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现在世界各国尤其是美国法院判处的惩罚性赔偿案例不胜枚举,这与传统的补偿性的民事赔偿制度形成鲜明的反差,惩罚性赔偿制度越来越引起人们尤其是法学家和立法者的关注。我国公司产品侵权责任惩罚性赔偿制度存在若干不足之处,笔者就此提出了完善意见,以求教于方家。 相似文献
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召回制度是欧洲国家及美国、日本的普遍做法。这些国家不仅有较成熟的产品召回制度的理论基础,而且已经建立了完善的缺陷产品管理制度。在召回管理中,政府如何进行行政管理?企业如何实施召回过程?国外召回管理机制可以为我国的召回管理提供一些参考。 相似文献
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产品召回保险是产品召回制度的配套机制,深入研究这一机制对完善我国缺陷产品召回制度颇具学术价值和实践意义。产品召回保险可以分担生产者因召回产生的风险和财产损失,对于促进产品召回制度的有效实施是很好的路径,可以切实维护在现代工业风险社会中生产者与消费者的利益平衡。但现有的产品召回保险并未与产品召回制度相匹配,在保险条款的设置上还存在一些问题。因此,本文对产品召回保险进行研究,并对学界主张创设“召回强制保险”的观点提出自己的看法,以促进产品召回保险与产品召回制度的有机结合。 相似文献
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8月27日,备受大家关注的《儿童玩具召回管理规定》终于出台。这是中国继2005年《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》制定后对缺陷产品实施召回管理的又一举措。
这一规定在产品质量法有关规定的基础上进一步严格了生产者生产存在缺陷的儿童玩具的产品责任,明确规定了生产者是缺陷儿童玩具的第一责任人。规定要求,对于儿童玩具存在缺陷的,即使生产者生产的儿童玩具符合中国有关产品安全的法律、法规和强制性标准要求,但经过调查、评估认定存在缺陷的,生产者必须停止生产、销售,向社会公布有关情况,通知销售者停止销售和通知消费者停止消费,并向质量技术监督部门报告,积极通过完善消费说明、退货、换货、修理等方式,有效消除缺陷可能导致的损害。规定要求,特别对于经国家监督抽查不符合国家有关安全标准的儿童玩具,经确认属于存在缺陷的,由国家质检总局直接责令生产者召回,并发布安全与消费预警。
玩具召回制度的出台将有效地避免大量的与缺陷产品有关的公共安全问题,规范和监控有关生产企业建立更加完善的产品设计开发,质量控制,服务监督体系。将有效地约束某些缺乏社会责任企业,减少其对公众可能造成的生命安全和财产损失的威胁,促进企业建立获得持久竞争优势的机制。可以说,建立儿童玩具召回管理制度是社会经济、技术发展的必然选择。 相似文献
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迄今为止,惩罚性损害赔偿金制度在英美法系国家中已经存在二百余年,且自二十世纪六十年代以后,该制度在美国的产品责任领域中得到广泛应用,对美国的产品责任法甚至侵权法产生了重大影响。本文试图通过对这一制度的起源、发展、性质特点及其在我国的发展现状进行详细介绍,分析该制度存在的利弊,以期阐明在我国产品责任领域中建立惩罚性损害赔偿金制度的必要性。 相似文献
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缺陷产品造成安全事故频发对消费者人身和财产安全造成严重影响。本文针对产品召回的监管问题,考虑参与各方主体利益最大化,构建政府监管部门、企业和消费者三方博弈策略收益矩阵,对比分析各博弈主体行为策略的演化稳定均衡,分析三方博弈主体策略选择的影响因素,找出破解当前召回监管模式弊端的突破口。研究表明:对于政府,提高政府行政处罚力度、优化政府监督流程,将提高政府召回监督工作效率;对于企业,设立缺陷召回信用机制、提高对消费者损失的赔偿,将提高企业积极配合、主动召回的积极性;对于消费者,搭建缺陷召回信息平台、降低消费者维权成本和提高维权所得的赔偿,将有助于消费者主动上报缺陷产品信息、积极参与缺陷产品召回工作。 相似文献
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I. Lloyd 《Reliability Engineering & System Safety》1991,32(1-2)
This paper uses a number of hypothetical examples to explore some of the significant forms of legal liability which may arise in the event that software proves to be defective. Examination is made of the application of the provisions of the law of contract with particular reference to the requirements of merchantable quality and fitness for purpose imposed under the Sale of Goods Act. A second aspect of liability arises under the law of delict or tort. This provides for a party to be held liable for injuries caused by their negligence. Consideration will be given to the question, what level of conduct can be regarded as negligent. Finally, reference will be made to the recently introduced system of product liability and to the possible application of the development risks defense. 相似文献
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J O'Connell 《Accident; analysis and prevention》1987,19(1):63-71
The tort system, as a means of compensating the victims of injury, no longer fulfills the purpose for which it was intended. The attempt to achieve a fair and rational method of compensation, especially in the areas of medical malpractice and products liability, has been displaced by a form of litigation lottery which permits attorney's fees to divert great amounts of money from victims in needs. A reform of this system is much in need and long overdue. Following a discussion of these and other problems with the tort system, this paper will present a method for ensuring the prompt settlement of most personal injury claims through payment of the victim's net economic losses. The parallels to no-fault auto insurance and workers' compensation are examined and attention is given to the likely impact of this proposal on the conduct of potential injurers and victims. 相似文献
