超声技术在石英光纤腐蚀中的运用

为了获得光滑的腐蚀光纤表面并精确管理光纤的腐蚀直径,采用自行设计的超声腐蚀系统,在质量百分比浓度为12.5％的氢氟酸(HF)溶液中研究了超声功率和腐蚀温度对石英光纤包层、纤芯腐蚀速率以及腐蚀后光纤表面形貌的影响.研究表明:在HF溶液中,超声扰动有利于提高光纤的腐蚀速率,光纤腐蚀速率与腐蚀时间呈非线性关系,腐蚀表面随着腐蚀的进行越来越粗糙.基于研究结果,进一步采用质量百分比浓度为12.5％的HF溶液和25％的NH4OH溶液配制了缓冲氢氟酸(BHF)溶液,探讨了光纤腐蚀速率及表面形貌的变化,结果表明:在V(HF)∶V(NH4OH)=2的BHF溶液中,当超声功率为165 W、腐蚀温度为40℃时,可获得光滑的腐蚀光纤表面和腐蚀速率与腐蚀时间的线性关系.     

Effect of dentin and fiber post surface treatments with fumaric acid on the bonding ability of fiber posts

This study investigated the effects of fumaric acid on push‐out bond strength when applied to dentin surfaces and fiber posts. The root canals of 60 mandibular premolar teeth were instrumented and obturated. After removing two thirds of filling material, teeth were prepared according to six randomized groups (n = 10/group) defined by two fiber post surface treatments (0.7% fumaric acid or 9% hydrofluoric acid) and three dentin conditioning treatments [control (no conditioning); 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); or 0.7% fumaric acid]. After fiber post‐cementation, three 1‐mm thick discs were obtained from each tooth by transverse sectioning, and each disc underwent push‐out bond strength testing. Data were analyzed with a one‐way analyses of variance (anova ) and t tests; p < .05 was considered statistically significant. Failure modes were determined by stereomicroscopy, and the surface characteristics of dentin and fiber posts were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Push‐out bond strength was greater for the group in which the post surface treated with hydrofluoric acid and the dentin surface treated with fumaric acid than the nontreated dentin and hydrofluoric acid‐treated post group (p < .05). There were no significant differences between other comparison pairs (p > .05). A combination of fumaric acid dentin conditioning and hydrofluoric acid fiber post treatment strengthened the bonding ability of fiber posts.     

The effect of a root‐dentin pretreatment technique combining PIPS with MTAD aiming to improve the bond strength of glass fiber post

The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of MTAD and photon‐induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) technique on the smear layer removal and the bond strength of glass fiber post. Fifty‐five human mandibular premolars were chosen. After root canal therapy and post space preparation, the teeth were equally divided to five groups according to the methods of root‐dentin pretreatment: G1: distilled water (control); G2: 2.5% NaOCl+17% EDTA; G3: MTAD; G4: PIPS; G5: MTAD+PIPS. One sample was randomly selected from each group, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the microscopic morphology of the coronal, middle and apical level of the root‐dentin. The remaining ten samples from each group were glued to glass fiber posts, and the bond strength was assessed by push‐out test. SEM evaluation showed that the most complete smear layer removal was found in MTAD + PIPS group, especially in coronal third. Push‐out test results exhibited that there was a statistically significant interaction between the experimental groups and root canal third (p < .0005). Significant differences could be found among five groups (p < .05): G5 > G4 > G3 > G2 > G1. G5 had the highest bond strength. In conclusion, post space pretreatments with MTAD or PIPS technique can significantly remove smear layer and improve the bond strength of glass fiber post, and combination of them works best.     

基于光纤布拉格光栅的化学传感器

除掉光纤布拉格光栅的包层,可以使它的布拉格波长对外界环境的折射率变化敏感。采用氢氟酸腐蚀掉光纤布拉格光栅的包层,获得了直径约为6 μm的布拉格光栅。实验研究了布拉格波长对化学溶液的浓度敏感性特征,结果表明:采用10 pm分辨率的光谱仪,丙二醇溶液在低浓度时的浓度分辨率为0.7%,在高浓度时的分辨率为0.32%;糖溶液在低浓度时的分辨率为0.55%,高浓度时为0.1%。采用商用的分辨率为1 pm的高精度波长解调系统,它们的分辨率可以提高一个数量级。     

Experimental study of influence of composition on radiopacity of fiber post materials

