苯加氢催化反应动力学研究

文章采用溶胶-凝胶法制备NiO-MoO3/Al2O3-TiO2催化剂,研究基于该催化剂苯加氢生成环己烷的反应。利用实验数据对几种可能的动力学模型进行参数估值,得到该反应的动力学模型。     

Kinetics of Liquid‐Phase Hydrogenation of Iso‐valeraldehyde to Iso‐amyl Alcohol Over A Ru/Al2O3 Catalyst

The liquid‐phase catalytic hydrogenation of iso‐valeraldehyde to iso‐amyl alcohol was studied in a slurry reactor. The kinetics of liquid‐phase hydrogenation of iso‐valeraldehyde over a 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst was studied in the range of temperature 373‐393 K and H₂ pressure 0.68‐2.72 MPa using 2‐propanol as the solvent. The selectivity to iso‐amyl alcohol was 100%. The kinetic data were analyzed using a simple power law model. A single site Langmuir‐Hinshelwood type model suggesting dissociative adsorption of hydrogen and surface reaction as the rate‐controlling step provided the best fit of the experimental data. The catalyst could be reused thrice without any loss in activity.     

Three‐Phase Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation over Supported Glass Fiber Catalysts: Reaction Kinetics Study

The catalytic properties of Pd and Pt supported on woven glass fibers (GF) were investigated in the three‐phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB). Over all catalysts, a 100 % yield of aniline was attained. The catalytic activity for the best catalysts was two times higher than the activity of commercial Pt/C catalyst traditionally used for liquid–phase hydrogenation. The intrinsic reaction kinetics were studied and a reaction scheme is suggested. The direct formation of aniline from NB was observed over Pd/GF with traces of intermediates. Four intermediate products were detected during aniline formation over Pt/GF: nitrosobenzene, phenylhydroxylamine, azoxybenzene, and azobenzene. The Eley‐Rideal kinetic model fits the experimental data well. The parameters of the model were determined as a function of initial NB concentration and hydrogen pressure. Pt and Pd supported on GF in woven fabrics are suggested as suitable materials for reactors with a structured catalytic bed in multi‐phase reactor performance.     

A kinetic study of the electrochemical hydrogenation of ethylene

In this study, we have examined the kinetics of the electrochemical hydrogenation of ethylene in a PEM reactor. While in itself this reaction is of little industrial interest, this reaction can be looked upon as a model reaction for many of the important hydrogenation processes including the refining of heavy oils and the hydrogenation of vegetable oils.To study the electrochemical hydrogenation of ethylene, several experimental techniques have been used including polarization measurements, measurement of the composition of the exit gases and potential step, transient measurements. The results show that the hydrogenation reaction proceeds rapidly and essentially to completion. By fitting the experimental transient data to the results from a zero-dimensional mathematical model of the process, a set of kinetic parameters for the reactions has been obtained that give generally good agreement with the experimental results. It seems probable that similar experimental techniques could be used to study the electrochemical hydrogenation of other unsaturated organic molecules of more industrial significance.     

Simulation of an Industrial Pyrolysis Gasoline Hydrogenation Unit

A model is developed based on a two‐stage hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline to obtain a C₆–C₈ cut suitable for extraction of aromatics. In order to model the hydrogenation reactors, suitable hydrodynamic and reaction submodels should be solved simultaneously. The first stage hydrogenation takes place in a trickle bed reactor. The reaction rates of different di‐olefines as well as hydrodynamic parameters of the trickle bed (i.e., catalyst wetting efficiency, pressure drop, mass transfer coefficient and liquid hold‐up) have been combined to derive the equations to model this reactor. The second stage hydrogenation takes place in a two compartment fixed bed reactor. Hydrogenation of olefines takes place in the first compartment while sulfur is eliminated from the flow in the second compartment. These reactions occur at relatively higher temperature and pressure compared to the first stage. The key component in this stage is considered to be cyclohexene, of which the hydrogenation was found to be the most difficult of the olefines present in the feed. The Langmuir‐Hinshelwood kinetic expression was adopted for the hydrogenation of cyclohexene and its kinetic parameters were determined experimentally in a micro‐reactor in the presence of the industrial catalyst. The model was solved for the whole process of hydrogenation, including hydro‐desulfurization. The predictions of the model were compared with actual plant data from an industrial scale pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation unit and satisfactory agreement was found between the model and plant data.     