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本文通过介绍我国法律中有关产品责任归责原则的相关规定,分析导致理论及实务对产品责任归责原则认识不同的原因,提出完善我国产品责任归责原则的立法建议。即制定统一的产品责任法,实行严格责任的归责原则,使我国产品责任法律制度更好地与国际通行规则相适应。 相似文献
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《Mauerwerk》2018,22(4):273-277
After the judgement of the ECJ in case C‐100/13 from 16 October 2014, no additional national requirements may be issued for construction products with CE‐marking. In order to implement the community requirements in Germany, the Model Building Code was revised by decision of the state building ministers conference of 13 May 2016 and is presently being implemented by the federal states through revisions of the relevant state building codes. Instead of the Construction Products List and the list of technical building rules, the standardised sample administrative regulation ”Technische Baubestimmungen“ (technical building rules, VV TB) has now become valid, which was published on 01 September 2017 by the German institute for building technology, DIBt. One alternative possibility for the verification of suitability for construction is a manufacturer's declaration based on a requirement document. In this case the requirement document reflects the technical requirements according to standards for the construction product or building type, the fulfilment of which is guaranteed for the specific product in the manufacturer's declaration of the relevant manufacturer. The manufacturer thus accepts liability that his product fulfils the legal requirements. This guarantee declaration under civil law as a supplement to the public building law conforms to European law and is a transparent and practical solution to be able to ensure the achieved level of health protection, environmental acceptability and safety in building practice. 相似文献
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A product recall is very expensive and a poorly executed recall can be devastating to a company’s reputation. It is, therefore, important to improve the traceability for supply chains to address potential recalls. This paper studies the recall dynamics in a two-stage supply chain with a manufacturer and two suppliers. It is shown that the suppliers would opt-out in improving traceability due to misalignment of incentives, leading to diminishing traceability of the whole supply chain and high product recall liabilities for the manufacturer. To address this problem, this research designs an interest-sharing mechanism by which the recall liability reduction of the manufacturer due to improved traceability can be shared with the suppliers to induce traceability improvement effort. Results show that the interest-sharing mechanism improves not only the economic benefit, but also the traceability for each party. We also provide a systematic framework to choose the design parameters, including the degree of accuracy and level of coding, for the supply chain to realise such benefits. 相似文献
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夏慧 《广东工业大学高等工程教育研究》2007,7(2):71-73
近年来,因环境污染引发的环境侵权纠纷不断增多,也由于环境侵权行为的特殊性,必然需要在处理这类纠纷时建立并适用一些新的制度与规则,并有必要对司法实践及理论研究中有争议的问题进行探讨。文章从一起典型的环境污染侵权案件入手,对当前比较有争议的环境侵权责任构成要件中的违法性问题,及因果关系推定规则的应用进行了探讨,提出了建立我国环境侵权社会化损害赔偿机制。 相似文献