猪油基和棕榈油基起酥油的晶型结构研究

应用X-射线衍射法分别研究了在不同结晶条件下制作的猪油基起酥油和棕榈油基起酥油的晶型结构,以便决定能否用廉价的棕榈油取代猪油生产起酥油并丰富有关固体脂肪的晶型结构研究资料。结果表明,猪油和猪油基起酥油的晶型在任何结晶条件下均表现为β型;而棕榈油基起酥油的晶型主要受熟化温度的影响,当熟化温度为15~20℃时表现为β型、当熟化温度25~28℃时表现为β’型。说明棕榈油比猪油更适合成为制作起酥油所需要的固相基料油。     

棕榈油基液态起酥油乳化剂配方优化及其应用

选用棕榈液油(Palm olein)作基料,添加单甘酯、大豆卵磷脂、司盘-60等乳化剂,确定复合乳化剂的最佳配方,并运用复合乳化剂制备棕榈油基液态起酥油,最后对比分析棕榈油基液态起酥油和三种商业液态起酥油对广式月饼感官品质的影响。通过单一乳化剂试验和混料回归设计试验,建立棕榈液油吸水性和酪化性的多元回归模型。结果表明,复合乳化剂最佳配比为(添加量为1%):单甘酯23.4%、大豆卵磷脂40.4%、司盘-60 36.2%。验证性实验表明,最佳配比下,棕榈液油的吸水性为17.2 mL/20 g,酪化性为11.9 g/10 mL。感官评定结果表明,棕榈油基液态酥油仅次于美洲王液态酥油,优于南桥液态酥油和澳之风液态酥油。     

桃酥的品质改进及花粉保健桃酥

桃酥的品质改进及花粉保健桃酥潘延发，荣娟（河北农业技术师范学校０６６６００）１桃酥的品质一般制作桃酥最适当的季节是在春秋季，而在夏冬季节生产的桃酥品质往往较差，寻找其原因发现主要是配料上的问题。传统配方中油脂用纯猪油，夏日气温高，猪油不冻结，使桃酥缺...     

利用酯交换法改进棕榈油硬脂的加工性能

将棕榈油硬脂(ST)与大豆油(SBO)按不同比例混合再进行酯交换反应可以得到不同固脂特征的油脂。实验发现,其中的酯交换油脂IE(70%ST 30%SBO)最适合于加工成通用型起酥油。对这种酯交换油脂的打发性、软硬度及氧化稳定性进行了分析,并与目前市场上常见的全棕榈油基起酥油进行了比较,发现酯交换油脂的柔软度和打发性能均优于后者,但其氧化稳定性不及全棕榈油基起酥油。     

茶多酚对桃酥的保鲜作用研究

以茶多酚和ＢＨＴ（二丁基羟基甲苯）作抗氧化剂,柠檬酸作增效剂,按不同比例加入到猪油桃酥中,将桃酥置６５±２℃的恒温箱中保存,定期进行感官评定和油脂过氧化值（ＰＯＶ）测定。结果表明：茶多酚对桃酥有很强的保鲜作用。它与ＢＨＴ混合使用,有明显的增效作用。在猪油桃酥中,茶多酚的添加量为油脂的７５１０（－６）最佳。     

红枣桃酥的加工工艺研究

以糕点专用粉、红枣粉为原料,起酥油、白砂糖、碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢铵、鸡蛋等为辅料,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定出加工红枣桃酥的最佳配方为：糕点专用粉100g、红枣粉6g、起酥油55g、白砂糖30g、膨松剂（碳酸氢钠0.8g、碳酸氢铵1.2g）2.0g。在此工艺条件下,制成的桃酥在保持了传统桃酥口感和风味不变的同时,降低桃酥中糖的用量,并赋予了桃酥新的营养价值。     

棕榈油不需要氢化——谈谈棕榈油在人造奶油、起酥油生产中的应用

在人造奶油、起酥油生产中,直接使用棕榈油、棕榈硬脂同使用氢化后的棕榈液油相比,其一可以避免氢化过程中反式酸的生成;其二可降低生产成本。     

小米山药桃酥的加工工艺研究

介绍了小米山药桃酥的加工工艺和配方。经正交试验得出了小米山药桃酥的最佳配方为低筋面粉375 g、小米粉78.5 g、山药粉46.5 g、黄奶油260 g、细砂糖240 g、鸡蛋100 g、烘焙奶粉50 g、无铝泡打粉10 g、小苏打4 g、臭粉1 g和清水20 g。结果表明,以小米粉和山药粉混合等量替换低筋面粉,棕榈油为原料生产的黄奶油代替猪油,通过调整加工工艺及配方烘焙得到的小米山药桃酥营养丰富且具有食疗保健功效,适合于不同人群食用。     

