Spatial co-location pattern mining for location-based services in road networks

With the evolution of geographic information capture and the emergency of volunteered geographic information, it is getting more important to extract spatial knowledge automatically from large spatial datasets. Spatial co-location patterns represent the subsets of spatial features whose objects are often located in close geographic proximity. Such pattern is one of the most important concepts for geographic context awareness of location-based services (LBS). In the literature, most existing methods of co-location mining are used for events taking place in a homogeneous and isotropic space with distance expressed as Euclidean, while the physical movement in LBS is usually constrained by a road network. As a result, the interestingness value of co-location patterns involving network-constrained events cannot be accurately computed. In this paper, we propose a different method for co-location mining with network configurations of the geographical space considered. First, we define the network model with linear referencing and refine the neighborhood of traditional methods using network distances rather than Euclidean ones. Then, considering that the co-location mining in networks suffers from expensive spatial-join operation, we propose an efficient way to find all neighboring object pairs for generating clique instances. By comparison with the previous approaches based on Euclidean distance, this approach can be applied to accurately calculate the probability of occurrence of a spatial co-location on a network. Our experimental results from real and synthetic data sets show that the proposed approach is efficient and effective in identifying co-location patterns which actually rely on a network.     

Mining regional co-location patterns with kNNG

Spatial co-location pattern mining discovers the subsets of features of which the events are frequently located together in geographic space. The current research on this topic adopts a distance threshold that has limitations in spatial data sets with various magnitudes of neighborhood distances, especially for mining of regional co-location patterns. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical co-location mining framework accounting for both variety of neighborhood distances and spatial heterogeneity. By adopting k-nearest neighbor graph (kNNG) instead of distance threshold, we propose “distance variation coefficient” as a new measure to drive the mining operations and determine an individual neighborhood relationship graph for each region. The proposed mining algorithm outputs a set of regions with each of them an individual set of regional co-location patterns. The experimental results on both synthetic and real world data sets show that our framework is effective to discover these regional co-location patterns.     

Spatial co-location pattern discovery without thresholds

Spatial co-location pattern mining discovers the subsets of features whose events are frequently located together in geographic space. The current research on this topic adopts a threshold-based approach that requires users to specify in advance the thresholds of distance and prevalence. However, in practice, it is not easy to specify suitable thresholds. In this article, we propose a novel iterative mining framework that discovers spatial co-location patterns without predefined thresholds. With the absolute and relative prevalence of spatial co-locations, our method allows users to iteratively select informative edges to construct the neighborhood relationship graph until every significant co-location has enough confidence and eventually to discover all spatial co-location patterns. The experimental results on real world data sets indicate that our framework is effective for prevalent co-locations discovery.     

含关键特征的显著Co-location模式挖掘研究

空间Co-location模式是一组在空间中频繁并置的空间特征的子集。空间Co-location模式挖掘通常假设空间实例之间相互独立,然而,在实际应用中,不同空间特征、不同实例之间往往相互作用或依赖。空间Co-location关键特征是指对模式具有主导作用的特征。在频繁模式中,识别含关键特征的Co-location模式并摘取模式中的关键特征,为用户提供更精简的挖掘结果,提高Co-location模式的可用性,对Co-location模式挖掘具有重要意义。本文首先定义了含有关键特征的显著频繁Co-location模式新概念,以及一系列度量指标以识别显著频繁Co-location模式中的关键特征;其次,给出了一个挖掘显著频繁Co-location模式和关键特征的算法;最后,在模拟和真实数据集上进行了大量的实验,验证了所提出算法的效果及性能。     

On discovering co-location patterns in datasets: a case study of pollutants and child cancers

