Prediction of the Removal Efficiency of a Novel Two‐Stage Hybrid Scrubber for Flue Gas Desulfurization

Emission of SO₂ from various industrial sources occurs in varying concentrations and quantities. The operation of scrubbers as SO₂ control devices is getting more and more attention as pollution control regulations are tightened. Experimental investigations on the scrubbing of SO₂ in a novel two‐stage hybrid (spray‐cum‐bubble column) scrubber using water and dilute sodium alkali are reported. Empirical and semi‐empirical correlations are developed for the prediction of the performances of the bubble and the spray sections in terms of various pertinent variables of the system for water and alkaline scrubbing, respectively. The contribution of the mass transfer enhancement factor towards the removal of SO₂ has been exploited while developing the semi‐empirical correlation for the prediction of performance in alkaline scrubbing. The predicted values are in excellent agreement with the experimental values. Finally, the operating features of the scrubber and design aspects are discussed in order to develop our understanding for practical applications.     

表面活性剂吸收法治理甲苯废气的中试实验

采用添加表面活性剂的填料塔来吸收治理甲苯废气，探讨了水-吸收剂的吸收机理，筛选出适合吸收甲苯的表面活性剂。考察了喷淋量、入口废气中的甲苯浓度和表面活性剂添加量这3个因素对甲苯去除率的影响。通过实验分析所得到的结果表明，对甲苯来说表面活性剂对去除率的影响最大，喷淋液体流量次之，入口浓度的影响最小。当条件满足时，最高去除效率可以达到90．6％(质量)，甲苯废气可以达标排放。     

H2S Reactive Absorption from Off‐Gas in a Spray Column: Insights from Experiments and Modeling

H₂S removal from an off‐gas stream was performed in a spray column by H₂S reactive absorption into a NaOH solution. The individual and interactive effects of three independent operating variables on the percentage of absorbed H₂S were investigated: the initial pH of the scrubbing solution, the initial scrubbing solution temperature, and the volumetric liquid‐to‐gas ratio. The optimum operating variables were determined by response surface methodology (RSM) attaining a percentage of absorbed H₂S of 98.7 ± 0.2 %. Additionally, the process performance was modeled by an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the percentage of absorbed H₂S. The results showed that the experimental data agreed better with the ANN model than with the RSM results.     

金属表面处理工艺水洗过程研究

水洗是金属表面处理工艺中不可缺少的组成部分,其过程质量好坏直接影响到产品的表面质量。本文主要对金属表面处理工艺中水洗过程的质量要求、水洗方法、水洗水的循环再利用等进行了研究,并例举了一些应用实例,希望对金属表面处理工艺用水及供排水管理有一定的参考价值。     

静态混合器在硝基苯生产中应用的侧流试验研究

介绍了静态混合器的混合原理,及其在硝基苯生产的中和、水洗工序的应用情况,与原来采用的釜式搅拌器进行了比较,结果表明,采用静态混合器进行酸性硝基苯的中和与水洗,酚盐的去除率能达到生产要求,软水的消耗量可降低50%。     

超高耐擦洗内外墙苯丙乳液的应用研究

从涂膜的耐擦洗性、早期抗粉化性、耐水耐碱性对新一代超高耐擦洗内外墙乳液进行了应用试验研究。试验表明,该产品是一款具有出色耐擦洗性的苯丙乳液聚合物,尤其适用于高PVC涂料,从而实现了通过降低乳液用量来降低配方成本的目的。     

Komplementäre Dekarbonisierung der Erzeugung von Elektroenergie und Gewinnung synthetischer Kraftstoffe durch Erneuerbare Energien und fossile Energieträger

The concept of complementary decarbonisation of power generation from renewable energy sources and fossil fuels consists of their integration in one system. A technology network in the form of a CCU‐combined power plant is proposed for the energy generation from fossil fuels by a coal power plant with CO₂ recovery from the exhaust gases and a pyrolysis of natural gas to hydrogen and carbon as a basic technology. This technology network is completed by a reverse water‐gas shift reaction for the conversion of the CO₂ to CO, which will react with the hydrogen in a Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis for synthetic diesel. The recovered energy from the exothermic Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis meets the energy needs of CO₂ scrubbing. The carbon from the pyrolysis can replace other fossil carbon or can be sequestered.     

