Sensory, Shear, and Cooking Properties of Lower-Fat Beef Patties Made with Inner Pea Fiber

Lower fat (10% and 14%) ground beef patties containing inner pea fiber as dry powder or as part of a high fat mixture were compared to all‐beef patties (10%, 14%, and 18% fat). Patties processed with pea fiber had improved tenderness and cooking yields and showed less change in thickness during cooking, but required longer cooking times to reach 71 °C compared to all‐beef controls. Beef flavor intensity of pea fiber patties did not differ from 10% and 14% fat all‐beef patties. Different forms of pea fiber usage produced similar patty properties. Use of inner pea fiber in lower fat beef patties improved tenderness and cooking yield, without negative effects on juiciness and flavor.     

青海大通犊牦牛肉食用品质与血清生化指标的相关性分析

为了研究牛肉的食用品质和血清生化指标的相关性,测定青海大通犊牦牛和海北小黄牛肉的色度、pH1值、pH24值、剪切力、失水率、熟肉率和血清生化指标。结果表明：青海大通犊牦牛肉与海北小黄牛肉相比具有色泽暗红、嫩度较好、保水性较高的特点。青海大通犊牦牛肉中K+、Na+、Cl－、Mg2+、高密度脂蛋白含量、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力显著高于海北小黄牛,低密度脂蛋白含量、谷草转氨酶(GOT)活力显著的低于海北小黄牛,血清肌酐含量与熟肉率呈显著的正相关,而与失水率呈显著的负相关;GOT活力与pH24值呈显著的正相关。     

Presalting effects on water retention of pork and beef batters

Presalting effects were studied by measuring cooking loss as a function of chopping time for pork and beef batters. Presalting (ground meat/salt/water = 100/3/20, by weight, 24h) as compared with direct salting in the chopper, substantially reduced the cooking loss of pork batters, but only when the batters were relatively coarsely chopped. With more extensive chopping (exceeding 10–15 min at low chopper speed) no presalting effects were found, indicating that salt diffusion, protein dissolution and myofibril swelling were completed also in control batters salted in the chopper. Presalting of beef had a much weaker, although similar, effect on water retention properties.The practical implications are that presalting may help in reducing cooking loss of coarsely comminuted sausages, particularly pork products. Presalting, however, has no beneficial effect on finely comminuted, bowlchopper-produced sausages.     

Effects of starches on the textural,rheological, and color properties of surimi–beef gels with microbial tranglutaminase

In order to evaluate effects of starches (corn starch, potato starch, and tapioca starch) on the characteristics of surimi–beef gels with microbial transglutaminase, the cooking loss, gel strength, color and rheological properties of samples were investigated. Results demonstrated that starches gave negative effects on the cooking loss of surimi–beef gels. The gel with corn starch had the highest cooking loss while that with tapioca starch showed the lowest value. The gel with potato starch obtained the highest gel strength. During the sol–gel transitions, surimi–beef complexes with 3% corn starch exhibited the highest storage modulus value, while that with 3% tapioca starch had the lowest one. The addition of starch caused the increase of L* values of surimi–beef gels. Results showed that the excessive amount of starch resulted in the decrease in gel strength of surimi–beef gels.     

Effects of Electrical Stimulation, Boning Temperature, Formulation and Rate of Freezing on Sensory, Cooking, Chemical and Physical Properties of Ground Beef Patties

The effects of electrical stimulation vs nonstimulation, temperature of boning (hot vs cold), formulation (USDA Choice chucks with USDA Choice plates vs imported cow lean with USDA Choice plates) and rate of freezing (fast = -50°C vs slow = -20°C) were determined on sensory, cooking, chemical, and physical properties of ground beef patties. Sensory panel ratings for tenderness were highest in patties from formulations processed with either nonstimulated beef, hot-boned beef or Choice chucks. The substitution of imported cow lean for Choice chucks generally reduced cooking losses and changes in patty height during cooking. Fat losses during cooking were higher in patties made from electrically stimulated than nonstimulated beef, while moisture losses during cooking were greater for patties from nonstimulated than stimulated beef. Of the factors involved in this study, hot boning produced the most beneficial results in beef patties. Boneless chucks and plates from electrically stimualted Choice carcasses appear to be suitable raw materials for production of ground beef patties.     

