混装乳化炸药配方对炸药-岩石匹配效果影响研究

为解决某露天煤矿混装乳化炸药配方单一,炸药性能不能根据不同地质条件及时调整,使炸药性能与岩石匹配效果不佳,导致炸药能量利用率不高、岩石爆破块度较大等问题.通过理论计算分析混装乳化炸药配方中不同组分含量对炸药的爆热、爆速、爆容的影响,结合炸药的密度、爆速计算出炸药波阻抗,结合现场试验,采用Split-Desktop4.0软件对岩石爆破岩石块度进行分析,从而研究影响混装乳化炸药配方对炸药-岩石匹配效果的主要因素,为混装乳化炸药配方的优化提供依据.结果表明:硝酸铵含量从75.0％增加至79.5％,爆热值从2708 kJ/kg增加到3082 kJ/kg;爆速值从4648 m/s增加到4997 m/s;炸药波阻抗由53.5 MN/m3.m/s增加到62.5 MN/m3.m/s;爆容值845 L/kg下降到821 L/kg.说明爆热、爆速、炸药波阻抗随着硝酸铵含量的提高而增大,爆容随着硝酸铵含量增加而减少.为改善炸药与岩石匹配效果,降低大块率,根据1228平盘、1180平盘不同的岩石性质,设计了两组混装乳化炸药配方进行试验,一组通过增加10％的硝酸铵含量提高炸药波阻抗,另一组降低20％的硝酸铵含量,提高炸药的爆生气体容积.经对爆破岩石块度分析,配方调整后大块率降低了6.5％ ～6.8％.     

浅谈水相溶液对乳化炸药综合性能影响

水相作为乳化炸药的重要组分之一,有形成乳化炸药分散相、改善炸药爆炸性能等作用,因此,水相溶液制备质量直接影响着乳化炸药的性能。该文根据生产试验的方式,对影响乳化炸药稳定性的硝酸铵pH值、水含量、硝酸钠质量、氧化剂组成比例等因素进行分析,提出维持水相溶液质量稳定,保持乳化炸药贮存稳定性的方法。     

乳化炸药配方设计的数学方法

文中建立了乳化炸药配方设计的数学模型，利用数学方法讨论了氧平衡以及不同含量的硝酸铵、硝酸钠、水和乳化剂对乳化炸药爆热的影响。计算得到了乳化炸药的几个较佳理论配方。进行爆炸性能测定后，发现理论配方的乳化炸药与现有生产配方相比，具有较大的作功能力。     

军民两用硝铵炸药的配方和某些爆炸性能的相互关系

研究了AN-AN-TNT-DNT、AN-TNT-DNT-Al两种军民两用硝铵炸药的配方和某些爆炸性能之间的相互关系.结果发现:对于AN-TNT-DNT炸药,随着DNT含量由0%增加到5%,炸药的爆热Qv减少1.6%,比容V0增加1.0%,Qv V0的乘积下降0.6%;随着氧平衡由0%降低-2.50%,炸药的爆热Qv减少2.2%,比容V0增加0.7%,Qv V0的乘积下降1.5%.对于AN-TNT-DNT-Al炸药,随着铝粉含量由0%增至14%,炸药的爆热Qv增加58.34%,比容V0下降15.7%,Qv V0的乘积增加33.5%.     

含铝温压炸药的爆炸能量结构研究

为了研究黑索今（RDX）基含铝温压炸药的爆炸能量释放规律及爆炸能量输出结构，对5种含铝温压炸药的爆热和爆速进行了测试，利用绝热式爆热量热计测量了铝粉质量分数为30%的RDX基含铝温压炸药在真空、0.1 MPa氮气、0.1 MPa空气和1.0 MPa氧气环境下的爆炸能量，结合测试数据对试样的爆轰热、爆热和燃烧热进行理论计算。结果表明，RDX基含铝温压炸药的爆速随铝粉含量的增加而线性减小；爆热随铝粉含量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势，在铝粉质量分数为40%时，爆热达到最大值。试样在真空、0.1 MPa氮气、0.1 MPa空气、1.0 MPa氧气环境下的爆炸能量逐渐增加，环境压力的增大和气氛环境中氧含量的增加都会提高炸药的爆炸能量，富氧环境下的爆炸能量可以定量地表征炸药的燃烧热。样品的爆轰热占燃烧热的9.8%~26.4%，爆热占燃烧热的34.5%~50.0%，且这两个参数都随铝粉含量的增加而降低。     

代用硝铵炸药的配方和爆炸性能关系的研究

研究了AN-TNT、AN-TNT-Al两种两用硝铵炸药的配方和某些爆炸性能之间的相互关系.结果发现:对于AN-TNT炸药,随着氧平衡由0降至-2.5%,炸药的爆热Qv减少2.2%,比容Vo增加0.7%,QvVo的乘积下降1.4%;对于AN-TNT-Al炸药,随着铝粉含量由6%增至14%,炸药的爆热Qv增加21.7%,比容Vo下降10.9%,QvVo的乘积增加8.4%,而当氧平衡由0下降至-2.5%,炸药的爆热降低1.6%,比容提高0.8%,QvVo的乘积下降0.8%.     