This experimental study aims to evaluate the radiopacity of various fiber post materials and to determine the effects of material composition as analyzed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrophotometry (EDS; EDAX Team Software; EDAX, Inc., Mahwah, NJ) on radiopacity. Five specimens of seven fiber post materials with 2‐mm thickness were prepared and digital radiographs were taken with an aluminum stepwedge (SW) and 2‐mm‐thick tooth slice. The mean gray values (MGVs) of specimens were measured using the histogram function of a computer graphics program (Adobe Photoshop CS6; Adobe System, Inc., San Jose, CA). The MGVs of fiber post materials were compared with an aluminum SW and dentin of equal thickness. The fiber post specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy and EDS analysis performed for the elementary analysis of material composition. The MGVs of fiber posts ranged between 83.67 ± 3.64 and 57.80 ± 7.08 pixels. Materials were sorted in descending order of MGV as follows: Reforpost, Carbopost, D.T. Light‐Post, Easypost, Glassix Radiopaque, Dentolic Glass Fiber Post, and RelyX Fiber Post. All fiber posts demonstrated significantly higher radiopacity values than 2‐mm‐thick aluminum (p < .05). EDS analysis results indicated that the evaluated fiber posts included various elements for radiopacity in different ratios. All tested fiber post materials showed radiopacity values above the minimum recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization. EDS analysis results indicated that each manufacturer used different compositions of elements like zirconium, barium, titanium, and iron for achieving radiopacity in materials.     

添加剂对电诱导GaN晶片化学机械抛光的影响

为研究添加剂对氮化镓(GaN)晶片化学机械抛光(CMP)材料去除率的影响,采用直流电源对n型GaN晶片进行电化学刻蚀,利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究电诱导辅助下GaN晶片CMP过程中,对苯二甲酸(PTA)和H₂O₂对其材料去除的影响。结果表明:在添加电流的条件下,随着H₂O₂体积分数增大,GaN材料去除率先升高后降低;随着PTA浓度的增加,GaN材料去除率先增加后减少;在H₂O₂体积分数为4%,PTA浓度为10 mmol/L条件下,GaN晶片的化学机械抛光材料去除率最高,为693. 77 nm/h,抛光后GaN晶片表面粗糙度为0. 674 nm;通过XPS分析,电诱导后GaN晶片表面的Ga₂O₃含量增加,表明电流作用促进了GaN材料表面的氧化腐蚀作用,进而提高了其CMP材料去除速率。     

固化方式和纤维表面处理对碳纤维-树脂界面化学组成的影响

对碳纤维进行低温等离子法表面处理,分别在室温和微波固化条件下将碳纤维与环氧树脂复合成型,制备出碳纤维复合材料.采用原子力显微镜、拉曼光谱对碳纤维表面形貌和微观结构进行表征,采用扫描电镜和能量散射光谱对碳纤维-树脂界面区形貌和元素分布进行表征.结果表明,碳纤维经处理后,表面无序结构比例增大,有利于提高纤维的微波吸收能力,使微波固化复合材料的界面结合比室温固化复合材料更牢固.经过表面处理的碳纤维与树脂形成良好的化学键合,S i元素在复合材料界面区发生偏聚.     

采用硅V型槽的一维光纤阵列的研制

阐述了一维光纤阵列的研制方法,分析了V型槽法中硅V型槽腐蚀机理,计算了V型槽的开口及间距与光纤半径及纤芯截面圆心距的关系,给出了最小槽深与光纤半径及V型槽开口的关系式。用各向异性腐蚀技术制作了硅V型槽,比较了紫外及红外粘接剂的性能,进行了光纤的排列、粘接及抛光,制作出一维光纤阵列。用原子力显微镜测量光纤阵列表面粗糙度为纳米量级,用ZYGO数字干涉仪检测光纤的端头位置误差为3~5 μm。该项工作为二维光纤阵列的高精度制备奠定了基础。     

The effectiveness of glass ionomer cement as a fiber post cementation system in endodontically treated teeth

