (417±11) and M2 (545±17 μg/g d.m.) yogurt in 12 h (p<0.05). M2 yogurt had the highest amount of genistein (695.3±17) followed by M3 (634.5±26) and M1 (612.5±14 μg/g d.m.) yogurt. M3 soy yogurt also showed the highest content of total phenolic compounds (5.37 mg/g) and antioxidant activity. The results indicated that functional soy yogurt can be prepared from soybean enriched with glyceollins.     

Consumer perception and liking,and sensory characteristics of blended teas

Food Science and Biotechnology - This study was conducted to identify the sensory characteristics of six blended teas containing different ingredients and analyze penalty factors for the products...     

酶法制备n-3多不饱和脂肪酸型磷脂的工艺

研究了无溶剂体系中固定化磷脂酶A1催化大豆磷脂与乙酯型鱼油进行酯交换反应,制备n-3多不饱和脂肪酸型磷脂的工艺。考察了反应温度、反应时间、底物比(乙酯型鱼油与磷脂的质量比)以及加水量的影响,得到了较优的反应条件。实验结果表明,加酶量(按大豆磷脂的质量计算)20%,底物比8∶1,底物总质量5.0g,加水量55μL,55℃反应12h时,所得产物中EPA和DHA的含量分别为8.0%和17.8%。     

富含共轭亚油酸酸奶的特性分析

通过在脱脂乳中分别添加不同浓度的亚油酸进行发酵培养,测定发酵后酸奶的酸度、黏度、保水性、活菌数和共轭亚油酸含量,根据这些特征指标来确定亚油酸的最适添加量。结果表明,亚油酸添加量对酸奶的酸度和保水性影响较小,而酸奶的黏度、活菌数和共轭亚油酸的产量均与亚油酸添加量密切相关。当亚油酸添加量小于0.075%时,酸奶的黏度和活菌数随亚油酸添加量的增加而增加,而当亚油酸添加量大于0.075%时,酸奶的黏度和活菌数均逐渐降低。酸奶中共轭亚油酸的含量随亚油酸添加量的增加而增加,随发酵时间的延长呈现先增加后减少的趋势。综合所有结果后发现,当脱脂乳中亚油酸添加量为0.1%,发酵36 h时,酸奶的黏度为2 700 m Pa·s,酸度为80°T,保水性为45%,活菌数为4.0×108CFU/m L,共轭亚油酸含量达到0.9 mg/m L,可获得品质优良且富含共轭亚油酸的酸奶。     

Production response of multiparous Holstein cows treated with bovine somatotropin and fed diets enriched with n-3 or n-6 fatty acids

Multiparous cows (n = 59) were blocked by expected calving date and previous milk yield and assigned randomly to treatments to determine the effects of bovine somatotropin (bST; Posilac, Monsanto Animal Agricultural Group, St. Louis, MO) and source of dietary fat on production responses. Diets were provided from calving and included whole, high-oil sunflower seeds [SS; 10% of dietary dry matter (DM); n-6:n-3 ratio of 4.6] as a source of linoleic acid (18:2) or a mixture of Alifet-High Energy and Alifet-Repro (AF; Alifet USA, Cincinnati, OH; 3.5 and 1.5% of dietary DM, respectively; n-6/n-3 ratio of 2.6) as a source of protected n-3 fatty acids. Diets contained 181 versus 188 g of crude protein and 183 versus 186 g of acid detergent fiber/kg of DM and 1.54 versus 1.66 Mcal of net energy for lactation at the actual DM intake for SS versus AF, respectively. Cows received 0 or 500 mg of bST every 10 d from 12 to 70 d in milk (DIM) and at 14-d intervals through 280 DIM. The 2 × 2 factorial combination of diet (SS or AF) with or without bST administration resulted in treatments designated as SSY, SSN, AFY, and AFN, respectively. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using mixed model procedures to determine the effects of diet, bST, and their interactions. Yield of 3.5% fat-corrected milk was not altered by diet, but was increased by 4.0 ± 1.9 kg/d from 12 to 70 DIM and by 5.1 ± 1.2 kg/d from 12 to 280 DIM by bST. Treatment did not affect DM intake or energy balance (EB) nadir. There was an interaction of bST and diet on EB because AF decreased the impact of bST on overall EB and allowed AFY cows to reach a positive EB earlier than SSY cows. Gross feed efficiency adjusted for body weight change was greater for bST-treated cows (1.03 vs. 1.15 ± 0.03 kg of fat-corrected milk/Mcal of net energy for lactation). Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations were increased by bST (85 vs. 125 ± 8 ng/mL). Body weight, body condition score, and backfat thickness were reduced by bST, but differences between treated and nontreated cows did not differ by 280 DIM. Results indicate cows responded to bST administration in early lactation, but the magnitude of the response was greater after 70 DIM. Source of dietary fat had a minimal effect on most production measurements, but relative to SS, AF decreased the impact of bST on overall EB. Results support the premise that bST administration prolongs the delay in postpartum tissue replenishment.     