利用模糊数学感官评价法优化豆渣桃酥配方

将豆渣添加到桃酥中,以感官评定为指标,运用正交试验结合模糊数学综合评定方法对影响豆渣桃酥品质的主要因素进行了分析。结果表明:影响豆渣桃酥品质的因素大小为起酥油用量豆渣粒度豆渣添加量白砂糖用量;当豆渣添加量15%、豆渣粒度120目、起酥油用量50%、白砂糖用量25%时,桃酥品质好,其形态完整,颜色金黄,香气浓郁,口感酥脆,组织均匀。     

鸡油基起酥油对面包感官、风味及老化特性的影响

为综合评价鸡油基焙烤专用起酥油的使用效果,以市售棕榈油基起酥油和大豆油焙烤面包为对照,采用感官评价结合固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析焙烤面包的可接受程度,并采用质构仪、差示量热扫描仪以及直接干燥法测定贮藏过程中面包的老化特性。结果表明:鸡油基起酥油焙烤面包可以提高面包比容,同时提高面包的总体可接受度,使面包获得较高的感官评分;鸡油基起酥油增加了面包中风味化合物的种类,同时使各类风味化合物的相对含量发生变化;鸡油基起酥油降低了面包贮藏期内的硬度、老化焓值和水分迁移,延缓了面包的老化。     

棕榈油与猪油在组成结构和功能特性上的比较

比较了3种棕榈油和6种猪油产品在理化指标、营养与功能特性指标以及脂肪酸组成及其在甘油三酯Sn-2位上的分布情况,以判断棕榈油对猪油的可替代性.结果表明,棕榈油和猪油的熔点、碘值、酸值、过氧化值等理化指标很接近;棕榈油不含胆固醇,具有比猪油较高的V_E含量和氧化稳定性;在可塑性方面,精炼棕榈油与猪板油相当,而且好于猪杂油和猪膘油,棕榈硬脂与猪骨油相当,棕榈液油与猪皮油相当;虽然棕榈油和猪油的脂肪酸组成具有相似性,猪油的不饱和脂肪酸含量略高于棕榈油的不饱和脂肪酸含量,但是棕榈油的Sn-2位上主要分布不饱和脂肪酸,而猪油的Sn-2位上主要分布饱和脂肪酸,使棕榈油比猪油更加容易消化吸收.     

Can a structured emulsion (fat in water-fibre system) substitute saturated fat in cookies without hampering their quality?

Replacing fat and saturated fat in baked goods without affecting their quality characteristics is a challenging task. This study evaluated complete and partial substitution of saturated fats (butter and palm oil) by structured emulsions [SE, oil (sunflower) – in – water (fibre-water) emulsion] in cookies by investigating its impact on product quality. Nutritional labelling underlined a drastic reduction in saturated fatty acids [−35% (50% substitution) and −73% (100% substitution)] compared to their conventional counterparts (butter and palm oil). Partial substitution did not markedly affect physicochemical properties, while complete substitution resulted in thinner, harder and darker cookies compared to the controls. Particularly, cookies made with (50:50) structured emulsion – palm oil had the highest sensory scores, and they were perceived as soft, buttery and crunchy. Thus, the use of structured emulsion might be a valuable alternative to develop a potentially healthier product with acceptable sensory properties.     

棕榈油基油酥肉松的研制

以鲜猪肉为主要原料,配以白砂糖、盐、棕榈油等辅料,采用单因素实验和正交实验对油酥肉松的配方进行优化,并对不同油脂得到的油酥肉松储存稳定性进行了初步研究。确定油酥肉松的最佳配方为:以1 kg鲜猪肉计,白砂糖160 g、盐12 g、生抽酱油20 g、味精6 g、料酒20 g、棕榈油150 g。用该配方制作的肉松咸甜适中、香酥可口,且棕榈油制备的肉松比大豆油制备的品质更稳定。     

Effect of king palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) flour incorporation on physicochemical and textural characteristics of gluten-free cookies

The replacement of the blend of rice flour (70%) and corn starch (30%) with king palm flour [ Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. and Drude] at levels of 0–30% was investigated for its effects on the chemical and physical characteristics of gluten-free dough and cookies. Cookies containing 10, 20 and 30% of king palm flour were analysed by twenty-one celiac consumers through preference-ranking test. Ash, minerals, and dietary fibre contents increased in cookies that were added with king palm flour. Compared with the control dough, the incorporation of king palm flour increased the firmness and decreased the adhesiveness of dough samples. The incorporation of king palm flour increased the hardness of cookies in relation to the control dough. None of the cookies differed significantly ( P  > 0.05) in the lightness (L*) parameter. All formulations produced cookies with hue angles around 60, which indicate a tendency to brown colour. The study reveals that the incorporation of king palm flour showed desirable results in nutritional characteristics, because of the increase of the dietary fibre and minerals contents. In this study, the cookies preferred by celiac consumers were those containing 10 and 20% of king palm flour ( P  > 0.05).     