Effect of Age and Sex on the Biophysical Properties of Fresh Beef Muscle from Bullocks and Steers

Longissimus (LD) muscle samples/steaks were obtained from 32 intact and 32 castrate male crossbred beef animals slaughtered at 8-, 12-, 16-, and 20-months of age. Most of the LD biophysical traits evaluated were significantly affected by age and sex condition. Marbling and texture estimates favored the steers but no sex differences were observed for color and firmness estimates. Objective color, firmness and tenderness measurements generally favored the steers although bullocks showed higher expressible juice values. Steer muscle had a greater cooking rate and less cooking loss than that of bullocks. Little sex differences in cooking time were noted. Age effects on biophysical attributes were most pronounced at 12 and/or 16 months of age. There appears to be little or no improvement in the important biophysical properties of beef longissimus muscle obtained from intact males or from animals older than 16 months.     

不同烹饪方法对牛肉挥发性风味物质的影响

为了研究不同烹饪方法(炸制、蒸制和煮制)对牛肉挥发性风味物质的影响,利用固相微萃取(solid phase microextraction,SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)联用技术对不同烹饪方法处理牛肉样品中挥发性风味物质进行分离鉴定....     

Curdlan协同Alcalase嫩化生鲜调理牛肉工艺优化

以新鲜牛肉为原料,分析不同浓度的Curdlan及Alcalase对生鲜调理牛肉剪切力、蒸煮损失及感官品质的影响,并研究该体系下肌浆蛋白质及肌原纤维蛋白质的分解情况,优化生鲜调理牛肉嫩化加工工艺。结果表明:体系中Curdlan对生鲜调理牛肉剪切力、蒸煮损失及感官品质均有显著的影响(P0.05),但是对牛肉中蛋白质无明显的分解作用;Alcalase对肌原纤维蛋白质及肌浆蛋白质有明显的分解作用。另外,不同的Curdlan及Alcalase添加量对生鲜调理牛肉的剪切力、蒸煮损失均有显著的影响(P0.05);并且Curdlan、Alcalase对生鲜调理牛肉感官品质有显著的促进作用;通过响应曲面试验二次回归法优化生鲜调理牛肉工艺,得到工艺条件为Curdlan添加量5.43 mg/g,Alcalase添加量4.29 U/g,腌制时间73.4 h,以该工艺进行验证实验后得到产品剪切力为(0.960±0.006)kg,蒸煮损失为(19.96±0.36)%,感官评分为92.81±0.75,与理论值相比,相对误差小于5%,该工艺准确可靠,可以用于生鲜调理牛肉的嫩化加工处理。     

Fat Level and Freezing Temperature Affect Sensory, Shear, Cooking and Compositional Properties of Ground Beef Patties

Experiments were conducted to determine effects of two targeted fat levels (6, 20%) and two freezing temperatures (?43, ?20°C) on sensory, shear, cooking and compositional properties of beef patties. Select grade beef rounds (IMPS 161) were used as the lean source for patties with U.S. Choice plates as the fat source. The 20% fat formulation had increased beef flavor and initial tenderness (?20°C frozen patties only) scores, but had higher instrumental shear values compared to the 6% fat patties. Freezing patties (especially those of 6% fat) at ?43°C greatly improved sensory and instrumental tenderness. Faster freezing reduced fat retention of 20% fat patties during cooking. Use of Select grade beef rounds coupled with rapid freezing is suggested for producing acceptable low-fat ground beef patties.     

Use of electrical stimulation, hot processing and carrageenan for processing low-fat ground beef patties

Three studies were conducted to determine the effects of electrical stimulation, hot processing and carrageenan usage on sensory, shear force and cooking properties of low-fat (5, 10%) beef patties. The right or left sides of beef carcasses assigned to electrical stimulation (ES) received 600 V pulsating current for 120 s. Non-stimulated (NS) sides were also included for comparisons. Sides subjected to hot processing (HP) were boned 90 min post-exsanguination. Cold processing (CP) was initiated 48 h post mortem. Formulations for the manufacture of patties included the use of carrageenan [none, 0.5% iota (ι), 0.5% kappa (κ)]. Patties from NSHP beef had higher pH and cooking yields, less shrink in patty dimensions during cooking and lower shear force values than patties from NSCP controls (P < 0.05). ES improved tenderness and juiciness of CP patties, while ESHP patties exhibited higher cooking yields than NSCP patties. Tenderness was improved in two of the three studies as a result of increasing the fat content from 5 to 10%. Use of ι-carrageenan provided improvements in tenderness and juiciness over patties receiving no carrageenan or κ-carrageenan. Processors should consider HP with 1.0% added salt (improved cooking yields, patty configuration, tenderness) and the use of ι-carrageenan (improved tenderness and juiciness) for low-fat beef patties.     