浓缩鲜荔枝果汁乳酸菌饮料的研制

介绍了用鲜牛奶为原料经乳酸菌发酵后,加入浓缩鲜荔枝果汁配制而成的荔枝乳酸饮料的研制工艺。它具有较高营养价值和特殊的典型性风味,比牛奶更易为人体吸收,并具有良好的保健作用,很受消费者青睐。     

"Chilled" pork - Part II. Consumer perception of sensory quality

The objective of this study was to compare consumer perception of the sensory quality of grilled Canadian pork destined for Japanese and domestic markets, with particular reference to export selection criteria imposed by Japanese importers and transportation conditions. Consumers from Quebec, Canada tasted local and export quality pork subjected to "chilled" (aged 43days at -1.7°C) or conventional ageing (5days at 3.1°C). Consumers' scores (out of 10) were higher (P<0.05) in the "chilled" than conventionally aged pork for tenderness (6.8 vs 5.7), juiciness (6.6 vs 6.0), taste liking (6.4 vs 5.9) and overall acceptability (6.7 vs 6.1). When informed that the conventionally aged, domestic quality pork was destined for the domestic market, consumer scores increased significantly (P<0.05). No effect of information was observed on the perception of the 'chilled' export quality meat, perhaps a consequence of the high sensory quality observed prior to labelling.     

Consumer perception, facts and possibilities to improve acceptability of health and sensory characteristics of pork

Changes at consumer level, as well as an image decline of the meat sector, resulted in considerable decreases of fresh meat consumption. Consumer orientation is considered as a prerequisite to slow down or reverse the adverse fresh pork consumption evolution. Consumer perception of pork is taken as the starting point of this article. Focus is first on assessing differences between facts related to nutritional value and healthiness aspects of pork and their perception by Belgian meat consumers. Second, possibilities of improving pork characteristics are identified. Pork is perceived worst as compared to beef and poultry on the attributes leanness, healthiness, taste and tenderness. Consumer-oriented response strategies should focus at improving these intrinsic quality characteristics, before other elements like traceability, labelling or marketing can be implemented successfully. The possibilities to improve nutritional value, healthiness and sensory characteristics pertain to selection, pig diet composition, transport, slaughter and post-slaughter circumstances. A successful adoption of consumer orientation urges for co-operation throughout the entire pork production chain. The identified topics are key attention points for adequate production and marketing by the pork sector, as well as for consequent communication by government and public services.     

Production of n-3 fatty acid enriched pork liver pâté

Five batches of pâté were manufactured using back fat and liver enriched in polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids and α-tocopherol. Tissues were obtained from animals fed on diets with the same ingredients excepting the oil source which were: [sunflower (C), linseed (L) and linseed and olive (1/1, w/w) (LO)] and two different amounts of α-tocopherol [20 (C, L and LO) or 200 (LOE and LE) mg/kg diet]. A pâté with a healthier polyunsaturated fatty acid n-6/n-3 ratio (<4) was obtained from linseed enriched batches than from those of both the control (9.32) and several commercial pâtés (8.64). The α-tocopherol enriched batches showed a higher lipid stability against oxidation. No differences of chemical composition, TBARs values, textural or sensory features were found.     