稻米油调和油煎炸应用研究

通过与棕榈油对比180℃下炸制薯片以及评估薯片感官喜好度、质构、口感及粘牙性等差异来评价稻米油调和油的煎炸应用性能。结果表明:采用稻米油调和油煎炸的薯片中多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于棕榈油(P<0.05),且其薯片的整体感官喜好度、质构口感、酥脆度、粘牙喜好度,均显著优于棕榈油薯片(P<0.05)。在加速氧化条件下,采用稻米油调和油炸制的薯片的酸价、过氧化值均与棕榈油炸制的薯片无显著性差异(P>0.05),且远低于GB 16565-2003的规定。在加速存储过程中,谷维素却得到了很好的保留。总之,稻米油调和油具有良好的煎炸性能。     

棕榈油和大豆油在油条煎炸过程中品质变化研究

以不同熔点棕榈油和棕榈油―大豆油混合油为原料,以大豆油作对照,通过比较油条外观、口感,筛选出适于煎炸油条的棕榈油,再进一步通过测定油条煎炸过程中油脂样品游离脂肪酸(FFA)、过氧化值(PV)、色泽、极性值(PC)、羰基价(COV)等指标,研究两种油在油条煎炸过程中品质变化情况。研究结果表明,熔点14℃棕榈液油和大豆油都适于煎炸油条,且棕榈液油在煎炸过程中具有比大豆油更好氧化稳定性,仅是其游离脂肪酸(FFA)和色泽上升速率快于大豆油。总的来说,两种油在满足煎炸油质量要求前提下,同等数量棕榈油可比大豆油煎炸更多油条。     

棕榈油大豆油为原料调和油冷冻性能研究

对碘值60棕榈油与大豆油调和而成调和油在0℃、10℃、20℃三种温度条件下进行冷冻性能研究。在0℃情况下,即使棕榈油含量仅10%,也会很快混浊和结冻;在10℃情况下,含20%棕榈油的棕榈油大豆油调和油可保持15天以上澄清透明;在20℃情况下,含40%棕榈油的棕榈油大豆油调和油可保持25天以上而澄清透明。     

Chemical composition and nutritive value of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) in rats

The peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is the starchy fruit of a palm tree widely cultivated in Central and South America. The present study aimed at determining its chemical composition and its nutritive value in rats. The average chemical composition of 17 samples was as follows: 410 g kg^?1 water and, in g kg^?1 of dry matter (DM), 54 g crude protein, 114 g oil, 39 g neutral detergent fibre, 716 g starch, 21 g sugars and 18 g ash. The main variability was observed for the oil (60–180 g kg^?1 DM) and starch (590–780 g DM) contents. The proteins contained, on average, in g kg^?1 of proteins, 49 g lysine, 13 g methionine, 19 g cysteine, 39 g threonine and 7 g tryptophan. The mineral fraction contained, per kg DM: 1.0 g Ca, 0.8 g P, 0.6 g Mg, 0.3 g Na, 44 mg Fe, 4 mg Cu and 10 mg Zn. The digestibility of four peach palm genotypes was determined in rats fed a diet composed of 350 g kg^?1 of peach palm and 650 g of a control diet based on maize and soybean meal. The digestibility of DM, energy, starch and protein of peach palm alone reached, on average 91, 87, 96 and 95%, respectively. No difference was observed between varieties, except for starch (p < 0.05). On average, peach palm contained 51 g of truly digestible protein kg^?1 DM and 3.691 kcal digestible energy kg^?1 DM. A growth trial was also carried out for 1 month on rats (initial weight: 78 g) fed a diet containing 0, 200, 400, 600 or 800 g peach palm kg^?1, at the expense of a diet composed of maize starch and casein. The growth rate of the rats decreased (p < 0.05) as the peach palm concentration increased. The growth decrease was due to a decrease (p < 0.05) in DM intake and to the lower quality of the peach palm protein. It is concluded that peach palm is mainly an energy source for humans and animals. It is poor in protein and minerals but can be consumed in large amounts. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Method for Analysis of Palm Oil Adulterated with Lard in Pre-Fried French fries

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance accessory was used to detect the presence of lard in French fries pre-fried in palm oil adulterated with lard. A Fourier transform infrared calibration model was obtained using partial least squares for prediction of lard in a blend mixture of lard and palm oil. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9791 was obtained with 0.5% of detection limit. The error in calibration expressed with root mean square error of calibration was 0.979%. In addition, the error obtained during cross validation was 2.45%. A discriminant analysis test was able to distinguish between fries samples adulterated with lard and samples, which were pre-fried with palm oils. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a fast and powerful technique for quantification of lard present in French fries.