粉状乳化炸药爆温的理论计算

文章对粉状乳化炸药的爆温进行了计算：用B-W法确定了粉状乳化炸药的爆炸反应方程式,用盖斯定律以炸药原料和爆炸产物各组分的定容生成热为基础计算了其定容爆热,用加权法算得了爆炸产物的摩尔定容热容,最终计算得到岩石粉状乳化炸药的爆温为2695 K,一级、二级、三级煤矿许用粉状乳化炸药的爆温依次为2651 K、2597 K、2510 K.计算结果显示随着氯化钾含量的增加,煤矿许用粉状乳化炸药的爆热、爆温均呈现降低的趋势.当氯化钾含量在4%～9%范围内递增时,炸药的爆热、爆温的降低与氯化钾含量呈线性关系.     

TiH2对乳化炸药性能的影响研究

为获得高威力且热稳定性良好的乳化炸药,研制了一种含有TiH₂的乳化炸药,并对该乳化炸药的性能进行测定。爆速、爆热和猛度实验研究发现,加入TiH₂会使乳化炸药爆速微降,同时提升其爆热和猛度。当乳化炸药中TiH₂质量分数为2%、4%时,爆热分别增加了4.21%、5.66%;猛度分别增加了15.29%、17.20%。TG-DTG实验研究发现,加入TiH₂不会影响乳胶基质的热分解过程,但会降低其表观活化能。当乳化炸药中TiH2的质量分数为2%、4%时,乳化基质的表观活化能分别降低了21.04%、12.61%。TiH₂能够在不影响乳化基质热分解过程的同时,提高乳化炸药威力。     

硝酸钠及亚硝酸钠对乳化炸药生产安全性的影响

应用加速量热仪对乳化炸药生产中的硝酸钠及亚硝酸钠对硝酸铵热稳定性的影响进行测试及分析,研究结果表明硝酸钠对硝酸铵的热稳定性没有影响,少量的亚硝酸钠杂质对于硝酸铵的热稳定性有显著的改变。结合生产实际,对乳化炸药生产过程中水相配料泡沫量大及发生的严重＂溢料＂问题进行了分析,提出了预防同类问题再次发生的措施。     

一种平板状爆炸焊接用炸药

将硝酸铵、硝酸钠、尿素、水、机油和Span80等通过乳化技术制备出乳胶基质。将制备好的乳胶基质和泡沫树脂混合,得到一种平板状炸药。实验表明:该种炸药的密度可低至0.17g/cm³,爆轰的临界厚度为18 mm,在最低临界密度下的爆速为1 678 m/s;随着密度的增加,爆速增加。密度为0.23 g/cm³时,测得爆速为2 149 m/s。初步分析,该炸药可满足某些爆炸焊接工艺的要求。     

Thermal analysis of the exothermic reaction between galvanic porous silicon and sodium perchlorate

Porous silicon (PS) films up to ～150 μm thick with specific surface area similar to 700 m(2)/g and pore diameters similar to 3 nm are fabricated using a galvanic corrosion etching mechanism that does not require a power supply. After fabrication, the pores are impregnated with the strong oxidizer sodium perchlorate (NaClO(4)) to create a composite that constitutes a highly energetic system capable of explosion. Using bomb calorimetry, the heat of reaction is determined to be 9.9 ± 1.8 and 27.3 ± 3.2 kJ/g of PS when ignited under N(2) and O(2), respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) reveals that the energy output is dependent on the hydrogen termination of the PS.     

