基于博弈论和概率论的发电商竞价策略研究

电力市场环境下,发电公司可以通过策略性投标来获得最大利润。在分析策略性报价研究现状的基础上,建立了基于博弈论和概率论的发电报价数学模型,结合发电公司追求利润最大化的目标,对发电公司竞标成功的概率进行了详细的分析,通过比较发电报价与市场出清价两者之间大小关系的可能性概率及其数学期望的求解,给出了满足发电公司期望效用函数最大的最优报价策略方法。算例分析的结果验证了该方法的有效性和可操作性。     

计及风险的发电公司最优报价策略

在不完全竞争的电力市场中，发电公司可采用策略性报价来最大化利润。然而,在不完全的信息条件下，基于对竞争对手成本或报价的估计而发展的报价策略一般都存在一定风险,如由于报价太高而没有被调度或被调度的发电容量明显小于期望值等。一般而言,期望利润大的报价策略相应的风险也大。因此，对发电公司来讲，需要对报价策略相应的风险进行分析和评估，或构造兼顾期望利润最大和风险程度最小两个矛盾目标的折衷报价策略。文中针对这一问题进行了研究,构造了在联营体运行模式的电力市场环境下发电公司计及风险的最优报价策略模型框架，并提出了两种求解方法。最后,以有6个发电公司参与的电力市场为例说明了所提出方法的基本特征。     

计及风险的发电公司最优报价策略

在不完全竞争的电力市场中，发电公司可采用策略性报价来最大化利润。然而，在不完全的信息条件下，基于对竞争对手成本或报价的估计而发展的报价策略一般都存在一定风险，如由于报价太高而没有被调度或被调度的发电容量明显小于期望值等。一般而言，期望利润大的报价策略相应的风险也大。因此，对发电公司来讲，需要对报价策略相应的风险进行分析和评估，或构造兼顾期望利润最大和风险程度最小两个矛盾目标的折衷报价策略。文中针对这一问题进行了研究，构造了在联营体运行模式的电力市场环境下发电公司计及风险的最优报价策略模型框架，并提出了两种求解方法。最后，以有6个发电公司参与的电力市场为例说明了所提出方法的基本特征。     

机组报价曲线的调整策略分析

在电力市场环境下，发电公司可以通过策略性的投标来获得取最大利润。文章以电力联营体（pool market)的市场模式，根据pool market中发电厂商之间供需的互补关系，研究了机组的报价曲线，分析了机组利润最大化的报价策略，得到了机组最优报价曲线的调整方法，同时讨论了在考虑电力需求弹性影响时此策略的均衡解。最后，通过算例说明了厂商在不同条件（如市场势力、协作与非协作报价、考虑电力需求弹性等）下的报价策略。文中所提的最优策略也可推广到发电公司之间的竞争。     

Power Pool中发电公司竞价问题的微观经济学分析

运用微观经济学理论研究了Power Pool模式中发电公司的竞价问题。首先，通过对寡头市场的均衡分析指出，Power Pool模式中发电公司采取策略性报价是寡头企业长期均衡的必然结果。其次，运用供给函数均衡分析指出，发电公司的优化报价策略是报价高于边际成本，发电公司的优化报价曲线经过发电公司面对其自身剩余需求曲线单独决策时的最优化点，市场的统一清除价必定等于发电公司面对其自身剩余需求曲线单独决策时的最优化点的价格，市场均衡解存在且惟一。最后，探讨了均衡解与市场力之间的关系，并通过分析差价合约对均衡解的影响发现差价合约可降低电力公司的市场力。     

Power Pool中发电公司竞价问题的微观经济学分析

运用微观经济学理论研究了Power Pool模式中发电公司的竞价问题。首先，通过对寡头市场的均衡分析指出，Power Pool模式中发电公司采取策略性报价是寡头企业长期均衡的必然结果。其次．运用供给函数均衡分析指出，发电公司的优化报价策略是报价高于边际成本，发电公司的优化报价曲线经过发电公司面对其自身剩余需求曲线单独决策时的最优化点，市场的统一清除价必定等于发电公司面对其自身剩余需求曲线单独决策时的最优化点的价格，市场均衡解存在且惟一。最后，探讨了均衡解与市场力之间的关系，并通过分析差价合约对均衡解的影响发现差价合约可降低电力公司的市场力。     

人工智能在电力市场竞价策略中的应用

在电力市场环境下,发电厂商可通过策略性的竞价取得最大利润.介绍了人工神经网络在电力市场市场清算价预测上的应用,以及用模糊聚类(FCM)和人工神经网络(ANN)构造发电厂商最优报价策略的方法.指出人工智能在电力市场竞价策略这一课题领域的应用前景.     