We intend to identify relationships between cancer cases and pollutant emissions by proposing a novel co-location mining algorithm. In this context, we specifically attempt to understand whether there is a relationship between the location of a child diagnosed with cancer with any chemical combinations emitted from various facilities in that particular location. Co-location pattern mining intends to detect sets of spatial features frequently located in close proximity to each other. Most of the previous works in this domain are based on transaction-free apriori-like algorithms which are dependent on user-defined thresholds, and are designed for boolean data points. Due to the absence of a clear notion of transactions, it is nontrivial to use association rule mining techniques to tackle the co-location mining problem. Our proposed approach is focused on a grid based transactionization? of the geographic space, and is designed to mine datasets with extended spatial objects. It is also capable of incorporating uncertainty of the existence of features to model real world scenarios more accurately. We eliminate the necessity of using a global threshold by introducing a statistical test to validate the significance of candidate co-location patterns and rules. Experiments on both synthetic and real datasets reveal that our algorithm can detect a considerable amount of statistically significant co-location patterns. In addition, we explain the data modelling framework which is used on real datasets of pollutants (PRTR/NPRI) and childhood cancer cases.     

CPM-MCHM:一种基于极大团和哈希表的空间并置模式挖掘算法

空间并置(co-location)模式挖掘是指在大量的空间数据中发现一组空间特征的子集,这些特征的实例在地理空间中频繁并置出现.传统的空间并置模式挖掘算法通常采用逐阶递增的挖掘框架,从低阶模式开始生成候选模式并计算其参与度(空间并置模式的频繁性度量指标).虽然这种挖掘框架可以得到正确和完整的结果,但是带来的时间和空间开...     

k-近邻关系下的空间高效用核模式挖掘

空间数据挖掘旨在从空间数据库中发现和提取有价值的潜在知识.空间co-location(共存)模式挖掘一直以来都是空间数据挖掘领域的重要研究方向之一,其目的 是发现一组频繁邻近出现的空间特征子集,而空间高效用co-location模式挖掘则考虑了特征的效用属性.二者在度量空间实例的邻近关系时一般都需要预先给定一个距离阈值...     

带模糊属性的空间Co-Location模式挖掘研究

空间Co-Location模式挖掘是空间数据挖掘的一个重要研究方向,正受到越来越多的关注。在实际应用中,空间特征不仅包含空间信息,还经常伴随着属性信息,这些属性信息对决策和知识发现有重要意义。然而现有的Co-Location挖掘方法只强调特征的空间信息,忽略了其属性信息。基于对属性信息的模糊化处理,定义了模糊特征和模糊Co-Location模式等概念。类似于传统空间Co-Location模式挖掘中的相关概念,定义了模糊Co-Location模式的表实例和参与度等概念。在证明模糊Co-Location模式的向下闭合性质的基础上,设计了一个基本挖掘算法。为提高算法的可伸缩性,提出了两个剪枝方法。在合成的和真实的数据集上进行了大量实验,验证了基本算法及其改进算法的效果和效率。     

实例位置模糊的空间co-location模式挖掘研究

实例位置模糊在许多领域里都有着非常重要的应用,比如生物医学图像数据库和地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)。研究了实例位置模糊的空间co-location模式挖掘问题。定义了实例位置模糊的空间co-location模式挖掘的相关概念,包括实例位置模糊、位置参与率等;给出了基本算法来挖掘实例位置模糊的co-location模式;提出了两种改进算法,即基于网格的距离计算和减枝候选模式,以提高挖掘性能,加快co-location规则的产生。通过大量的实验,说明了基本算法及其改进算法的效果和效率。     

领域驱动的高效用co-location模式挖掘方法

空间并置（co-location）模式是指其实例在空间邻域内频繁共现的空间特征集的子集。现有的空间co-location模式挖掘的有趣性度量指标,没有充分地考虑特征之间以及同一特征的不同实例之间的差异;另外,传统的基于数据驱动的空间co-location模式挖掘方法的结果常常包含大量无用或是用户不感兴趣的知识。针对上述问题,提出一种更为一般的研究对象--带效用值的空间实例,并定义了新的效用参与度（UPI）作为高效用co-location模式的有趣性度量指标;将领域知识形式化为三种语义规则并应用于挖掘过程中,提出一种领域驱动的多次迭代挖掘框架;最后通过大量实验对比分析不同有趣性度量指标下的挖掘结果在效用占比和频繁性两方面的差异,以及引入基于领域知识的语义规则前后挖掘结果的变化情况。实验结果表明所提出的UPI度量是一种兼顾频繁和效用的更为合理的度量指标;同时,领域驱动的挖掘方法能有效地挖掘到用户真正感兴趣的模式。     

极小负co-location模式及有效的挖掘算法

空间co-location(并置)模式是指实例在空间中频繁关联的一组空间特征的子集.在空间数据挖掘中,现有算法主要针对的是正模式的挖掘,而空间中还存在着具有强负相关性的模式,如负co-location模式,这类模式的挖掘在一些应用中同样具有重要的意义.现有的负co-location模式挖掘算法的时间复杂度较高,挖掘到的...     