This study compared the performance of a glass ionomer (GC Gold Label 1, GIC) as a fiber post cementation system for glass fiber posts with a self‐adhesive resin cement (Relyx U200, RUC) and a conventional resin cement system (Scotchbond Muli‐Purpose and Relyx ARC, RAC). Thirty endodontically treated canines were randomly divided in three groups (n = 10), according to the fiber post cementation system: (RAC)—Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose and Relyx X ARC; (RUC)—Relyx U200 and (GIC)—GC Gold Label 1 Luting & Lining. Rhodamine was incorporated into the cementation system prior to the fiber post cementation. After glass fiber post cementation, roots were incubated in artificial saliva for 6 months. After that, specimens from the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of the post space were prepared and analyzed using a push‐out bond strength test and confocal laser microscopy. ANOVA one way and Tukey tests showed that GIC and RUC demonstrated similar push‐out bond strength values, independently of the post space third (p > .05); however, values were greater than those shown by RAC (p < .05). For dentin penetrability, GIC and RUC also had similar results (p > 0.05) and lower than RAC (p < 0.05). Inside the root canal, the cementation system using glass ionomer cement (GC Gold Label 1 Luting & Lining) has similar push‐out bond strength to the self‐adhesive resin cement (Relyx U200) and these were higher than the conventional resin (Relyx ARC), despite its higher dentin penetrability.     

Lensed plastic optical fiber employing hyperbolic end filled with high-index resin using electrostatic force

The step-index (SI) and graded-index (GI) plastic optical fibers (POFs) are strong candidates for short-distance transmission, fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks, automobile applications and interchip interconnections. The GI POFs which has been proven to reach distances as long as 1 km at 1.25 Gb/s has a relatively low NA. Therefore, the efficient coupling of GI POFs to the light source has become critical to the power budget in the system. Forming a lens-like structure directly on the fiber end is preferred for simplicity of fabrication and packaging, such as polishing and fusion, combing different fibers with the cascaded fiber method and hydroflouride (HF) chemical etching. These approaches are well established, but applicable only to glass. This work proposes a novel structure of a lensed plastic optical fiber (LPOF). The fabrication of the LPOF is demonstrated and the coupling efficiency exceeds 72%.     

再生碳纤维回收利用及其增材制造复合材料性能评价

为实现碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料废弃物高效、高质、环境友好型回收与再生碳纤维高值再利用,提出了热活化氧化物半导体回收碳纤维与再生碳纤维增强复合材料(rCFRP)增材再制造的工艺方法。通过电磁顺磁共振与红外光谱测试分析了回收原理,基于单因素实验研究了树脂基体分解率的影响因素以及显著因素对再生碳纤维结构、性能的作用规律,探究了再生碳纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料(rCF/PLA)的力学性能及其产品应用。结果表明,回收过程无液相产物,气相产物主要为CO₂、H₂O;树脂基体分解率与温度、时间呈正相关,O₂浓度及流量作用不显著,树脂基体分解率可达97.1%且再生碳纤维表面无积碳产生。再生碳纤维表面氧化与石墨结构刻蚀程度随温度升高而增加,在一定温度下,合理的处理时间可减小其表面氧化与石墨结构刻蚀程度。再生碳纤维的单丝拉伸性能与温度、时间呈正相关,其单丝拉伸性能可保持原碳纤维的99%以上。与聚乳酸相比,rCF/PLA的抗拉强度提高了7.47%,抗弯强度与模量分别提高了12.29%与52.4%;与原碳纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料相比,rCF/PLA的抗...     

Nanotribology of Si oxide layers on Si by atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used for tribological studies of Si surfaces covered by oxide layers of various kinds: chemical oxides prepared by the SC1 (NH4OH/H2O2/H2O) and the SC2 (HCl/H2O2/H2O) treatments and a thermal oxide. In the case of the SC1 chemical oxide, the oxide layer was scratched and the underlying Si substrate was ploughed by the Si3N4 AFM tip. On the other hand, no wear of the sample was noted on the other surfaces: the AFM often produced elevated patterns in the shape of the scanned area, which were no longer visible after HF etching. By annealing the SC1-treated surface in N2 gas at above 200 degrees C for 30 min, the oxide layer could not be scratched any more. By soaking the thermal oxide in KOH, the oxide layer was then scratched. It is concluded that the presence of OH bases is the necessary condition for the nano-scratching of the oxide layers.     