非催化条件下异丙苯液相过氧化反应动力学

研究了非催化条件下异丙苯(IPB)液相氧化主副反应动力学,包括主要副产物α-甲基苄醇(MBA)和苯乙酮(ACP)生成规律以及重要链终止产物ROOR (DCP)的分解反应路径。基于烃类链式自由基反应机理,建立了包含反应物IPB、主产物过氧化氢异丙苯(IPBHP)、副产物MBA、ACP以及链终止产物DCP的反应动力学模型。动力学模型预测结果与实验数据吻合良好。通过对373～404 K下实验数据的拟合,得到了不同温度下各基元反应速率常数和活化能。模拟计算表明,两个副反应活化能均大于主反应;链终止产物DCP的分解反应通过氧气的参与进行。研究结果可为异丙苯液相氧化工业反应过程的设计和优化提供基础参数,并且有利于深化对烷基芳烃液相氧化反应机理的认识。     

On the experimental study and scale-up of three-phase catalytic reactors: Hydrogenation of glucose on nickel catalyst

Measurements of reaction kinetics and pore diffusion were made in four different types of laboratory scale reactors. The liquid—phase hydrogenation of glucose to sorbit on a nickel-silica catalyst was studied at 80 to 150°C and 1.6 to 10 MPa using two sizes of catalyst pellets and powdered catalysts. The experimental results were computed with the help of a heterogeneous model by employing the kinetic parameters. The objective was to show the applicability of the reaction kinetics and the effective diffusivities under other operating conditions.     

High‐Pressure High‐Temperature Transparent Fixed‐Bed Reactor for Operando Gas‐Liquid Reaction Follow‐up

A 3‐MPa, 350 °C fixed‐bed reactor was designed to follow‐up gas‐liquid‐solid reactions on a millimetric size heterogeneous catalyst with Raman spectroscopy. The transparent reactor is a quartz cylinder enclosed in a Joule effect heated stainless‐steel tube. A methodology to determine how to focus the microscope for liquid and solid phase characterization is presented. The setup was validated by performing diesel hydrodesulfurization on a CoMo/alumina extrudate catalyst with a conversion very close to expected values along with the acquisition of Raman spectra of the solid catalyst showing an evolution of the catalyst phase during sulfidation.     

Modelling of citral hydrogenation kinetics on an Ni/Al2O3 catalyst

The kinetics of citral hydrogenation in ethanol over an Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst was studied in a slurry reactor operating at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature range of 60–77°C. Citronellal was the primary reaction product, whereas the amounts of unsaturated alcohols were very minor. Citronellol was the dominating product, generated mainly through the hydrogenation of the carbonyl group of citronellal. Based on the experimental data, a kinetic model was developed for hydrogenation. The model comprises competitive and rapid adsorption steps as well as rate-determining hydrogenation steps. The mass transfer limitation of hydrogen was included in the mathematical model. The kinetic parameters and the mass transfer parameter of hydrogen were estimated from the experimental data. A comparison of the model predictions with the experimental data revealed that the proposed kinetic approach gave a satisfactory reproduction of the data.     

