人格含义辨析

在对人格的产生、发展历史作简要分析的基础上,就学界关于人格界定的一些观点加以辨析,对科学界定人格的含义提出一些建议.     

Personality measurement.

Critiques J. Wallace's (see record 1966-07714-001) ability-oriented conception of personality measurement. It is suggested that personality measurement must take into account the effects of test-taking anxiety and that Wallace's response predisposition approach is undesirable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality disorders.

There are effective psychotherapy treatments for personality disorder, and they come from a variety of theoretical and practical perspectives. No single approach has proved to be superior to any other, but all those empirically examined to date are superior to no treatment. There are essentially no data available from studies that directly measure the role of the therapy relationship in determining outcome. However, many successful treatments place the therapy relationship at the center of treatment for personality-disordered individuals. Empirically informed, rational analysis of successful treatments suggests that there must be a strong alliance supported by therapist respect for and validation of the patient. Clear structure that includes reasonable limit setting also is required. M. Linehan (1993) aptly called the simultaneous delivery of validation and blocking maladaptive patterns, the dialectic between acceptance and change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The genetics of aging

We present a case of a patient who is HIV positive and developed both thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura and visceral Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) with hemorrhage. This case presents a difficult management problem in that the patient's bleeding originated from KS lesions and did not quickly abate with plasmapheresis therapy despite both clinical and laboratory improvement after 2-4 days. Chemotherapy was initiated on day 13 and the patient's condition improved markedly afterward. We believe the addition of chemotherapy to plasmapheresis hastened the improvement of our patient's thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and KS-related bleeding. Therefore, under similar conditions, we recommend combining plasmapheresis and chemotherapy at the onset of therapy.     

Contagious interest in genetics

This feature article is the first of a series of three articles on hospice/palliative care which will be published in future issues of Probe. The remaining two features discuss hospice care case scenarios and the role of the dental hygienist in palliative care.     

Molecular genetics. Introduction

While sharing the same techniques as the field at large, diagnostic molecular genetics is unique among the subdisciplines of molecular pathology in many of its aspects, from sample collection to ethical implications of the test results obtained. Yet, despite its many challenges, this branch of DNA diagnostics has already pervaded the practice of medical genetics to an extent unmatched in any other clinical specialty. Genetic disease also presents the most immediately obvious opportunities for extension from DNA-based diagnosis to DNA-based therapy.     

The Representation of Four Personality Disorders by the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality Dimensional Model of Personality.

This study examined the relationships of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) model of personality to 4 targeted personality disorders (PDs) in a large multisite sample of patients. Data were examined from 529 patients, who were assigned 1 of 5 primary diagnoses: borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive PDs and major depression without PD. Patients were administered the SNAP questionnaire and results were compared among diagnostic groups and between patient groups and nonclinical norms. Results indicated that the dimensions of the model appear to have considerable promise in differentiating normal from abnormal personality, particularly in the propensity of individuals with PDs to manifest negative affects and interpersonal detachment. Furthermore, the model appeared to successfully distinguish specific PDs, a property that represents a particular challenge for dimensional models of personality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The genetics of labor

The immunomodulatory effects of the antibiotic sodium fusidate (SF) were tested in a model of T cell-dependent hepatic injury that can be induced in normal mice by a single i.v. injection of Con A. Signs of hepatitis with elevated transaminase activities in plasma, severe infiltration of the liver by neutrophil granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes, and necrotic areas were observed in control mice treated intraperitoneally with PBS 24 h and 1 h before Con A challenge. T cell- and macrophage-derived cytokines (IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6) were released with different kinetics in the circulation of these mice. SF, 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg, administered 24 h and 1 h before Con A challenge, protected the mice against the hepatitic effects of Con A. The protective effects of SF were dose-dependent and accompanied by profound modifications of blood levels of cytokines induced by Con A, so that, relative to control mice, SF (80 mg/kg)-treated animals showed markedly diminished plasma levels of IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, along with augmented levels of IL-6. These results suggest that SF might be useful in the treatment of immunoinflammatory liver diseases in humans.     

The genetics of obesity

Five genes have been identified, each capable of causing obesity in mice and each with a human homologue. One of them codes for a signal expressed by adipose tissue, and another for the signal's brain receptor. The rest reveal brain pathways probably downstream from the receptor. Together, the genes offer glimpses of an intricate system that defends adipose stores--and in some persons maintains an unhealthful set-point.     

Genetic selection strategies--population genetics

This paper provides an overview of the association between population genetics and selection strategies in poultry. Relationships between artificial and natural selection and among causes contributing to limits to artificial selection are discussed. Homeostasis and resource allocations at the individual and at the population level are reviewed. Examples from poultry demonstrate where human intervention has circumvented biological limits. Lastly, this paper considers the role of population genetics in future breeding strategies for poultry.     

Introduction to molecular genetics

We have developed a rapid and highly sensitive method for the detection of mutant K-ras codon 12 allele in the presence of 10(5) copies of the wild-type alleles. This sensitivity is achieved by selective amplification of mutant K-ras sequences, using a two-stage procedure with modified primers. In the first stage, primers consist of K-ras sequences in the 3' portion and polyomavirus sequence (to minimize homology with human genome) on the 5' portion. The 3' portion also consists of mismatch sequence that generates an MvaI site in normal, but not mutant, K-ras codon 12 alleles. Thus, following the first round of 20 cycles, restriction enzyme cleavage is carried out to selectively digest normal K-ras codon 12 alleles. To enrich mutant alleles, a second amplification is performed using tail primers that recognize the polyoma, but not human sequences. This design ensures that in the second amplification only mutant alleles that were pre-amplified in the first round would serve as template for this reaction. Ethidium bromide-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of second-stage PCR product that has been digested with MvaI is used to monitor the presence of mutant alleles, detected at sensitivity of 1/10(5). This technique offers high sensitive detection of mutant K-ras alleles using a new concept of tail-primer design and is likely to assist in identifying patients at risk to develop pancreatic, colon, or lung cancer, which harbor high incidence of mutant ras alleles.