100kt／a硫酸装置水洗净化的污水处理

硫酸装置水净化工艺的污水处理，若单纯用石灰乳中和大都会出现超标排放、污染环境，采用两次中和、两次絮凝沉降、一次真空过滤、一次冷却降温工艺处理水洗净化的污水，实现了封闭循环，达到了零排放 。介绍该污水处理的工艺原理、反应机理、工艺流程和设备与管道的选用，分析了经济效益，经环境监测部门监测，治理效果显著，为硫酸装置水洗净化的污水处理开创了一条有效的治污途径。     

Elimination of air and water pollution by double-stage scrubber

This new scrubbing system has been developed to eliminate entirely air pollution caused by water cooling towers during oil or fat deodorization. It also minimizes water effluent. In industrial application for more than one year, this system is based on the action of two scrubbers placed in series. The first scrubber is a conventional one, whereas the second uses concentrated cooled brine circulating in closed circuit as the condensing medium. A thorough purification of water vapors is thus achieved before the volatiles from the deodorizer enter into the high vacuum bosters. As a practical result of this special scrubbing process, the condensing water of the barometric condensers can be entirely recycled and this water is cooled by means of clean water in a surface heat exchanger requiring minimum maintenance for cleaning. Presented at the AOCS annual meeting, Toronto, May 1982.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备油脂加氢催化剂的研究

采用溶胶－凝胶法，制备了可用于食用油脂加氢的单元镍催化剂，研究了催化剂制备方法对催化剂镍含量的影响及镍含量的变化对活性的影响。研究表明：镍含量最佳值在20％左右，催化剂的活性随镍含量增加而提高，采用乙醇代替水洗可有效提高催化剂的镍含量和催化活性。     

60kt／a硫铁矿制酸装置扩建改造的设计特点

介绍一套小型硫铁矿制酸装置扩建改造的设计特点。装置产能由60kt／a增加到80kt／a,净化工序由水洗净化工艺改为稀酸洗净化工艺。净化工序使用了下段为泡沫板、上段为填料床的组合式洗涤设备泡填塔,具有投资省和效率高的优点。预期改造投资回收期为4．5年,经济效益和环境效益良好。     

Mass and energy flows in a fluoride scrubber when the fluoride is returned to single superphosphate

The gaseous fluoride evolved during the production of single superphosphates may be disposed of by scrubbing it from the effluent gas streams with water sprays and using the resulting scrubber liquors as sources of dilution water for the concentrated sulphuric acid used in the superphosphate manufacturing processes.Part of the returned fluoride is re-evolved which leads to higher fluoride loadings on the scrubbing systems which must therefore be relatively large and expensive installations. Accurate initial design is thus important to minimise the costs involved.This paper presents a theoretical model of such a zero effluent discharge system which will aid in this process. Parameters covered include the temperatures of the gases and liquids within the scrubbing system, the amount of fluoride re-evolved from the superphosphate and the vapour pressures of fluoride over the scrubber liquors.The effects of increasing the number of scrubbing stages while keeping the total number of transfer units constant and varying the air flows within scrubbing systems have been calculated and the results are presented.     

化肥厂循环水系统不停车清洗探索

化肥厂循环水系统采用新型清洗剂FB-40进行不停车清洗,在清洗过程中对主要冷换设备的循环水出入口温度、二氧化碳温度等进行监测分析,清洗后对换热器内部进行检查,从监测和检查效果看,不停车清洗取得了较好的效果.     

Collection and identification of organic materials accumulated on a rubber composite

Rubber composites are composed of rubber(s), reinforcing filler(s), crosslinking agents, antidegradants, and processing aids. Organic materials with low molecular weight can migrate to the surface of the rubber composite and get accumulated on the surface. The bloomed materials make the appearance worse and contaminate the surroundings. It is not easy to collect successfully the bloomed materials without damage to the sample. The collecting methods of scratching with a polished glass, heating with an iron, scrubbing with solvent‐soaked cellulose tissue, and scrubbing with solvent‐soaked melamine foam were compared. The collected materials were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The scrubbing with solvent‐soaked melanine foam or with solvent‐soaked cellulose tissue was found to be recommendable. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1260–1264, 2007     