基于模糊集理论的发电公司分段报价策略研究

在电力市场环境下，发电公司竞价上网的目标是最大化利润。显然，发电公司采用的报价策略对其获得的利润会有相当大的影响。文章针对运行不久、历史数据尚不充分、采用分段报价和统一市场清除价的电力市场，提出了一种为发电公司构造最优报价策略的方法。文中在历史报价数据尚不充分和获取其他相关信息的基础上，采用模糊集理论描述了发电市场中竞争对手的报价行为，并建立了报价策略的模糊优化模型，然后采用遗传算法求解得到发电公司的最优报价策略。最后用算例说明了该方法的主要特征。     

基于效用分析方法的发电企业最优报价策略

不完全竞争的电力市场中,发电企业可以通过策略性报价来最大化利润。然而,在不完全信息的条件下,提出的报价策略一般都存在着一定的风险,如由于报价过高而没有被调度或被调度的容量明显小于期望值等。因此,对发电企业而言,需要对报价策略的风险和利润进行评估,构造兼顾利润最大和风险最小这2个矛盾目标的折中报价策略。文中针对这一问题进行了研究,提出了基于预测边际清算电价的计及风险的发电企业机组报价模型,将风险管理中的概率分析方法及效用分析理论引入报价方案的利润和风险评估中,并给出了求解方法,为解决计及风险的情况下构造发电企业的报价策略问题提供了新的途径。最后以一算例证明了该模型的可行性。     

基于效用分析方法的发电企业最优报价策略

不完全竞争的电力市场中，发电企业可以通过策略性报价来最大化利润。然而，在不完全信息的条件下，提出的报价策略一般都存在着一定的风险，如由于报价过高而没有被调度或被调度的容量明显小于期望值等。因此，对发电企业而言，需要对报价策略的风险和利润进行评估，构造兼顾利润最大和风险最小这2个矛盾目标的折中报价策略。文中针对这一问题进行了研究，提出了基于预测边际清算电价的计及风险的发电企业机组报价模型，将风险管理中的概率分析方法及效用分析理论引入报价方案的利润和风险评估中，并给出了求解方法，为解决计及风险的情况下构造发电企业的报价策略问题提供了新的途径。最后以一算例证明了该模型的可行性。     

Capacitor theory

A new linear capacitor model is proposed. It is based on Curie's empirical law of 1889 which states that the current through a capacitor is i(t)=U₀/(h₁tⁿ), where h₁ and n are constants, U₀ is the dc voltage applied at t=0, and 0i(t)=h₁tⁿ, that is, it increases almost in proportion to time since n nearly equals 1.0. For a general input voltage u(t) the current is i(t)=Cdⁿu(t)/dtⁿ where use is made of the fractional derivative, defined by means of its Laplace transform. The model gives rise to a capacitor impedance Z(iω=1/[(iω)ⁿC], with a loss tangent that is independent of frequency. The model has other properties: the capacitor `remembers' voltages it has been subjected to earlier, dielectric absorption is an example of this. Capacitor problems require solving integral equations. The model is dynamic, i.e. electrostatic processes are simply slow dynamic processes. The model is applied to several problems that cannot be treated with conventional theory     

Number theory

Number theory, an abstract branch of mathematics that deals with relationships between whole numbers, has provided highly useful answers to numerous real-world problems. The author briefly reviews earlier uses of number theory and then examines recent applications to music, cryptography, and error-correction codes     

Cmos latchup theory

The purpose of this paper is to study the CMOS latchup phenomenon from a non-linear circuit theoretic standpoint by using some recently developed results on negative-resistance devices. We introduce a simple mechanism to describe the latchup phenomenon based on a special circuit topology called feedback structure, which is shown to be responsible for the occurrence of latchup. Several guidelines are proposed to prevent latchup by destroying the feedback structure. In addition to the characterization of the steady-state behaviour, we use a first-order circuit model to analyze the latchup dynamics during the turn-on process and give a stability analysis of the circuit dynamics. All existing techniques to prevent latchup are shown to follow naturally from our guidelines, which are derived using nonlinear circuit theory.     