NO2氧化二甲基硫醚动力学研究

采用连续釜式反应器，对NO2氧化二甲基硫醚生成二甲基亚砜的反应进行了实验研究。在假定反应步骤和考虑二甲基亚砜对二氧化氮溶解度影响的前提下，建立了反应的动力学模型，并结合实验数据，对动力学模型进行了参数估值。经统计检验表明，所建立的动力学模型是适当的。     

A very simple empirical kinetic model of the acid‐catalyzed cure of urea–formaldehyde resins

The hot pressing operation is the final stage in MDF (medium density fiberboard) manufacture; the fiber mat is compressed and heated up to promote the cure of the resin. The aim of the investigations is to study the curing reactions of UF (Urea–Formaldehyde) resins as commonly used in the production of MDF, and to develop a simplified kinetic model. This investigation has combined Raman spectroscopy to study the reaction cure and ¹³C‐NMR for the quantitative and qualitative characterization of the liquid and still uncured resin. Raman spectroscopy was found very interesting for the study of the resin cure and permitted to obtain kinetic data as the basis for a simple empirical model, considering a homogeneous irreversible reaction of a single kind of methylol group and ureas with rate constants depending on their degree of substitution. Although these results can provide a better understanding of the composition and the cure of an UF resin, several issues remain open, such as the influence of the reversibility of the reactions taking place during the curing process as well as the possible formation of cyclic groups in the resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5977–5987, 2006     

Supercritical hydrogenation processes: Experimental results on the fluid phase behavior of binary and ternary mixtures of hydrogen,propane and tripalmitin

The problems of low reaction rate and cis–trans isomerization encountered in the gas–liquid catalyzed hydrogenation of vegetable oils can be overcome by using a supercritical fluid to bring the reactive mixture into a homogeneous phase. For that purpose, experimental phase equilibrium data on mixtures of high molecular weight substrates with hydrogen and a supercritical fluid are needed in order to evaluate optimum process conditions. In this work vapor–liquid and liquid–liquid equilibria in mixtures of hydrogen+propane+tripalmitin have been measured. A temperature region between 323 and 453 K, and pressures up to 15 MPa were covered.     

环戊二烯加氢宏观动力学的研究

The macrokinetics of hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene was investigated over Pdγ-Al2O3 catalyst. Experimental results showed that the relationship between the constituents and reaction time was in agreement with the characteristic of consecutive irreversible first-order reaction. Analysis on the reaction mechanism of selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene indicated that it is reasonable to express the hydrogenation rate of cyclopentadiene in the power law form. Parameters of the kinetic model were obtained by the Gauss-Newton method based on the experimental data. From the statistic test and residual error distribution the kinetic model was proved to be adequate.     

Comparison of Selective Gas Phase‐ and Liquid Phase Hydrogenation of (Cyclo‐)Alkadienes towards Cycloalkenes on Pd/Alumina Egg‐Shell Catalysts

The hydrogenation of dienes such as 1,3‐butadiene, cyclooctadiene, and of acetylenic hydrocarbons on Pd catalysts shows high reaction rates and consequently, a strong influence of mass transfer on the selectivity of the intermediate alkene or cycloalkene product. 100 % selectivity towards (cyclo)‐alkene hydrogenation is achieved for the gas phase when the Thiele modulus is , where L is the thickness of the active layer and D_eff is the effective diffusion coefficient of the diene. The interdependencies expressed by this formula were studied in detail using model catalysts with regular pores of uniform length and diameter and perpendicular to the surface. These catalysts were prepared by anodic oxidation of aluminium wires and immobilization of the active Pd. For the liquid phase procedure of selective hydrogenation, a reaction mass transfer model has been derived in order to compare the gas phase and liquid phase procedures, in particular with respect to the selectivity. The hydrogenation of 1,3‐cyclooctadiene and of 1,3‐butadiene were studied for both procedures employing the same catalyst. The rate of hydrogenation can be represented for both cases by the identical kinetic equation r₁ = k₁ c_H2. This result is interpreted by assuming that the access of hydrogen to the surface through the dense layer of adsorbed diene is the rate determining step.     