Trickle‐bed scrubbing of flue gas SO2 using non‐aqueous solvents

Experiments were carried out on the performance of several ketone solvents for the scrubbing of dilute SO₂ from a gas stream and its conversion to sulfuric acid in a trickle‐bed reactor packed with activated carbon. Using a bench‐scale trickle bed packed with a structured packing based on Sulzer static mixers coated with Centaur^TM activated carbon and a Teflon binder, measurements of SO₂ removal, conversion to acid and catalyst productivity showed that all were considerably greater than levels achieved with water flushing. The combination of Teflon‐coated Centaur activated carbon with a non‐aqueous solvent as the flushing agent provided from 10 to 100 times higher catalyst productivity than those obtained with water alone and other activated carbons. Also, the productivities obtained by this combination were up to 40 times higher than the productivity of typical vanadium pentoxide catalyst operating at 350°C to 400°C.     

Experimental investigation on removal of coal-fired fine particles by a condensation scrubber

The removal of coal-fired fine particles by heterogeneous condensation of water vapor in a scrubber was investigated. Supersaturated vapor phase necessary for the condensation growth of fine particles was achieved in the scrubbing zone as well as in the top of the scrubber by means of steam addition in the gas inlet and above the scrubbing liquid inlet, respectively. The condensation grown droplets were then removed by the scrubbing liquid and high-efficient demister. Influences of the steam addition amount, the temperature difference between the inlet gas and scrubbing liquid, and the liquid-to-gas ratio, etc. on removal efficiency were examined. The results show that with a steam addition amount of flue gas, number removal efficiencies of more than 60% and 70% can be attained for the two cases of steam addition, respectively. For the cases with steam addition in the gas inlet of scrubber, higher temperature difference between the inlet gas and scrubbing liquid enhances the removal of fine particles. Under the conditions of steam addition above the scrubbing liquid inlet, the removal efficiency decreases with increasing temperature difference. The removal efficiency can be effectively improved by increasing the liquid-to-gas ratio for both steam addition modes.     

新型气化炉煤气洗涤废水生物脱氮的研究

在实验室,采用SBR生化反应器,分别研究了经空气吹脱预处理和未经预处理的新型气化炉煤气洗涤废水经驯化建立的生态系统脱除氨态氮和COD以及脱氮模式的区别,得出以下结论:新型气化炉煤气洗涤废水可采用短程亚硝化型硝化形式直接进行生化处理。     

螺旋霉素发酵液不同过滤洗涤方式的对比研究

用板框压滤机进行发酵液的过滤是目前发酵液处理的主要手段。但国内各厂家在过滤洗涤时都采用置换洗涤法 ,大大增加了洗涤水的用量 ,也影响了收率。研究表明 ,改用横穿洗涤法进行洗涤可以使洗涤液体积减少一半 ,提高了过滤收率 ,同时减少了溶媒损耗和产品损失 ,并降低了滤饼含水量 ,取得了明显综合经济效益     

以硅藻土为原料制备Na_2SiO_3·5H_2O工艺条件的研究

采用环境友好的纯碱对硅藻土进行碱熔,通过溶液结晶法制备Na2SiO3·5H2O产品。实验研究了硅藻土的分离提纯过程中的水洗过程包括擦洗次数及分离条件,碱熔过程的原料配比、温度、溶解等工艺条件。结晶过程中母液的浓度、温度、晶种的添加及干燥时的温度和时间等工艺条件,利用XRD、IR、UV、TG等对所得产品进行了表征,分析了结晶水的含量,得出生产Na2SiO3·5H2O的最适宜条件。     

新一代高性能通用型内外墙苯丙乳液的应用研究

从耐擦洗性、早期抗粉化性、耐水白性、耐水耐碱性系统地对新一代高性能通用型内外墙苯丙乳液进行了应用试验研究。试验表明,该产品是一款具有高性价比、广泛通用性和优秀性能的水性苯丙乳液共聚物,可适用于内外墙各种PVC的乳胶漆。同时通过应用交联技术,表明该产品只须使用少量的成膜助剂即可获得优秀的耐擦洗性能。