Evaluation of an Accelerated Processing System for Precooked Beef Products

Twelve beef carcasses were used to determine the effects of accelerated processing (hot-boning) on cooking, palatability and storage characteristics of precooked beef products. The conventional (CS) and the accelerated processed (AS) sides were fabricated into rib roast, strip loin, chuck roll, and pizza topping and products were precooked by convection oven, broiling, water bath or in a steam kettle, respectively. Products from the AS sides had lower cooking losses for strip loin steaks and chuck rolls and shorter cooking times for loin steaks and rib roasts than did product from CS sides. Rib roasts and chuck rolls from both processing systems were very acceptable in tenderness, but AS loin steaks were unacceptable in tenderness. Loin steaks and rib roasts from AS had less off-flavor than roasts from CS sides.     

Palatability and Storage Characteristics of Precooked Beef Roasts

The palatability and storage characteristics of fresh, frozen and precooked beef chuck roasts prepared using added phosphate-salt and vacuum cooking bags were evaluated. Palatability attributes (tenderness, juiciness, beef flavor intensity, and off-flavor intensity) of precooked roasts prepared in vacuum cooking bags with phosphate-salt were as good or better than freshly cooked roasts. Precooked roasts in vacuum cooking bags had the lowest total bacterial counts after storage for 14 and 28 days. A palatable precooked roast beef product was developed that can be stored for 28 days at 4°C.     

常用加工工艺及添加物对牛肉中彩虹色斑点的影响

彩虹色斑点是近年来发现存在于肉及肉制品中的一种特殊颜色。文中主要研究了滚揉和煮制以及一些常用添加物对半腱肌中彩虹色斑点的影响。试验结果表明,彩虹色斑点随着滚揉时间的增加而减少,随着煮制温度的增加而增多;添加水对彩虹色斑点无影响,但添加食盐和复合磷酸盐却能显著增加半腱肌中的彩虹色斑点(P<0.05)。     

Cooking and Chemical Properties of Raw and Precooked Flaked and Ground Beef Patties Cooked from the Frozen State

Cooking and chemical properties were investigated on beef patties formulated from UDSA Choice or Cutter-Canner cow beef; processed by either grinding, flaking, or flaking, then grinding; and subjected to final broiling from the precooked or raw state. Quality grade of lean exerted minimal influence on the cooking and chemical properties. Precooked patties had more total cooking losses than nonprecooked patties. For precooked patties made from flaked beef, most of the losses in weight; and configuration occurred during precooking rather than final broiling. The opposite was true for precooked patties made from gro and beef. Thus, in order to maximize yield and minimize configurational changes the method of patty processing should be considered in deciding whether to precook patties prior to freezing.     

Thawing Prior to Cooking Affects Sensory, Shear Force, and Cooking Properties of Beef Patties

Patties from 6 commercial formulations were cooked to 71°C from either the frozen state or after thawing for 24 to 27 h at 4 °C to eliminate the pink/red color exhibited when cooked to 71 °C from the frozen state. Thawed patties had shorter cooking times, higher cooking yields, and lower shear force peak load and peak energy values. Patties cooked from the thawed state increased in thickness during cooking, while patties cooked from the frozen state decreased in thickness during cooking. Thawing prior to cooking increased sensory evaluation scores except for patties made with carrageenan. Thawing not only eliminated the problem of pink/red color after cooking but also improved sensory, shear force, and cooking properties of beef patties.     

Effect of rapid thawing on the meat quality attributes of USDA select beef strip loin steaks

The objective was to determine the meat quality effects of rapidly thawing beef steaks in a water bath. Frozen beef strip loins (n = 24) were cut into steaks sequentially from the rib end and identified by anatomical location (anterior, middle, posterior) within the loin. Within location, steaks were randomly assigned to conventional (C; 18 to 20 h, 4 °C) or rapid thawing methods. Rapid thawing methods, fast (20 min, 20 °C) or very fast (11 min, 39 °C), were conducted in a circulating water bath. The physical, thawing, cooking, color, and texture characteristics of each steak were recorded. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with a 3 thawing treatments × 3 locations factorial analysis with loin as a block. No location by thawing method interaction was detected (P > 0.05) for the measured variables. Compared to C steaks, rapidly thawed steaks exhibited lower thaw drip loss (P < 0.001) and higher a* values (P < 0.001). Thawing treatment did not influence L*, b*, cook yield, or shear force. Steaks from the posterior end had higher (P < 0.001) surface to volume ratios that may have contributed to the higher thaw loss (P < 0.01), longer cooking time (P < 0.001), lower cooking yield (P < 0.001), and higher shear force (P < 0.02) compared to steaks from the anterior and middle portions of the loins. These data indicate that beef steaks taken from the entire length of the loin can be rapidly thawed in a water bath following food safety guidelines with minimal impact on meat quality. Practical Application: Freezing rate and frozen storage effects on meat quality have been well documented; however, there is comparatively little information on the meat quality effects of rapid thawing within food safety guidelines. This study demonstrates that beef strip loin steaks can be rapidly thawed in as few as 11 min without affecting texture or cooking yield, while reducing thaw drip loss. Thus, rapid thawing may enhance the apparent juiciness of steaks for consumers and provide an effective method for maintaining consistent control of experimental conditions for researchers.     