Generalized transmission line theory as an antenna theory for EMC analysis

This contribution exhibits the equivalence between generalized transmission line theory and antenna theory, as applied to thin-wire structures. While in antenna theory focus is put on the direct solution of appropriate field integral equations, in the derivation of generalized transmission line theory the relevant field integral equations are first transformed into equivalent generalized Telegrapher equations and eventually solved by methods which are tailored to transmission line theory. This is illustrated by two examples that exemplify the use of generalized transmission line theory in EMC analysis for the investigation of radiating transmission line systems.     

Using fuzzy set theory

Two main trends are mentioned: the fuzzy set theory and the fuzzy logic. Both build upon set theory and logic, respectively. Three features distinguish the approaches: (1) the use of so called linguistic variables, instead of or together with numeric variables; (2) the use of fuzzy conditional statements to represent simple relations between variables; and (3) the characterization of complex relations by fuzzy algorithms. Fuzzy linguistic variables and fuzzy algorithms offer an effective, more flexible way to describe a system's behavior too complex for a classical mathematical model. They are very successful in economics, management science, artificial intelligence, information retrieval systems, pattern recognition, image processing, psychology, biology, and other fields rendered inherently fuzzy do to the unpredictable behavior of their components. Expert systems, fuzzy neural computing and pattern recognition are discussed in some detail     

Network theory and CAD

Methods used to teach fundamental network theory and computer-aided design of analog networks are discussed. It is shown that although the classical nodal and mesh formulations are needed for hand calculations, students should also get information about modified nodal analysis. It is also shown that DC solutions of linearized networks can easily be explained by using modified nodal formulation and the simplest numerical integration formula     

Teaching electrodynamic levitation theory

A theoretical approach to teaching the principles of electrodynamic levitation is described. Two theories are used to obtain analytical solutions to predict the performance of a simple MAGLEY arrangement. The first theory, based on Maxwell's equations and vector force relationships, is for a simplified model allowing for a finite-thickness track conductor. The second theory is for a thin plate track and is a straightforward calculation of the lift and drag forces for a particular electromagnetic repulsion geometry, involving solution by one-dimensional integral equations. The magnetic flux source travels at a constant velocity and is derived from a sinusoidally distributed current sheet which in practice can be derived from windings or permanent magnets. Edge and end effects are neglected in both cases, which is equivalent to assuming infinite iron above the excitation surface and below the conducting plate. The simplified theory is illustrated quantitatively by a laboratory experiment in which a tray of permanent magnets is suspended over a rotating conducting plane. Gap magnetic field and drag force are measured as functions of velocity. The theoretical approach allows the following aspects to be investigated: the magnetomotive force and physical dimensions to produce suitable field magnitudes and measurable forces; the effect of harmonics by practical measurement of field profiles; and the effect of skin depth and conducting plate dimensions     

Lyapunov和最优控制理论相结合的非线性励磁控制器设计及仿真

把Lyapunov稳定性理论和最优控制理论相结合应用于单机无穷大系统设计励磁控制器，推导出发电机非线性最优励磁控制规律。并对推导出的控制规律在Matlab的Simulink环境下进行仿真，仿真结果表明，利用此方法设计的控制器对于扰动有较好的控制效果，能很快使扰动产生的暂态过程得到抑制。改进了电力系统的稳定性能。     

A theory of nonenergic N-ports

A circuit element is nonenergic if the instantaneous power flow into it is always zero. Well-known examples include the ideal diode, transformer, gyrator and circulator. Most of the interesting nonenergic elements are nonlinear N-ports with N ? 2, and many of their properties are quite counterintuitive. For example, there exists a surprisingly large class of nonenergic multiport capacitors and inductors, all of which, it turns out, are nonlinear and reciprocal. Nonenergic linear N-ports, on the other hand, are necessarily resistive and antireciprocal. In this paper, we present a rigorous fundamental theory of nonenergic N-ports that results in a general canonical representation. Special canonical forms are developed for nonenergic resistors, capacitors and inductors, and numerous examples are given.