An intrinsic kinetic model for liquid-phase photocatalytic hydrogen production

A kinetic study was accomplished to describe the photocatalytic production of hydrogen in liquid phase. A reaction mechanism and a kinetic model were proposed to predict the rate of hydrogen production, which is a function of light intensity, catalyst loading, substrate concentration, and time. To assess the capability of the proposed model, glycerol and ethanol were selected as representative hydrogen sources (substrates). The experimental data performed under different operating conditions, based on Box–Behnken experimental design, were used to train the developed kinetic model, optimize the parameters using genetic algorithms and check its accuracy. The analysis confirms the validity of the model under different operating conditions. In addition, the ability of the model to predict the rate of hydrogen production for other substrates, photocatalysts, and operating conditions was confirmed by comparing model predictions with experimental data from literature.     

在Pt／Al2O3催化剂上气相苯加氢反应的动力学

在研制得到了高活性和高选择性 Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂的基础上,采用微反-色谱联用装置考察了气相苯加氢反应的动力学。假定在催化剂表面上存在着两种不同的活性中心,一种吸附氧;另一种吸附苯、环己烷及反应中间物,并假定吸附氢与吸附苯间的表面反应为过程的控制步骤,从而导出动力学方程。通过实验测得了不同反应条件下的反应速率和组分分压,并用非线性回归方法处理实验数据,求得方程中各参数。通过偏差分析、方差分析及 Boudart 提出的四条判断准则,验证了动力学模型及回归参数的合理性。结果得到了此动力学模型与实验数据较好地吻合。在此基础上测定了反应的活化能及氢、苯和环已烷的吸附热。     

Palladium supported on filamentous active carbon as effective catalyst for liquid-phase hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol to 2-butene-1,4-diol

Structured palladium catalysts suitable for three-phase reactions have been developed based on woven fabrics of active carbon fibres (ACF) as the catalytic supports. The Pd/ACF were tested in liquid-phase hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol showing a selectivity towards 2-butene-1,4-diol up to 97% at conversions up to 80%. The catalyst multiple reuse with stable activity/selectivity in a batch reactor was also demonstrated. The reaction kinetics was studied and the main kinetic parameters were obtained. Assuming a Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics and a weak hydrogen adsorption a suitable kinetic model was developed consistent with the experimental data.     

Confocal Raman imaging,FTIR spectroscopy and kinetic modelling of the zinc oxide/stearic acid reaction in a vulcanizing rubber

The reaction of zinc oxide (ZnO) with stearic acid (StA) to form zinc stearate (ZnSt) has been investigated experimentally in a model matrix (unvulcanized styrene–butadiene rubber) by using confocal Raman microscopy and FTIR transmission spectroscopy. The heterogeneous nature of the reacting system has been confirmed. The Raman analysis has revealed the core–shell structure of the product, which is formed via the gradual shrinkage of the ZnO core and the concurrent formation of a surrounding ZnSt shell of increasing thickness. FTIR spectroscopy has provided information about the molecular state of aggregation of StA when dissolved in the rubber, as well as quantitative information on the reaction kinetics. The kinetic behaviour of the system has been interpreted using a semi-quantitative heterogeneous reaction model grounded on the Raman imaging results, which was able to catch the essential features of the phenomenon and to simulate reliably the experimental conversion vs time data at three different temperatures.     

Modeling of an industrial fixed bed reactor based on lumped kinetic models for hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline

In this work, a mathematical model of an industrial fixed bed reactor for the catalytic hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline produced from olefin production plant is developed based on a lumped kinetic model. A pseudo-homogeneous system for liquid and solid phases and three pseudo-components: diolefins, olefins, and parraffins, are taken into account in the development of the reactor model. Temperature profile and product distribution from real plant data on a gasoline hydrogenation reactor are used to estimate reaction kinetic parameters. The developed model is validated by comparing the results of simulation with those collected from the plant data. From simulation results, it is found that the prediction of significant state variables agrees well with the actual plant data for a wide range of operating conditions; the developed model adequately represents the fixed-bed reactor.