分子筛型催化剂的失活与再生

轻烃转化过程中酸性分子筛催化剂失活的主要原因是积炭。积炭由反应物生成，其生成速率受分子筛的孔结构、酸性及反应操作条件影响。通过积炭组分形成过程的分析，可以提出积炭形式的模型及限制分子筛催化剂积炭失活的一些方法和最佳化的再生条件。从失活催化剂上去除积炭，一般是在贫氧空气流下的氧化处理，由于积炭分子中大量的氢原子在低温下被氧化，防止分子筛分解的再生操作方法分为2个阶段：第一阶段低温，第二阶段高温，通过使催化剂在高温下避免与水蒸气接触而减少催化剂的分解。     

DMTO催化剂的空气再生动力学研究

研究DMTO催化剂在工业条件下的再生动力学对于DMTO工业装置的稳定运行具有重要意义。目前的研究主要集中在根据工业再生器运行数据进行拟合,得到的再生动力学适用温度范围窄。利用热重分析仪,采用等温和非等温方法对DMTO工业流化床反应器中积炭催化剂进行空气再生实验研究。结果表明,积炭DMTO催化剂空气再生反应速率对催化剂积炭含量表现为一级反应。两种方法得到的空气再生活化能几乎相同,约为85 k J·mol-1。表明积炭DMTO催化剂再生过程中积炭物种具有相同性质,实验方法对再生活化能影响很小。     

生物质热解催化剂积炭问题的研究进展

生物质催化热解获得生物油等高质产品是最有前途替代传统化石能源的方法之一,但在热解过程中存在着严重的催化剂失活问题,其中积炭是导致催化剂失活的最主要因素。本文对近年来生物质催化热解领域的催化剂积炭问题进行综述,重点介绍催化剂积炭失活原因及表征方法、积炭的影响因素分析（催化剂结构、催化剂酸性与反应温度）、抑制催化剂积炭的方法 （催化剂改性、高压反应条件等）以及积炭催化剂再生方法 （氧化灼烧再生、臭氧低温再生、非热等离子体再生等）,并介绍了近年来新兴的微波催化热解技术对催化剂积炭的抑制和消除作用,然后针对该领域目前所面临的困难和发展方向进行展望,以期为生物质催化热解过程中催化剂积炭问题研究提供理论基础。     

分形在催化剂筛选和活性考察中的应用

对于甲烷、二氧化碳与氧气催化氧化重整反应,在利用盒子维法测定催化剂表面分形维数的基础上,考察了表面分形维数与催化剂筛选、催化剂制备方法、稀土元素添加量和催化剂反应前后的处理等之间的关系,实验证明分形是一种有效的工具.     

DMTO再生催化剂经C4/C5+裂解预积炭后对MTO反应性能的影响

采用小型固定流化床,研究了MTO副产物C4/C5^+烯烃在DMTO再生催化剂上的催化裂解反应、预积炭情况,以及预积炭后再生催化剂对MTO反应性能的影响。结果表明:C4/C5^+烯烃可作为原料在DMTO再生催化剂上进行催化裂解,生成乙烯、丙烯,增加双烯产量。在此裂解过程中,DMTO再生催化剂发生预积炭,可以提高MTO反应中双烯的初始选择性,缩短反应诱导期,提高双烯收率;同时,可以减小甲醇的生焦率,降低甲醇消耗。DMTO再生催化剂预积炭会影响催化剂寿命,其经C4/C5^+裂解预积炭过程中碳质量分数以3%左右为宜。     

物理分级技术在重整装置催化剂分级中的应用

中国石化广州分公司采用物理分级技术对连续重整反应一再生系统卸出的催化剂按照密度进行分级,可将受损后的侏儒球、破碎催化剂从正常催化剂中分离出来,分离后可回用的催化剂积炭量最高为3.43%,能够满足积炭量小于7%的控制指标要求。工业运转结果表明,物理分级技术的催化剂密度分级效果良好,将积炭量不大于7%的催化剂回用,不仅能够满足反应和再生的要求,而且还缩短了再生开工过程中黑烧的时间。     

硫化物催化剂结构性质与合成甲醇反应性能的关联(Ⅱ)──表面形貌的分形几何特征

应用分形几何理论研究了硫化物催化剂的表面性质及其与合成甲醇反应性能的关系．由分形维数定量地表征了催化剂表面形貌的几何特征．提出了催化剂表面分形维数具有特定的分布,并用正态分布函数进行了拟合．考察了助催化剂和载体对催化剂表面分形维数的影响,由此探讨了分形维数与催化剂结构和反应性能的关系．对甲醇的时空收率和分形维数进行了关联．     

3-甲基吡啶氯氟化反应积炭失活催化剂的烧炭动力学模型

采用TPO-MS表征了3-甲基吡啶氯氟化反应积炭失活CrO-Al催化剂,发现催化剂的积炭由碳、氢、氮组成,并且烧炭温度上限为500℃。通过热重分析研究了该催化剂的烧炭动力学行为,发现相同反应条件下,随着反应时间延长,催化剂积炭量增加而且积炭种类从容易烧除的轻积炭向不易烧除的重积炭转化,因此不同反应时间的催化剂积炭有不同的烧炭动力学模型。选取反应5 h和反应10 h的积炭催化剂做烧炭再生动力学实验,分别建立两种积炭催化剂的烧炭再生动力学模型,并且与实际的烧炭数据进行拟合,线性相关系数R~20.97。     

硫化物催化剂结构性质与合成甲醇反应性能的关联(Ⅱ)──表面形貌的分形几何特征

应用分形几何理论研究了硫化物催化剂的表面性质及其与合成甲醇反应性能的关系．由分形维数定量地表征了催化剂表面形貌的几何特征．提出了催化剂表面分形维数具有特定的分布,并用正态分布函数进行了拟合．考察了助催化剂和载体对催化剂表面分形维数的影响,由此探讨了分形维数与催化剂结构和反应性能的关系．对甲醇的时空收率和分形维数进行了关联．     

CH4／CO2转化制合成气（CO／H2）Ni／Al2O3系列催化剂抗积炭性能的研究

本文采用原位燃烧色谱法研究了催化剂对CH4／CO2转化制合成气反应的抗积炭性能，测定了反应中催化剂的积炭量，考察了温度等反应条件对积炭量的影响，发现Ni／CeO2－MgO－Al2O3－2催化剂具有较强的抗积炭性能，尤其在低CO2／CH4比的条件下，明显优于其他催化剂。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.