空间亚频繁co-location模式的主导特征挖掘

空间co-location模式是一组空间特征的子集,它们的实例在邻域内频繁并置出现。通常,空间co-location模式挖掘方法假设空间实例相互独立,并采用空间实例参与到模式实例的频繁性（参与率）来度量空间特征在模式中的重要性,采用空间特征的最小参与率（参与度）来度量模式的有趣程度,忽略了空间特征间的某些重要关系。因此为了揭示空间特征间的主导关系而提出主导特征co-location模式。现有主导特征模式挖掘方法是基于传统频繁模式及其团实例模型进行挖掘,然而,团实例模型可能会忽略非团的空间特征间的主导关系。因此,基于星型实例模型,研究空间亚频繁co-location模式的主导特征挖掘,以更好地揭示空间特征间的主导关系,挖掘更有价值的主导特征模式。首先,定义了两个度量特征主导性的指标;其次,设计了有效的主导特征co-location模式挖掘算法;最后,在合成数据集和真实数据集上通过大量实验验证了所提算法的有效性以及主导特征模式的实用性。     

不均匀模糊空间对象的分层次co-location模式挖掘方法

针对现有的co-location模式挖掘算法无法有效处理不均匀分布空间对象的问题,提出一种不均匀模糊空间对象的分层次co-location模式挖掘方法。首先提出一种不均匀数据集的生成方法;然后对不均匀分布的数据集进行层次划分,使每个区域具有均匀的空间分布;再基于改进的PO_RI_PC算法对划分后的模糊对象进行空间数据挖掘。该方法基于距离变化系数构建每个子区域的邻域关系图,进而完成区域融合,实现co-location模式挖掘。实验结果表明,与传统方法相比,所提方法的执行效率更高,随实例个数和不均匀度的变化获得的co-location集个数更多,同比情况下平均提高约25%,获得了更精确的挖掘结果。     

空间极大co-location模式挖掘研究

空间co-location模式代表了一组空间特征的子集,它们的实例在空间中频繁地关联。挖掘空间co-location模式的研究已经有很多,但是针对极大co-location模式挖掘的研究非常少。提出了一种新颖的空间极大co-location模式挖掘算法。首先扫描数据集得到二阶频繁模式,然后将二阶频繁模式转换为图,再通过极大团算法求解得到空间特征极大团,最后使用二阶频繁模式的表实例验证极大团得到空间极大co-location频繁模式。实验表明,该算法能够很好地挖掘空间极大co-location频繁模式。     

空间 co-location 模式挖掘算法研究综述

空间co-location模式代表的是一组空间特征的子集,它们的实例在空间中频繁的关联。它是空间数据挖掘的一个重要研究方向。首先给出co-location模式的基本概念;然后描述了针对不同数据领域提出的各种算法,并重点分析了算法提出的思路及主要特点;最后对Co-location模式挖掘未来的研究方向作了探讨。     

空间co-location模式挖掘中的模糊技术初探

空间并置（co-location）模式是指其特征的实例在地理空间中频繁并置出现的一组空间特征的集合。传统co-location模式挖掘通常由用户给定一个邻近阈值来确定实例的邻近关系，使用单一的邻近阈值来判定两个空间实例的邻近性可能会造成邻近关系的缺失，也没有考虑距离大小的不同对邻近关系的影响。同时，传统方法主要利用频繁性阈值来衡量模式的频繁性，存在着算法效率对频繁性阈值较为敏感的问题。由于频繁并置的特征间具有较高的邻近度，因此利用聚类算法可以将其聚集在一起，加之邻近以及特征间的并置都是模糊的概念，因此将模糊集理论与聚类算法相结合，研究了空间co-location模式挖掘中的模糊挖掘技术，在定义模糊邻近关系的基础上，定义了度量特征之间邻近度的函数，基于特征邻近度利用模糊聚类算法挖掘co-location模式，最后通过广泛的实验验证了提出方法的实用性、高效性及鲁棒性。     