Analysis of adhesive interface in root canals irradiated by Er,Cr:YSGG laser after luting a fiber post

This study evaluated the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser on the root canal dentin after luting a fiber post. Twenty‐four bovine teeth roots were prepared using NiTi instruments and filled with Sealer 26 and gutta‐percha. Post spaces were prepared and roots were distributed according to dentin treatment (n = 8): 2.5%NaOCl (group control), Er,Cr:YSGG laser (1.5 W, 20 Hz, 20 s) (group test 1) or 2.5%NaOCl + Er,Cr:YSGG laser (group test 2). Fiber posts were luted using adhesive cement (Rely X U200, 3M) and roots were prepared to confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The morphology of interface, thickness of cement, and the gaps and tags were analyzed. Non‐parametrical data for thickness of cement were submitted to Friedman and Kruskall–Wallis tests (α = 0.05) and parametrical data for gaps to ANOVA (α = 0.05). CLSM of the cement thickness and gaps revealed no significant difference in surface treatment (NaOCl, Er,Cr:YSGG laser and NaOCl + Er,Cr:YSGG laser) (p > .05) and canal thirds (cervical, middle, and apical) (p > 0.05). SEM showed tags and a residual layer of cement adhered to dentin, mainly in laser‐irradiated specimens. The pretreatment of root canal with Er,Cr:YSGG laser previously to luting the fiber post with a self‐adhesive cement did not influence the cement thickness and gaps but affected the dentin interaction.     

Comparison of the efficacies of two different fiber post‐removal systems: A micro‐computed tomography study

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the efficacies of two different fiber post‐removal systems. Thirty extracted single‐rooted mandibular premolar teeth were used. After RelyX fiber posts were cemented, the teeth were divided into two groups with regard to the post removal techniques: ultrasonic vibration and D.T. Light‐Post removal kit. Residual material, tooth volume changes, working time and micro‐crack formation were assessed using micro‐computed tomography. All data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed‐rank and Mann–Whitney U tests. There was significantly more tooth root volume change in the ultrasonic group than removal kit group (p < .05). Fiber post removal time for the ultrasonic group was significantly longer than the removal kit group (p < .01).     

Shear bond strength and ultrastructural interface analysis of different adhesive systems to bleached dentin

Background: It remains unclear as to whether or not dental bleaching affects the bond strength of dentin/resin restoration. Purpose: To evaluated the bond strength of adhesive systems to dentin submitted to bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP) activated by LED‐laser and to assess the adhesive/dentin interfaces by means of SEM. Study design: Sixty fragments of dentin (25 mm²) were included and divided into two groups: bleached and unbleached. HP was applied for 20 s and photoactivated for 45 s. Groups were subdivided according to the adhesive systems (n = 10): (1) two‐steps conventional system (Adper Single Bond), (2) two‐steps self‐etching system (Clearfil standard error (SE) Bond), and (3) one‐step self‐etching system (Prompt L‐Pop). The specimens received the Z250 resin and, after 24 h, were submitted to the bond strength test. Additional 30 dentin fragments (n = 5) received the same surface treatments and were prepared for SEM. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: There was significant strength reduction in bleached group when compared to unbleached group (P < 0.05). Higher bond strength was observed for Prompt. Single Bond and Clearfil presented the smallest values when used in bleached dentin. SEM analysis of the unbleached specimens revealed long tags and uniform hybrid layer for all adhesives. In bleached dentin, Single Bond provided open tubules and with few tags, Clearfil determined the absence of tags and hybrid layer, and Prompt promoted a regular hybrid layer with some tags. Conclusions: Prompt promoted higher shear bond strength, regardless of the bleaching treatment and allowed the formation of a regular and fine hybrid layer with less deep tags, when compared to Single Bond and Clearfil. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The effect of fluoride therapies on the morphology of bleached human dental enamel

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate qualitatively the surface morphology of enamel bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) followed by application of fluoridated agents. Forty intact pre molars were randomly distributed into four groups (n = 10), treated as follows: Group I (control group) remained stored in artificial saliva at 37 °C, Group II - 35% HP; Group III - 35% HP + acidulated fluoride (1.23%) and Group IV - 35% HP + neutral fluoride (2%). The experimental groups received three applications of bleaching gel and after the last application all specimens were polished. This procedure was repeated after 7 and 14 days, and during the intervals of applications, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed superficial irregularities and porosities to varying degrees in bleached enamel compared to control group. Sample evaluation was made by attributing scores, and data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (P < 0.05). SEM qualitative investigation demonstrated that 35% hydrogen peroxide affected human dental enamel morphology, producing porosities, depressions, and superficial irregularities at various degrees. These morphological changes were higher after the application of 1.23% acidulated fluoride gel.     