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CHEMICAL, COOKING AND COLOR PROPERTIES OF BEEF PATTIES COOKED TO FOUR INTERNAL TEMPERATURES

A study involving five laboratories and nationwide sampling of ground beef was undertaken to determine cooking and color properties of patties cooked to 52.7, 65.6, 71.1 and 79.4C. The design of the study included purchase location (local, distant) and patty handling prior to cooking Pesh, thawed either as patties or bulk ground beef). Purchase location was not a statistically significant influence on cooking and color properties. Patties processed from bulk thawed product had a higher amount of brown cooked color. A strong relationship existed between visual and instrumental measures of red color in cooked patties. However, correlations among other cooking properties were low. Patties with higher fat content were associated with shorter cooking times, lower cooking yields and more brown cooked color. The low relationships between raw and cooked patty properties limits the use of raw ground beef properties as predictors of food safety in cooked beef patties. This further supports the use of instant read meat thermometers in cooking beef patties to at least 71C.     

排酸时间与熟制程度对牛肉挥发性风味物质的影响

为研究排酸时间与熟制程度对牛肉挥发性风味成分的影响,选择排酸过程中(3,5,7d)的西门塔尔牛背最长肌分别制作五成熟、七成熟和全熟牛排,采用顶空固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)法对不同排酸时间下各熟制程度牛肉进行挥发性风味物质的定性、定量与主成分分析,探究利于风味物质形成的排酸时间与熟制程度。结果表明:各牛肉样品中共鉴定出50种挥发性风味化合物,其中酯类化合物相对含量与排酸时间呈正相关,与熟制程度呈负相关,烃类、酮类化合物相对含量分别与排酸时间、熟制程度对应呈负相关,而醛类化合物相对含量与排酸时间和熟制程度均呈正相关,呋喃类化合物仅在排酸7d的牛肉中有检出。主成分分析(PCA)与综合因子评分结果显示排酸7d的五成熟牛肉中的挥发性风味化合物综合评分远高于其它样品组,该条件最利于牛肉中挥发性风味物质的形成。     

不同烹饪方式的牛里脊质构品质比较

分析不同烹饪方式对黄牛牛里脊质构参数、脂肪酸含量的影响。购买新鲜黄牛牛里脊,分为5等份,分别做生牛里脊、炖制、烤制、油煎、真空低温烹饪。对比烹饪方式对黄牛牛里脊持水力、pH、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、感官品质、色泽、质构参数、脂肪酸含量的影响。真空低温牛里脊的持水力、pH值、粗蛋白、粗脂肪分别为89.98%、6.12、23.69 mg/g、23.69%。牛里脊色泽、嫩度、多汁性、风味评分分别为8.86、8.49、8.84、8.62分,色泽参数L^*值、a^*值、b^*值、c^*值、h0值分别为45.15、4.12、14.82、15.39、15.39;质构参数硬度、粘性、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚力、剪切力分别为8.36 N、0.62 N·s、6.98 mm、42.68 N·s、0.42 N/cm2、25.39 N;饱和脂肪酸含量、不饱和脂肪酸含量均较高。真空低温牛里脊与炖制牛里脊、烤制牛里脊、油煎牛里脊持水力、pH、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、感官品质、色泽、质构参数、脂肪酸含量相比,具有统计学差异(p<0.05)。由上述结果可知,不同烹饪的牛里脊与生牛里脊相比,存在一定的微观结构、质构变化和营养物质改变,真空低温烹饪方式下黄牛牛里脊微观结构较为完整,对质构的影响较小,更好的保留脂肪酸等营养成分,符合对黄牛牛里脊的烹饪要求。