Microbial, physical and sensory properties of yogurt supplemented with lentil flour

In this study, skim milk (9.5% w/v solid content) was supplemented with 1-3% (w/v) lentil flour or skim milk powder, inoculated with a yogurt culture, fermented and stored at 4 °C. Acid production during the fermentation, microbial growth, physical properties (pH, syneresis, and color), rheological properties (dynamic oscillation temperature sweep test at 4-50 °C), during 28 days of refrigerated storage and also sensory properties (flavor, mouth feel, overall acceptance and color) after production, were studied. Milk supplementation with 1-3% lentil flour enhanced acid production during fermentation, but the microbial population (CFU) of both S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were in the same range in all lentil flour and skim milk powder supplemented yogurts. The average pH of samples decreased from 4.5 to 4.1 after 28 days storage. Syneresis in 1-2% lentil flour supplemented yogurts was significantly higher than all other samples; however, greater lentil supplementation (3%) resulted in the lowest syneresis during the 28 days storage. With respect to color, “a” and “L” values did not significantly differ in all samples and remained constant after 28 days whereas “b” value increased as a result of lentil supplementation. Yogurt with 3% lentil flour showed higher storage (G') and loss (G?) moduli in comparison with samples supplemented with 1-3% skim milk powder and the non-supplemented control yogurt. Storage modulus (G') was higher than loss modulus (G?) in all samples and at all temperatures between 4 and 50 °C and they showed a hysteresis loop over this temperature range when the samples were heated and cooled. 1-2% lentil flour supplemented yogurt showed comparable sensory properties in comparison with 1-2% skim milk powder supplemented yogurt and the control sample.     

高脂日粮中n-6、n-3脂肪酸配比对小鼠机体抗氧化能力及血脂的影响

为了了解不同n-6、n-3系多不饱和脂肪酸配比对小鼠机体抗氧化能力和血脂的影响,通过测定饲喂6周不同饲料C57小鼠血浆中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)和致动脉粥样硬化指数(A11并进行统计分析.实验结果表明,从改善血脂、提高机体抗氧化能力来看,n-6、n-3不饱和脂肪酸比例10:1组效果好于5:1组,若添加抗氧化剂LA,有利于改善机体脂质过氧化产生的不良影响,对预防动脉粥样硬化会起到积极的作用.     

Investigating changes in sensory stickiness perception with age

A recent study had shown that a group of younger subjects (21–29 years) selected the term sticky at a significantly greater rate than a group of older subjects (55–70 years) using the Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) methodology with a range of nuts. It was hypothesised that differences between age groups in bolus properties was causing greater sensory stickiness intensity to be perceived by the younger subjects. The aim of the current study was to assess the physical properties of the bolus, as well as the dynamic perception of stickiness using Time Intensity (TI), of the same subjects from the previous study. Subjects undertook a mastication trial where they chewed cashews and expectorated the bolus for assessment of its physical properties. Subjects also undertook a TI task with two separate products: cashews and blended cashews (blended to a particle size that simulated a ready to swallow food bolus), without training of high and low intensity anchors of each sensation. Results showed the bolus properties and oral processing behaviour was similar between the two age groups. Results also showed the dynamics and magnitude of TI for stickiness was similar between the two age groups. The study suggests variables other than bolus properties and stickiness intensity are responsible for differences in the TDS selection of stickiness between younger and older age groups.     

Oxidative stability of vegetable purees enriched with n-3-LC-PUFA microalgal biomass: impact of type of vegetable

Vegetable purees can be interesting food products to enrich with omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3-LC-PUFA), since they are important carriers of nutrients and fibres and essential in a healthy diet. Due to their large number of double bounds, n-3-LC-PUFA are highly susceptible to lipid oxidation. Different vegetable purees, containing different types and amounts of endogenous antioxidants, may possibly show differences in oxidative stability. This study contributes to obtain more insight into the impact of the type of vegetable (broccoli, carrot or tomato) on the oxidative stability of purees enriched with heterotrophic (Schizochytrium) n-3-LC-PUFA-rich microalgal biomass. Therefore, different vegetable purees enriched with microalgae were compared with each other and analysed for their amount lipid oxidation products and antioxidants. Broccoli and tomato puree enriched with Schizochytrium showed a higher oxidative stability compared to enriched carrot puree. However, all of these Schizochytrium-enriched purees were prone to oxidation.