Thermal influence on surface layer of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) in grinding

In this study, we investigated thermal influence on surface layer of CFRP in grinding with heat conduction analysis using grinding temperature at wheel contact area on dry and wet condition. Moreover, the thermal affected layer was analyzed through an experiment to examine the temperature of glass transition and thermal decomposition of the matrix resin that composes the CFRP used in this study. The influence of thermal effect on grinding of CFRP was verified based on observation of ground surface finish after grinding using SEM and the measurement of surface roughness. From the measurement result of DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry),TG-DTA (Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis), It was found that the thermal affected layer of CFRP includes a layer in which the matrix resin is changed in quality by exceeding the glass transition temperature and a layer in which the matrix resin is thermally decomposed by exceeding the thermal decomposition temperature. In addition, it was found that the surface roughness was significantly reduced if the thermal affected layer with thermal decomposition was generated. In each grinding atmosphere, it tended to increase of grinding temperature at wheel contact area with increasing in the setting depth of cut. In the case of dry grinding, grinding temperature at wheel contact area increased up to t thermal decomposition temperature of the matrix resin. However, in the case of the wet grinding, grinding temperature at wheel contact area did not increase until thermally decomposition temperature. From the result of simulation about thermal affected layer, influence of grinding heat increased with increasing in the setting depth of cut. Ultimately, the thermal affected layer with thermal decomposition was generated in dry grinding. Moreover, from the results of SEM observation, it was confirmed that the surface finish properties deteriorated significantly due to thermal decomposition of the matrix resin in the case of Δ = 400 μm in the setting depth of cut at fiber angle θ = 0°. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the micro damage of carbon fiber was occurred in wet grinding at each setting depth of cut.     

Effect of fluoride pretreatment on primary and permanent tooth surfaces by acid-etching

This study observed the effect of fluoride application on a 37% phosphoric acid etching for 20 s of the enamel surfaces of primary and permanent teeth based on a clinical protocol employed in dental hospitals, through atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Enamel samples were prepared from 84 exfoliated and noncarious teeth. Primary (groups 1-4) and permanent (groups 5-8) tooth samples were assigned randomly to one of eight groups based on the timing of acid-etching with 37% phosphoric acid after an acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) treatment. Groups 1 and 5 received no fluoride application. Groups 2-4 and 6-8 were pretreated with fluoride and received acid-etching 2 weeks later (groups 2 and 6), 1 week later (groups 3 and 7), and immediately (groups 4 and 8). The acid-etching process led to a significant increase in roughness (p<0.0001), and the APF treatment led to a decrease in primary and permanent tooth surface roughness (p<0.005). An acid-etching procedure 2 weeks after performing an APF pretreatment might be recommended to obtain the maximum enamel adhesion of a resin composite.     

碳纤维增强酚醛树脂/石墨复合材料双极板的性能

研究了碳纤维表面处理方法及其含量对碳纤维增强酚醛树脂／石墨复合材料导电性能与力学性能的影响。结果表明：空气氧化处理碳纤维表面形成微孔和刻蚀沟槽,容易形成应力集中,复合材料的强度不高;空气加液相氧化处理填充了碳纤维表面的微裂纹,对复合材料有一定的补强作用;液相氧化处理有利于提高碳纤维表面活性以及碳纤维的均匀分散性,使材料表现出较好的力学性能与导电性能;随碳纤维含量增多,材料电导率变小,材料强度开始增大,达到最大值后材料强度下降。对碳纤维进行液相氧化处理,碳纤维含量在3％～4％时复合材料的力学性能与导电性能最好。     

Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of hydrogen peroxide within plant cells

Using quantitative X-ray microanalysis in combination with CeCl3-based cytochemical staining of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) we have developed a new solution for quantification of H2O2 at the subcellular level. Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of plastic-embedded leaves of Populus euphratica Oliv. showed that the obtained cerium precipitates by CeCl3 staining were the mixture of cerium perhydroxides and cerium phosphate, in which the fractions of CePO4 were: (1) 52-74% in cell walls of fresh leaf segments, and (2) 34-70% in the cytoplasm in 10 mM H2O2-treated leaf segments that were previously freeze-dried. Taking the concentration of cerium phosphate as staining background, we reached the cellular concentration of cerium perhydroxides and the corresponding concentration of H2O2. Results showed that H2O2 was present in the cytoplasm of rehydrated leaf segments (29-58 mM), but in fresh leaves, H2O2 was observed in the walls of all measured cell types (17-74 mM).