基于改进列计算的空间并置模式挖掘方法

空间并置（co-location）模式挖掘旨在发现空间特征间的关联关系,是空间数据挖掘的重要研究方向。基于列计算的空间并置模式挖掘方法（CPM-Col算法）避开挖掘过程中最耗时的表实例生成操作,直接搜索模式的参与实例,成为当前高效的方法之一。然而,回溯法搜索参与实例仍是该方法的瓶颈,尤其在稠密数据和长模式下。为加速参与实例的搜索,充分利用CPM-Col算法搜索参与实例时得到的行实例,在不增加额外计算的前提下对CPM-Col算法进行两点改进。首先,将CPM-Col算法搜索到的行实例存储为部分表实例,利用子模式的部分表实例快速确定参与实例,避免了大量实例的回溯计算。其次,在CPM-Col算法获得一条行实例后,利用行实例的子团反作用于第一个特征,得到第一个特征的参与实例,避免了这些实例的回溯搜索。由此,提出了基于改进列计算的空间并置模式挖掘算法（CPM-iCol算法）,并讨论了算法的复杂度、正确性和完备性。在合成数据和真实数据集上进行了实验,与经典的传统算法join-less和CPM-Col算法对比,CPM-iCol算法明显降低了挖掘的时间,减少了回溯的次数。实验结果表明,该算法比CPM-Col具有更好的性能和可扩展性,特别在稠密数据集中效果更加明显。     

基于co-location模式和本体的地址选择算法

选址问题是任何一个商业机构都要面临的重大决策问题之一,它受多种因素制约,比如社会经济学、地质学、生态学以及决策者的特定需求等。现有的选址方法（通常被经济学家采用）大多利用主观评价,可扩展性差。空间co-location模式挖掘是空间数据挖掘的一个重要研究方向。一个频繁co-location模式是一组空间特征的子集,它们的实例在空间中频繁关联。利用co-location模式的这种特征间“共存”关系,提出了一种基于co-location模式的地址选择算法,该算法基于本体描述空间数据的分类信息,并在本体的指导下对用户感兴趣的兴趣点（Point of Interest）进行关键co-location模式挖掘,同时针对实际情况对数据进行了预处理以增加算法的有效性。在真实数据集（北京市的兴趣点数据）上的评估实验显示该算法具有较高的准确率,选择的地址具有高可靠性。     

Mining Co-Location Patterns with Rare Events from Spatial Data Sets

A co-location pattern is a group of spatial features/events that are frequently co-located in the same region. For example, human cases of West Nile Virus often occur in regions with poor mosquito control and the presence of birds. For co-location pattern mining, previous studies often emphasize the equal participation of every spatial feature. As a result, interesting patterns involving events with substantially different frequency cannot be captured. In this paper, we address the problem of mining co-location patterns with rare spatial features. Specifically, we first propose a new measure called the maximal participation ratio (maxPR) and show that a co-location pattern with a relatively high maxPR value corresponds to a co-location pattern containing rare spatial events. Furthermore, we identify a weak monotonicity property of the maxPR measure. This property can help to develop an efficient algorithm to mine patterns with high maxPR values. As demonstrated by our experiments, our approach is effective in identifying co-location patterns with rare events, and is efficient and scalable for large-scale data sets.

一种新的正负空间同位规则挖掘算法

空间同位规则是一种新的空间数据挖掘方法.尽管人们对挖掘空间同位规则做了一些研究,但大多数研究者仅仅对正空间同位规则进行研究,没有考虑负空间同位规则.本文提出了一种新的正负空间同位规则挖掘算法(Positive and Negative Spatial Co-Location Rules Mining Algorithm,PNSCLRMA).为了减少计算量,算法利用了星形邻域去减少连接运算和定义兴趣度去删除不感兴趣的空间同位模式两项优化技术.实验表明,该算法有效可行.