重铵油炸药热化学参数的计算与分析

通过对多孔粒状铵油炸药、3种常用的重铵油炸药(乳胶基质与多孔粒状铵油炸药的质量比分别为2575、5050、7525)、乳化炸药运用B-W规则,确定重铵油炸药的爆炸反应方程式。用盖斯定律计算重铵油炸药的定容爆热,用加权法计算该炸药爆炸产物的摩尔定容热容。结果表明:随着乳胶基质含量的增加,重铵油炸药的爆热、爆温值均呈下降趋势;通过Origin软件对其数据进行分析,得出了乳胶基质含量对其爆热、爆温的影响近似呈线性关系以及乳胶基质含量对爆热的影响较之于对爆温的影响明显的结论。     

煤矿许用电雷管药剂爆温的理论计算与分析

运用B—W法确定煤矿许用电雷管药剂的爆炸反应方程式,用盖斯定律计算定容爆热,用加权法计算爆炸产物的摩尔定容热容,研究计算得出采用冰晶石作消焰剂的煤矿许用电雷管药剂常见配方的爆热、爆温数据,并对计算结果进行了分析与讨论。计算结果显示随着冰晶石含量的增加,煤矿许用电雷管药剂的爆热、爆温分别呈现下降趋势。     

乳化炸药的高温化学发泡

文中在阐述ＮＨ４ＮＯ３－ＮａＮＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ发泡体系的发泡机制的基础上，推导出了就获得较低的反应速率ｒＲ和气体生成量ｎ的高ｐＨ值对高温的平衡关系，从而提出了高温发泡技术。     

Assessment of single extraction methods for the prediction of bioavailability of metals to Brassica juncea L. Czern. (var. Vaibhav) grown on tannery waste contaminated soil

Various single extractant (DTPA, EDTA, NH(4)NO(3), CaCl(2), and NaNO(3)) was used to evaluate the bioavailability of heavy metals from tannery wastewater contaminated soil and translocation of metals to the plant of Brassica juncea L. Czern. (var. Vaibhav). The extraction capacity of the metals was found in the order: EDTA>DTPA>NH(4)NO(3)>CaCl(2)>NaNO(3). Cluster analysis between different extractants showed close relationship between DTPA, CaCl(2), NH(4)NO(3) except EDTA and NaNO(3), which showed dispersed relationship. Principal components analysis (PCA) applied to metals extracted with EDTA showed different grouping of metals (i) Na, Co, Pb, Ni and (ii) K, Mn, Zn, Cr, in the loading plot which showed similar availability from contaminated soil. PCA applied on metals accumulation data in the plants also exhibited different grouping of variables (i) Cu, Co, Ni, Cd and (ii) Mn, Zn, Pb, Fe showed almost similar accumulation pattern in the plants. The data displayed positive loading for Mn and negative loading for Cr with PC(2). Cd and Zn have shown high loadings in PC(1) and PC(2), respectively. The translocation of most of the tested metals (Pb, Mn, Cd, Ni, Fe) in the shoot of the plant was found better except Cr, Cu, Co and K. The correlation analysis between different extractable metals and metal accumulation in the shoot of the plant showed significant positive correlation with Pb and Cr. Overall, extraction capacity and cluster analysis augmented that EDTA was found suitable extractant for tannery wastewater contaminated soil to B. juncea.     

Speciation of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite using kiloelectronvolt energy atomic and polyatomic and megaelectronvolt energy atomic projectiles with secondary ion mass spectrometry

The negative-ion mass spectra produced by kiloelectronvolt energy (CsI)nCs+ (n = 0-2) and megaelectronvolt energy 252Cf fission fragment projectile impacts on NaNO3 and NaNO2 were collected and compared. The mass spectra generated by impacts of the kiloelectronvolt polyatomic primary ions on NaNO3 were markedly different from those derived from the fission fragment impacts, featuring higher relative intensities of nitrate (NO3-) specific secondary ions (those that reflect the sample stoichiometry). The most prominent secondary ion (SI) peaks produced from NaNO3 by the kiloelectronvolt energy projectiles were NO3- and Na(NO3)2-, both of which relate directly back to the chemical composition of the staring material. Likewise, the most prominent peaks produced by the kiloelectronvolt energy polyatomic projectile impacts on NaNO2 were NO2- and Na(NO2)2-. The fission fragment projectiles produced SI spectra from NaNO3 that were dominated by signals characteristic more of NaNO2, indicating that the megaelectronvolt energy ions induce considerable degradation of the nitrate solid. In addition, the fission fragment projectile produced relative negative SI intensity distributions that are remarkably similar to those reported in earlier studies of the use of laser desorption to produce SI signals from NaNO3. Of the projectiles examined in this study, the 20 keV (CsI)Cs+ projectile generated negative-ion mass spectra that best differentiated NaNO3 and NaNO2, primarily by producing a base peak in the NaNO3 spectrum that was unambiguously representative of the original sample stoichiometry.